Beowulf (page 8)

lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914.

lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.

lyh. See leahan.

lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Ge·t ungemetes wel … restan lyste(_the Ge·t_ [BeÛwulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794.

lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lyt eft becwom … h‚mes niÛsan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lyt Ênig (_none at all_), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt … he·fod-m‚ga, 2151; wergendra tÙ lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lyt swÓgode nÓwra spella (_he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna (_too few of men_), 2837.

lytel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. tÙ lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lytle hwÓle (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wrae lytle (_little protection for his life_), 2878.–Comp. un-lytel.

lyt-hwÙn, adv., _little = not at all_: lyt-hwÙn lÙgon, 204.

l˝fe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. ˛Óne l˝fe (life, MS.), 2132.–Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Mˆbius’ Glossary, p. 266.

l˝fan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in

‚-l˝fan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. nÊfre ic Ênegum men Êr ‚l˝fde … ˛ry-‰rn Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (˛‚ me w‰s) sÓ … ‚l˝fed inn under eor-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_), 3090.

ge-l˝fan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. ˛Êr gel˝fan sceal dryhtnes dÙme se ˛e hine de· nime (_whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between BeÛwulf and Grendel), 440.–2) w. acc.: pret. sg. geÛce gel˝fde brego Beorht-Dena (_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; ˛‰t heÛ on Ênigne eorl gel˝fde fyrena frÙfre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles_), 628; se ˛e him bealwa tÙ bÙte gel˝fde (_who trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him tÙ anwaldan ‚re gel˝fde (_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273.

‚-l˝san, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part. ˛‚ w‰s of ˛‰m hrÙran helm and byrne lungre ‚-l˝sed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him_), 1631.

M

maelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maelade, 2426.

maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (HrÙg‚r), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecg˛eÛwes (BeÛwulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (WÓgl‚f), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. ˛one magan, 944.

magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. m‰g, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht ˛u, 2048; subj. pres. mÊge, 2531, 2750; ˛e·h ic eal mÊge (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. we mÊgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. m‰g, sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.

mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago Ecgl‚fes (Hunfer), 1466; mago Healfdenes (HrÙg‚r), 1868, 2012.

mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.

mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, he·p, 731.

magu-˛egn, mago-˛egn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-˛egne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-˛egnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-˛egnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-˛egna … ˛one sÍlestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406.

man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wÓd-c˚ne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.–2) indef. pron. = _one, they, people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.–Comp.: fyrn-, gleÛ-, gum-, i˙-, lid-, sÊ-, wÊpned-man.

man. See munan.

man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.

man-dre·m, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-dre·m, 1265; dat. pl. mon-dre·mum, 1716.

man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.

ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of the fourteen Ge·tas that returned from the sea]), 1644.

manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. mana sw‚ and myndga … s‚rum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058.

manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellÓc sÊ-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. ˛egne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mÊge, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum m‚mum, 2104; monegum mÊgum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mÍda, 1179.–2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.–3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mÊga, 1772; monegum fira, 2002; h‰lea monegum bold-‚gendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (m‚m)-Êhta monige, 1614.

manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected].

man-lÓce, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047.

man-˛wÊre, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl. mon-˛wÊrust, 3183.

m‚, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.

m‚um, m‚um, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. m‚um, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. m‚me, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. m‚mas, 1861; acc. pl. m‚dmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. m‚mum, m‚dmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. m‚ma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; m‚dma, 36, 41.–Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-m‚um.

m‚m-Êht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. m‚m-Êhta, 1614, 2834.

m‚um-f‰t, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg., 2406.

m‚m-gestreÛn, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. m‚m-gestreÛna, 1932.

m‚um-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat. sg. ‰fter m‚um-gife, 1302.

m‚um-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_: gen. pl. m‚um-sigla, 2758.

m‚um-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.

m‚um-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg. ‰fter-m‚um-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751.

m‚gas. See mÊg.

m‚ge, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles m‚gan (_mother_), 1392.

m‚n, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. m‚ne, 110, 979; adv., _criminally_, 1056.

m‚n-for-dÊdla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. m‚n-for-dÊdlan, 563.

m‚n-scaa, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; m‚n-sceaa, 2515.

m‚ra (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m. m‚ra, 1354, 2556; neut. m‚re, 1561; acc. sg. m. m‚ran, 2017; mund-gripe m‚ran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. m‚ran … eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. m‚ran, 533, 1012; neut. m‚re, 518; with gen. pl. mor-beala m‚re _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136; gen. sg. f. m‚ran, 1824.

mÊst (superl. of micel, m‚ra), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mÊst, 78, 193; fem. mÊst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fÊhe mÊste, 459; mÊste … worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mÊst mÊra, 2646; hond-wundra mÊst, 2769; bÊl-f˝ra mÊst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mÊste cr‰fte, 2182.

m‰cg. See mecg.

m‰g, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. m‰ga hÙse (_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; m‰ga, 944, 1284.

m‰gen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. m‰gen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. m‰gene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. m‰genes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; m‰gnes, 671, 1762; m‰genes strang, strengest (_great in strength_), 1845, 196; m‰genes rÙf (id.), 2085.–2) _prime, flower_ (of a nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. sw‚ he oft (i.e. etan) dyde m‰gen HrÍmanna (_the best of the Hremen_), 445; gen. sg. wi manna hwone m‰genes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.–Comp. ofer-m‰gen.

m‰gen-‚gend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl. -‚gendra, 2838.

m‰gen-byren, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. m‰gen-byrenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.

m‰gen-cr‰ft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380.

m‰gen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.

m‰gen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. n‰s ˛‰t ˛onne mÊtost m‰gen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.

m‰gen-rÊs, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520.

m‰gen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679.

m‰gen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.

m‰st, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be m‰ste (_beside the mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906.

mÊum. See m‚um, hyge-mÊum.

mÊg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. mÊg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mÊg (_son_), 1340; (_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mÊge, 1979; gen. sg. mÊges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. m‚gas, 1016; acc. pl. m‚gas, 2816; dat. pl. m‚gum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; mÊgum, 2354; gen. pl. m‚ga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.–Comp.: f‰deren-, he·fod-, wine-mÊg.

mÊg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg. lond-rihtes … ˛Êre mÊg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_, i.e. of the Ge·tas), 2888.

mÊg, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. mÊge, 1012; dat. sg. mÊge, 75; dat. pl. mÊgum, 5; gen. pl. mÊga, 25, 1772.

mÊg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.).

mÊl, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316; ˛‚ w‰s sÊl and mÊl (_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. mÊl, 2634; instr. pl. Êrran mÊlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mÊla, 1250; sÊla and mÊla, 1612; mÊla gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.–2) _sword, weapon_: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mÊl (_the drawn sword_), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).–3) _mole, spot, mark_.–Comp.: grÊg-, hring-, sceaen-, wunden-mÊl.

mÊl-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. mÊl-ceare, 189.

mÊl-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde b‚d mÊl-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738.

mÊnan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention, proclaim_: inf. mÊnan, 1068; pret. part. ˛Êr w‰s BeÛwulfes mÊro mÊned, 858.–2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. gioho mÊnde (_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. mÊndon, 1150, 3150.

ge-mÊnan (see m‚n), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj. pret. pl. ge-mÊnden, 1102.

ge-mÊne, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemÊne, 2474; ˛Êr unc hwÓle w‰s hand gemÊne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ˚rum ˛‰t sweord and helm b‚m gemÊne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemÊne, 1861; dat. pl. ˛‰t ˛‚m folcum sceal … sib gemÊnum (attraction for gemÊne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela m‚ma gemÊnra (_we two shall share many treasures together_), 1785.

mÊru, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mÊro, 660, 688; acc. pl. mÊra, 2997; instr. pl. mÊrum (_gloriously_), 2515: gen. pl. mÊra, 504, 1531.–2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. mÊro, 2135; gen. pl. mÊra, 408, 2646.–Comp. ellen-mÊru.

mÊre, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg. m. mÊre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mÊra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mÊra, 1475; nom. fem. mÊru, 2017; mÊre, 1953; neut. mÊre, 2406; acc. sg. m. mÊrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mÊre, 1024; dat. sg. mÊrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tÙ ˛‰m mÊran, 270; gen. sg. mÊres, 798; mÊran, 1730; nom. pl. mÊre, 3071; superl. mÊrost, 899,–Comp.: fore-, heao-mÊre.

mÊst. See m‚ra.

mÊte, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. mÊtost, 1456.

mecg, m‰cg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wr‰c-m‰cg.

medla. See on-medla.

medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. tÙ medo, 605.

medo-‰rn, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-‰rn (Heorot), 69.

medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903.

medu-dre·m, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc. sg. 2017.

medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016.

medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.

medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.

medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066.

medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5.

medo-stÓg, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stÓg, 925.

medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644.

meel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on mele, 1877.

meel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here _meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on ˛‰m meel-stede, 1083.

meel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr. pl. meel-wordum, 236.

melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. ˛‰s meldan, 2406.

meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.

ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se mÙd-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629.

men. See man.

mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200.

mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. se ˛e mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.

ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594.

menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. m‚ma menigeo (_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, m‰nigo, 41.

mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.

mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.

mere-deÛr, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558.

mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.

mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540), 549.

mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.

mere-hr‰gl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hr‰gla sum, 1906.

mere-lÓend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl. mere-lÓende, 255.

mere-strÊt, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-strÊta 514.

mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533.

mere-wÓf, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel’s mother), 1520.

mergen. See morgen.

met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsÊl meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt’s Zeits. 11, 411; Kˆrner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).

ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg. nis ˛‰t … gemet mannes nefne mÓn ‚nes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mÓn gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780.

ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. sw‚ him gemet ˛ince (˛˚hte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.

metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe strÊte mearum mÊton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514, 1634.

ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stÓg gem‰t.(_measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall_), 925.

metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scÓr metod, 980; sÙ metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.–Comp. eald-metod.

metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator’s determination, divine purpose, fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.–2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg. metod-sceaft seÛn (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tÙ metod-sceafte, 2816.

mÍce, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mÍce, 2048; br‚dne mÍce, 2979; gen. sg. mÍces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mÍcum, 565; gen. pl. mÍca, 2686.–Comp.: beado-, h‰ft-, hilde-mÍce.

mÍd, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mÍde, 2135; dat. sg. mÍde, 2147; gen. pl. mÍda, 1179.

ge-mÍde, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mÍdu, 247.

mÍe, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, sÊ-mÍe.

mÍtan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syan ƒscheres … hafelan mÍtton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. ˛‰t he ne mÍtte … on elran man mundgripe m‚ran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip_), 752.

ge-mÍtan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemÍtte, 758, 2786; pl. n‰s ˛‚ long tÙ ˛on, ˛‰t ˛‚ aglÊcean hy eft gemÍtton (_it was not long after that the warriors again met each other_), 2593.

ge-mÍting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002.

meagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, 1981.

mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. tÙ mearce (_the end of life_), 2385.–Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.

ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. fÙt-, mÓl-ge-mearc.

mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearca mÙrhopu (_will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450.

ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morre gemearcod (_murder-marked_ [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; sw‚ w‰s on ˛Êm scennum … gemearcod … hw‚m ˛‰t sweord geworht wÊre (_engraved for whom the sword had been wrought_), 1696.

mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.

mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and m‚mum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. meara and m‚ma, 2167.

mearn. See murnan.

meodu. See medu.

meoto. See met.

meotud. See metod.

meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. geÛ-meowle.

micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. m‚re must be supplied before ˛one in: medo-‰rn micel … (m‚re) ˛one yldo beam Êfre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle leÛfre (_far dearer_), 2652; efne sw‚ micle (l‰ssa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle (_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrne gedÙn (_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tÙ fela micles (_far too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see m‚ra.

mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preÎminently _union, community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community, with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid HrÙg‚re, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesÓum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his freÛ-drihtne, 2628; mid ˛Êm l‚cum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hÊle (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid bÊle fÙr (_sped off amid fire_), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with him_, 1626; ne w‰s him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with, among_: mid Ge·tum (_among the Ge·tas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among, one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid Êr-d‰ge (_at dawn_), 126.–2) _with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid ‚r-stafum (_through his grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid gr‚pe (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-˛oncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gÙde (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_), 1893; mid ˛Êre sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid ˛˝ wÓfe (_through [marriage with] the woman_), 2029.–3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mÓnne gold-gyfan, 2653.

II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time, likewise_, 1650.

middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.

midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle, in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) tÙ-middes (_in the midst_), 3142.

middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.

miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. ˛urh drihtnes miht (_through the Lord’s help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.

mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-deÛr, 558; mere-wÓf mihtig, 1520.–2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.–Comp.: ‰l-, fore-mihtig.

milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. mÙdes milde (_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to men_), 3183.

milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922.

missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses (_missed the mark_), 2440.

missere, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missera (_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_, 1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621.

mist-hli, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under mist-hleoum, 711.

mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige mÙras, 162.

mÓl-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. mÓl-gemearces, 1363.

mÓn: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; Hygel‚c mÓn (_my lord_, or _king, H._), 2435.–2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534, etc.

molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. gr‰s-molde.

mon. See man.

ge-mong. See ge-mang.

mor-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl. mor-beala, 136.

moror, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morre, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. morres, 2056; morres scyldig (_guilty of murder_), 1684.

moror-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. w‰s ˛am yldestan … moror-bed strÍd (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.

moror-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg. moror-bealo, 1080, 2743.

moror-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. ˛‰s moror-hetes, 1106.

morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451.

morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. g‚r morgen-ceald (_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023.

morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne d‰g (_the whole forenoon_), 2895.

morgen-leÛht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918.

morgen-swÍg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129.

morgen-tÓd, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tÓde, 484, 818(?)

morn. See morgen.

mÙd, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom. sg., 50, 731; w‰fre mÙd (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_), 1151; acc. sg. on mÙd (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. mÙde ge˛ungen (_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on mÙde (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hreÛum mÙde (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blÓe (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, mÙdes milde, 1230; mÙdes seÛce (_depressed in mind_), 1604.–2) _boldness, courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom. sg., 549.–Comp. form adj.: galg-, geÙmor-, gl‰d-, g˚-, hreÛh-, irre-, s‚rig-, stÓ-, swÓ-, wÍrig-mÙd.

mÙd-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. mÙd-ceare, 1993, 3150.

mÙd-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. mÙd-gehygdum, 233

mÙd-ge-˛anc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. mÙd-ge-˛onc, 1730.

mÙd-giÙmor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895.

mÙdig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he ˛‰s (˛‰m, MS.) mÙdig w‰s (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se mÙdega, 814; dat. sg. mid ˛am mÙdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mÙdges, 502; mÙdiges, 2699; Ge·ta leÛd georne tr˚wode mÙdgan m‰gnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671; nom. pl. mÙdge, 856; mÙdige, 1877; gen. pl. mÙdigra, 312, 1889.–Comp, fela-mÙdig.

mÙdig-lÓc, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. mÙdiglÓcran, 337.

mÙd-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. ˛Ónre mÙd-lufan, 1824.

mÙd-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. mÙd-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mÙd-sefan, 180.

mÙd-˛racu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his mÙd-˛r‰ce, 385.

mÙdor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. mÙdor, 1539, 2140, 2933.

mÙna, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. mÙnan, 94.

mÙr, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mÙr, 1406; dat. sg. of mÙre, 711; acc. pl. mÙras, 103, 162, 1349.

mÙr-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_: acc. pl. mÙr-hopu, 450.

ge-mÙt, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mÙt.

mÙtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. mÙt, 186, 442, 604; II. mÙst, 1672; pl. mÙton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mÙte, 431; III. se ˛e mÙte, 1388; pret sg. mÙste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. mÙston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. ˛‰t ˛u hine selfne geseÛn mÙste (_mightest see_), 962.–2) _shall, must, be obliged_: pres. sg. mÙt, 2887; pret. sg. mÙste, 1940; ˛Êr he ˛˝ fyrste forman dÙgore wealdan mÙste, sw‚ him Wyrd ne gescr‚f, hrÍ ‰t hilde (_if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.

ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (_each of the knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic ˛e ˛‰s le·n geman (_I shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic ˛‰t eall gemon (_I remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he ˛‰t eall gemon hw‰t … (_if he is mindful of all that which_ …), 1186; ic ˛‰t mÊl gemon hwÊr… (_I remember the time when_…), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde… Êfen-sprÊce (_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se ˛‰s leÛd-hryres le·n ge-munde (_was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; ˛‰t he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde fÊho genÙge (_his hand remembered strife enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecgl‚fes ˛‰t … (_remembered not that which_ …), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mÙd-sefan (_their thoughts_ [as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179.

on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg. onmunde ˚sic mÊra (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641.

mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092.

mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.

mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; ‰fter mund-gripe (_after having seized the criminal_), 1939.

murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. nÙ mearn fore fÊhe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not apprehensive for his life_), 1443.–2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him w‰s … murnende mÙd, 50; pres. subj., ˛onne he fela murne (_than that he should mourn much_), 1386.

be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078.

murn-lÓce. See un-murn-lÓce.

m˚-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. tÙ m˚-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080.

m˚a, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes m˚an (_mouth of the house, door_), 725.

ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. tÙ gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weor-mynd.

myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndga, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif ˛onne Fresna hwylc … ˛‰s moror-hetes myndgiend wÊre (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106.

ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bi gemyndgad … eaforan ellor-sÓ (_is reminded of his son’s decease_), 2451.

ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc.

myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.–2) _love_(?): ne his myne wisse (_whose_ [God’s] _love he knew not_), 169.

ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne mÊro! 660.

myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte … manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of (?), the men_), 713; mynte ˛‰t he gedÊlde … (_thought to sever_), 732; mynte se mÊra, ˛Êr he meahte sw‚, wÓdre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763.

myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mÙr, 1406.

myr, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. mÙdes myre, 8n.

N

naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.–Comp.: hring-, ˝-naca.

nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, g˚-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nÓ-draca, 2274.

nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.

nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. BeÛwulf is mÓn nama, 343; w‰s ˛‰m h‰ft-mÍce Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scÙp him Heort naman (_gave it the name Hart_), 78.

n‚ (from ne-‚), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537.

n‚h, from ne-‚h. See ‚gan.

n‚n (from ne-‚n), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. g˚-billa n‚n, 804; adjectively, n‚n … Óren ÊrgÙd, 990.

n‚t, from ne-w‚t: _I know not=nescio_. See witan.

n‚t-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-w‚t-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef. pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena n‚t-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. n‚t-hwylces (˛‚ra banena), 2054; nia n‚t-hwylces(?), 2216; n‚t-hwylces h‰lea bearna, 2225.–2) adjectively: dat. sg. in ni-sele n‚t-hwylcum, 1514.

n‰bben, from ne-h‰bben (subj. pres.). See habban.

n‰fne. See nefne.

n‰gel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. n‰gla (of the finger-nails), 986.

n‰gled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. n‰gled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024.

n‰s, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc. sg. n‰s, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. n‰sse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige n‰ssas, 1412; gen. pl. n‰ssa, 1361.

n‰s, from ne-w‰s (_was not_). See wesan.

n‰s, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263.

n‰s-hli, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea_: dat. pl. on n‰s-hleoum, 1428.

nÊfre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: nÊfre ne, 1461.

ge-nÊgan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret. pl. nÓa genÊgdan nefan HererÓces (_in combats pressed hard upon H.’s nephew_), 2207; pret. part. wear … nÓa genÊged, 1440.

nÊnig (from ne-Ênig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nÊnegum, 599; gen. pl. nÊnigra, 950.–2) adjectively: nom. sg. Ùer nÊnig, 860; nÊnig w‰ter, 1515; nÊnig … deÛr, 1934; acc. sg. nÊnigne … hord-m‚um, 1199.

nÊre, from ne-wÊre (_were not, would not be_). See wesan.

ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne g˝m! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: ne ge … gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic … wihte ne wÍne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nÙer … ne, 2125; sw‚ he ne mihte nÙ … (_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509.

ne … ne, _not … and not, nor; neither … nor_, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nÙ … ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nÊfre … ne, 583-584; nalles … ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: Êr ne sian (_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; s˚ ne nor (_south nor north_), 859; ‚dl ne yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum ne worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wÍndon (_knew not and weened not_), 1605.

nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so, 1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 882.

nefne, n‰fne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = _unless_: nefne him witig god wyrd forstÙde (_if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa … sealde (_unless God himself_, etc.), 3055; n‰fne him his wlite leÛge (MS. nÊfre) (_unless his face belie him_), 250; n‰fne he w‰s m‚ra (_except that he was huger_), 1354; nemne him heao-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.–b) w. follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-fre· (_except the husband_), 1935; ic lyt hafo he·fod-m‚ga nefne Hygel‚c ˛ec (_have no near kin but thee_), 2152; nis ˛‰t eÛwer (gen. pl.) sÓ … nefne mÓn ‚nes, 2534.–2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne fe·um ‚num, 1082.

ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.

nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan.

nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. ˛one yldestan oret-mecgas BeÛwulf nemna (_the warriors call the most distinguished one BeÛwulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.–2) _to address_, as in

be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste … ‚um be-nemde ˛‰t (_asserted, promised under oath that_ …), 1098; pret. pl. sw‚ hit Ù dÙmes d‰g diÛpe benemdon ˛eÛdnas mÊre (_put under a curse_), 3070.

nemne. See nefne.

nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nere unfÊgne eorl, 573; pret. part. h‰fde … sele HrÙg‚res ge-nered wi nÓe (_saved from hostility_), 828.

ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg. hrÙf ‚na gen‰s ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.–2) w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. se ˛‚ s‰cce ge-n‰s, 1978; fela ic … g˚-rÊsa ge-n‰s, 2427; pret. part. sw‚ he nÓa gehwane genesen h‰fde, 2398.

net, st. n., _net_: in comp. breÛst-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.

nÍdla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. ˛re·-nÍdla.

nÍan (G. nan˛jan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part. nearo nÍende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. ˛Êr git … on deÛp water aldrum nÍdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_), 510; so, 538.

ge-nÍan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ˝a gewin aldre ge-nÍan, 1470. With depend. clause: nÊnig ˛‰t dorste genÍan ˛‰t (_none durst undertake to_ …), 1934; pret. sg. he under h‚rne st‚n ‚na genÍde frÍcne dÊde (_he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) wÓge under w‰tere weorc genÍde earfo-lÓce (_I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genÍde fela g˚a (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) we … frÍcne genÍdon eafo unc˚es (_we have boldly risked, dared, the monster’s power_), 961.

nÍh. See ne·h.

ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost br‰gd eorl BeÛwulfes ealde l‚fe (_many an earl of B.’s_), 795.

nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812.

nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.

nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.

nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977.

nearo-cr‰ft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cr‰ftum, 2244.

nearo-f‚h, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-f‚ges, 2318.

nearo-˛earf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-˛earfe, 422.

ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part. genearwod, 1439.

ne·h, nÍh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. ne·h, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = _last_: instr. sg. n˝hstan sÓe (_for the last time_), 1204; niÈhstan sÓe, 2512.

2) adv., _near_: feor and (oe) ne·h, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sÊ-grunde ne·h, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nÍh, 2412. Compar. ne·r, 746.

ne·n, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and ne·n, 840; ne·n and feorran, 1175, 2318.

ge-ne·t, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. beÛd-, heor-gene·t.

nioor. See nier.

neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.

neÛd, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc. sg. niÛde, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216.

neÛd-lau, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. ‰fter neÛd-lau (_according to his wishes_), 1321.

neÛsan, neÛsian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf. neÛsan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niÛsan, 2389, 2672; neÛsian, 115, 1126; niÛsian, 3046; pret. sg. niÛsade, 2487.

neÛtan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg. neÛt, 1218.

be-neÛtan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-neÛtan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-ne·t (_deprived the king of life_), 2397.

nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher’s Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846.

nicor-h˚s, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-h˚sa, 1412.

ni st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. nia, 1006; nia? (passage corrupt), 2216.

nier, nyer, neoor, adv., _down, downward_: nier, 1361; nioor, 2700; nyer, 3045.

ni-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] ni-sele n‚t-hwylcum, 1514.

nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575.

niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwÓlum (_sometimes at night, in the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G. nachts, 422, 2274; d‰ges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (_se’nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.–Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.

niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.

niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790.

niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (_space of a night_), 528.

niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.

niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam ˛‚ mid handa hige-˛ihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . niÛde n‚man, 2117.–2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. se ˛e hine de· nime (_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nyme, 1847; nyme n˝d-b‚de, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongen˛iÛ Óren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he … m‚m-Êhta m‚ (_he took no more of the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. ˛‚ w‰s … seÛ cwÍn numen (_the queen carried off_), 1154.

be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. Ù ˛‰t hine yldo benam m‰genes wynnum (_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887.

for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. ˛e ˛‚ de· for-nam (_whom death carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him Órenna ecge forn‚mon, 2829.

ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.–2) _to take, take away_: pret. on reste genam ˛ritig ˛egna, 122; heÛ under heolfre genam c˚e folme, 1303; segn e·c genom, 2777; ˛‚ mec sinca baldor … ‰t mÓnum f‰der genam (_took me at my father’s hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.

ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under n‰ssa genipu, 1361; ofer flÙda genipu, 2809.

nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan.

niwe, niÛwe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swÍg up ‚-st‚g niwe geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh … niwe (_a newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (_the new kinship_), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, nov‚ voce; here = de novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; niÛwan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. niwra spella (_new tidings_), 2899.

ge-niwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad, 2288.

niw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.

nÓ, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nÓ, 184, 276; Wedera nÓ (_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wi (‰t) nÓe, 828, 2586; instr. nÓe, 2681; gen. pl. nÓa, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.–Comp.: bealo-, fÊr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, w‰l-nÓ.

nÓ-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274.

nÓ-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. ˛one nÓ-g‰st (_the dragon_), 2700.

nÓ-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.

nÓ-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193.

nÓ-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418.

nÓ-hydig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nÓ-hydige men, 3167.

ge-nÓla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferh-, feorh-genÓla.

nÓ-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg., 1366.

nÓpan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nÓpende niht, 547, 650.

nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan.

nor, adv., _northward_, 859.

noran, adv., _from the north_, 547.

nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hlies nosan, 1893; ‰t brimes nosan, 2804.

nÙ (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nÙ … nÙ (_neither … nor_), 541-543; so, nÙ … ne, 168. See ne.

nÙer (from n‚-hw‰er), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125.

ge-nÙh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fÊho genÙge, 2490; acc. pl. genÙge … be·gas, 3105.

nÙn, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], ninth hour of the day, three o’clock in the afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o’clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scre·dunga, 24 _2_: we h‚ta Ênne d‰g fram sunnan upgange Ù Êfen): nom. sg. nÙn, 1601.

nu, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu gyt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nu gen (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now yet, still_), 3169.–2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nu ˛u lungre geong … nu se wyrm lige (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so, 2248; ˛‰t ˛u me ne forwyrne … nu ic ˛us feorran com (_that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on m‚ma hord mÓne bebohte frÙde feorh-lege, fremma ge nu (_as I now…, so do ye_), 2800; so, 3021.

nyme, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nyme mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.

nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. ˛egn nytte beheÛld (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.–Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. h‰fde eor-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047.

n˝d, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. ˛urh de·es n˝d, 2455; instr. sg. n˝de, 1006. In comp. (like n˝d-maga, consanguineus, in ∆thelred’s Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nÍd-maga, in Cnut’s Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._–Comp. ˛re·-n˝d.

ge-n˝dan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nÓe ge-n˝ded (_forced by hostile power_), 2681.–2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. sg. f. n˝de gen˝dde … gearwe stÙwe (_the inevitable place prepared for each_, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.

n˝d-b‚d, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl. n˝d-b‚de, 599.

n˝d-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom. pl. n˝d-gesteallan, 883.

n˝d-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in n˝d-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977.

n˝d-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg., 193.

n˝hst. See ne·h.

O

oe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.–2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007.

of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scÓne (_shineth from heaven_), 1572; of hlies nosan g‰stas grÍtte (_from the cliff’s projection_), 1893; of ˛am leÛma stÙd (_from which light streamed_), 2770; ˛Êr w‰s m‚ma fela of feorwegum … gelÊded (_from distant lands_), 37; ˛‚ com of mÙre (_from the moor_), 711, 922.–2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; ˛‚ ic of searwum com (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419; ˛‚ him HrÙg‚r gew‚t … ˚t of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rÍc ‚-st‚h sweart of (ofer) swioole (_black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) ‚-h‰fen of horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lÍt ˛‚ of breÛstum … word ˚t faran (_from his breast_), 2551; dyde … helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wÓn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous vessels_), 1163; sian hyne HÊcyn of horn-bogan … fl‚ne geswencte (_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: ˛‚ he him of dyde Ósern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_), 672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest, locality): WÓgl‚f site ofer BiÛwulfe, 2908; ofer ‰elinge, 1245; ofer eoran, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-˛eÛde (_over the earth, among mankind_), 900; ofer ˝um, 1908; ofer hron-r‚de (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowÊge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.–2) w. acc. of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ˝e (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer swan-r‚de (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wÊgholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer he·hne hrÙf (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;–606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebr‰c (_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer ˛‚ niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: he ofer benne spr‰c, 2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mÓn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;–hence, _against, contrary to_: he ofer willan giÛng (_went against his will_), 2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;–also, _without_: wÓg ofer wÊpen (_war sans, dispensing with, weapons_), 686;–temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin (_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1761.

ofer-m‚um, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-m‚mum, 2994.

ofer-m‰gen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid ofer-m‰gene, 2918.

ofer-˛earf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] ˛ea[rfe], 2227.

oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nÙ] seldan, 2030; oft nalles Êne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.

om-, on-. See am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.

ond. See and.

ons˝n. See ans˝n.

on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on he·h-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mÓnre Íel-tyrf (_in my native place_), 410; on ˛‰m meel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on ˛am holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on ˛Êre medu-bence (_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on r‰ste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at, near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (_on the wall_), 1663; on ˛‰m w‰l-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breÛstum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne sc‚n (_on him shone the corselet_), 405; on Ùre (_at the front_), 1042; on corre (_at the head of, among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; ˛‰t he on heoe ge-stÙd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on f‰der st‰le (_in a father’s place_), 1480; on ˝um (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on Íg-stre·mum, 577; on segl-r‚de, 1438, etc.; on flÙde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.–b) _in, inside of_ (of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963; on wÓg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on ˛‰m se rÓca b‚d (_in which the mighty one abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on beÛr-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mÓnum (_in my mind_), 473; on mÙde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.–c) _among, amid_: on searwum (_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on ˛am leÛd-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nyme lÓges f‰m swulge on swaule (_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;–_in, with, touched by, possessing something_: ˛‚ w‰s on s‚lum sinces brytta (_then was the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; w‰s on hreÛn mÙde, 1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; heÛ w‰s on Ùfste (_she was in haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; ˛‚ w‰s on blÙde brim weallende (_there was the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (he) w‰s on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; w‰s tÙ fore-mihtig feÛnd on fÍe (_too powerful in speed_), 971; ˛Êr w‰s swÓgra secg … on gylpsprÊce (_there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;–_in; full of, representing, something_: on weres w‰stmum (_in man’s form_), 1353.–d) _attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-h˝rde on BeÛwulfe f‰st-rÊdne ge-˛Ùht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610; ˛‰t he ne mÍtte … on elran men mund-gripe m‚ran, 753;–hence, with verbs of taking: on r‰ste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit Êr on ˛e gÙde be-ge‚ton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.–e) _with_: sw‚ hit lungre wear on hyra sinc-gifan s‚re ge-endod (_as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.–f) _by_: m‰g ˛onne on ˛‰m golde ongitan Ge·ta dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold_), 1485.–g) _to_, after weoran: ˛‰t he on fylle wear (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.

With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, upon, in_: ‚-lÍdon ˛‚ leÛfne ˛eÛden … on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; ˛‚ him mid scoldon on flÙdes Êht feor ge-wÓtan, 42; se ˛e wi Brecan wunne on sÓdne sÊ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; ˛‰t ic on holma ge-˛ring eorlscipe efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on feÛnda geweald sÓian, 809; ˛‚ra ˛e on swylc stara, 997; so, 1781; on lufan lÊte hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?_), 1729; him on mÙd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to him_), 67; rÊsde on ˛one rÙfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwom) on worig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.–b) _towards, on_: gÙde gewyrcean … on f‰der wine (pl.), 21.–c) aim or object, _to, for the object, for, as, in, on_: on ˛earfe (_in his need, in his strait_), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan ˛earfe, 2850; wr‚um on andan (_as a terror to the foe_), 709; HrÙg‚r maelode him on andsware (_said to him in reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca w‰s on bÊl gearu (_on the pyre ready_), 1110; wÓg-heafolan b‰r fre·n on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wear on bÓd wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.–d) ground, reason, _according to, in conformity with_: rodera rÊdend hit on ryht gescÍd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556; ne me swÙr fela ‚a on unriht (_swore no oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spÍd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp sele f‰tte be·gas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750; on sÓnne selfes dÙm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold wende on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.–e) w. verbs of buying, _for, in exchange for_: me ic on m‚ma hord mÓne be-bohte frÙde feorh-lege (_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.–f) _of, as to_: ic on Higel‚ce w‚t, Ge·ta dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651; ˛‰t heÛ on Ênigne eorl ge-l˝fde fyrena frÙfre (_that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; ˛‚ hie ge-tr˚wedon on tw‚ healfa (_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; ˛‰t ˛u him ondrÊdan ne ˛earft … on ˛‚ healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.–g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = _among_: n‰s … sinc-m‚um sÍlra (= ˛‰t w‰s sinc-m‚ma sÍlest) on sweordes h‚d (_there was no better jewel in sword’s shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se w‰s HrÙg‚re h‰lea leÛfost on ge-sÓes h‚d (_dearest of men as, in the character of, follower_, etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time, within the time appointed_), 76; on uhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne (_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoe (_in youth_), 409, 466; on geogo-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_), 1327; h˚ lomp eÛw on l‚de (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.–b) w. acc., _towards, about_: on undern-mÊl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on morgen-tÓd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-st‰f (_toward the end, at last_), 1754; oftor micle ˛onne on Ênne sÓ (_far oftener than once_), 1580.

III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; ˛Êr on innan (_in there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative ˛e often separated from its case: ˛e ic her on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; ˛e ge ˛Êr on standa (_that ye there stand in_), 2867.

on-c˝ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt’s Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-c˝e, 831.

on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_), w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804.

on-lÓcnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352.

on-mÍdla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-mÍdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher’s Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.

on-sÊge, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. ˛‚ w‰s HondsciÛ (dat.) hild on-sÊge, 2077; HÊcynne wear … g˚ on-sÊge, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hw‰res … onweald ge-te·h (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044.

open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond … opene standan, 2272.

openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.

orc (O.S. orc, Goth. a˙rkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.

orcnÍ, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcnÍas, 112.

ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. Ù ˛‰t wordes ord breÛst-hord ˛urh-br‰c (_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_), 2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263.

oret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl. oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332.

oretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408.

or-leg-hwÓl, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwÓl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwÓle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwÓla, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887.

or-˛anc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-˛ance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; or˛ancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-˛anc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-˛oncum, 2088; smies or-˛ancum, 406.

or-wÍna, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wÍna (_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128.

oru, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oree, 2840.

‘

Ù (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only temporal: Ù ˛one ‚nne d‰g, 2400; Ù dÙmes d‰g, 3070; Ù woruld-ende, 3084.–2) Ù ˛‰t, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.

Ùer (Goth. an˛ar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se Ùer, 2062; Ùer(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, HÊcyn and Hygel‚c), 2482; Ùer … Ùer (_the one … the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.: Ùer … mihtig m‚n-sceaa (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to 1350), 1339; se Ùer … h‰le, 1816; fem. niht Ùer, 2118; neut. Ùer ge‚r (_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. Ùerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; ˛enden re·fode rinc Ùerne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongen˛eÛw), 2986; neut. Ùer swylc(_another such, an equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. Ùre sÓe (_for the second time, again_), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. Ùrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. Ùres dÙgores, 219, 606; neut. Ùres, 1875.–2) _another, a different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. Ùer, 1756; Ùer nÊnig (_no other_), 860. Adj.: Ênig Ùer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; Ùer in (_a different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. Ùer flet, 1087; gen. sg. Ùres … yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende Ùer sÊdan (_ale drinkers said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word Ùer, 871.

Ùfer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on Ùfre, 1372.

Ùfost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. Ùfost is sÍlest tÙ gec˝anne (_haste is best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. beÛ ˛u on Ùfeste (Ùfoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on Ùfste, 1293; on Ùfoste, 2784, 3091.

Ùfost-lÓce, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131.

Ù-hwÊr, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871.

Ùmig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. Ùmige, 3050.

Ùr, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on Ùre, 1042.

Ù-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. Ù-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433.

P

p‚d, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-p‚d.

p‰, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. ‚n-p‰.

plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074.

R

rae, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hr‚e.

rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bÓ ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.–Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sÓd-rand.

rand-h‰bbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_: gen. pl. rond-h‰bbendra, 862.

rand-wÓga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wÓgan, 1794.

r‚d, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-r‚d.

ge-r‚d, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-r‚de, 874.

r‚p, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. w‰l-r‚p.

r‚sian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. ˛‚ w‰s hord r‚sod, 2284.

r‰st. See rest.

rÊcan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. rÊhte onge·n feÛnd mid folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748.

ge-rÊcan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne … wÊpne ge-rÊhte (_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556.

rÊd, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg. nu is rÊd gelong eft ‰t ˛e ‚num (_now is help to be found with thee alone_), 1377; acc. sg. rÊd, 172, 278, 3081.–2) _advantage, gain, use_: acc. sg. ˛‰t rÊd tala (_counts that a gain_), 2028; Ícne rÊd (_the eternal gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. Íce rÊdas, 1761.–Comp.: folc-rÊd, and adj., ‚n-, f‰st-rÊd.

rÊdan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera rÊdend (_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. ˛one ˛e ˛u mid rihte rÊdan sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dÙm godes dÊdum rÊdan gumena gehwylcum (_God’s doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-rÊdend.

rÊd-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326.

rÊden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-rÊden(?).

‚-rÊran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. ˛‚ wÊron monige ˛e his mÊg … ricone ‚-rÊrdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother quickly_), 2984.–2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part. blÊd is ‚-rÊred (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704.

rÊs, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. g˚e rÊs (_the storm of battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. g˚e rÊsum, 2357.–Comp.: g˚-, hand-, heao-, m‰gen-, w‰l-rÊs.

(ge-)rÊsan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. rÊsde on ˛one rÙfan, 2691, 2840.

rÊswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda rÊswan, 60.

reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91; gerund, tÙ lang is tÙ reccenne, h˚ ic … (_too long to tell how I_…), 2094; pret. sg. syllÓc spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107.

reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.–Comp.: eor-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.

regnian, rÍnian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. de· rÍn[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169.

ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig … golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, rÍn-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. rÍn-weardas (of BeÛwulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.

rest, r‰st, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. r‰ste, 139; dat. sg. on r‰ste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; tÙ r‰ste (_to bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-r‰st, sele-rest, w‰l-rest.–2) _repose, rest_; in comp. Êfen-r‰st.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine ˛‚ r˚m-heort, 1800.–2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858.

rÍc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rÍce, 3157.–Comp.: w‰l-, wudu-rÍc.

rÍcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be anxious_: pres. sg. III. wÊpna ne rÍce (_recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him_), 434.

rÍe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rÍe, 771. Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. rÍes and-h‚ttres (_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524.

re·f, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heao-, w‰l-re·f.

re·fian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord re·fian, 2774; pret. sg. ˛enden re·fode rinc Ùerne, 2986; w‰l re·fode, 3028; pret. pl. w‰l re·fedon, 1213.

be-re·fian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-re·fod, 2747; golde be-re·fod, 3019.

reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cniÛw mannes reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556.

reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026.

ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. ˛‚ w‰s eft sw‚ Êr … flet-sittendum f‰gere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained_), 1789

reÛt, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. reÛte, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes reÛte as dat. from reÛt (_rest, repose_).

reÛc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122.

be-reÛfan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. reÛte berofene, 2458.

reÛn. See rÙwan.

reÛtan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. Ù ˛‰t … roderas reÛta, 1377.

reÛw, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blÙd-, g˚-, w‰l-reÛw. See hreÛw.

ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984.

riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on ryht (_according to right_), 1556; sÙ and riht (_truth and right_), 1701; dat. sg. wi rihte, 144; ‰fter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050; syllÓc spell rehte ‰fter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331; –Comp. in Íel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.

riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht.

rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See ‰t-rihte.

rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of HrÙg‚r, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.–Comp. in beado-, g˚-, here-, heao-, hilde-, mago-, sÊ-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654.

rÓce, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rÓce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rÓces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. SwiÛ-rÓce.–2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft ges‰t rÓce tÙ r˚ne, 172.

rÓce, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of HrÙg‚r), 1238; (of Hygel‚c), 1210; (of ƒsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rÓca (HrÙg‚r), 310; (BeÛwulf), 399; (Hygel‚c), 1976.–Comp. gimme-rÓce.

rÓcsian, rÓxian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. rÓcsian, 2212; pret. sg. rÓxode, 144.

rÓdan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. ˛‰t his byre rÓde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rÓdend, 2458; inf. wicge rÓdan, 234; mearum rÓdan, 856; pret. sg. sÊ-genga … se ˛e on ancre r‚d, 1884; him tÙ-ge·nes r‚d (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlÊw riodan (_rode round the grave-mound_), 3171.

ge-rÓdan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. se ˛e n‰s ge-r‚d (_who rode over the promontory_), 2899.

rÓm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. d‰g-, un-rÓm.

ge-rÓm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dÙgor-ge-rim.

ge-rÓman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in comp. for-gerÓmed.

‚-rÓsan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. ‚-rÓs, 1391; pret. sg. ‚-r‚s ˛‚ se rÓca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; ‚-r‚s ˛‚ bÓ ronde (_arose by his shield_), 2539; hwanan siÛ fÊh ‚-r‚s (_whence the feud arose_), 2404.

rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556.

rÙf, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. m‰genes rÙf (_strong in might_), 2085; so, ˛e·h ˛e he rÙf sÓe nÓ-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rÙfne, 1794; on ˛one rÙfan, 2691.–Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heao-, hyge-, sige-rÙf.

rÙt, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rÙt.

rÙwan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. reÛn (for reÛwon), 512, 539.

r˚m, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691.

r˚m, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. ˛˚hte him eall tÙ r˚m, wongas and wÓc-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.–2) in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. ˛urh r˚mne sefan, 278.

r˚m-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.

ge-r˚m-lÓc, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-r˚m-lÓcor, 139.

r˚n, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat. sg. ge-s‰t rÓce tÙ r˚ne, 172.–Comp. beado-r˚n.

r˚n-st‰f, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. ˛urh r˚n-stafas, 1696.

r˚n-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg., 1326.

ge-rysne. See ge-risne.

ge-r˝man, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl. ˛‰t hie him Ùer flet eal ge-r˝mdon, 1087; pret. part. ˛‚ w‰s Ge·t-m‰cgum … benc ger˝med, 492; so, 1976.–2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part. ˛‚ me ge-r˝med w‰s (sÓ) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; ˛‚ him ger˝med wear, ˛‰t hie w‰l-stÙwe wealdan mÙston, 2984.

S

ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal s‚wl-berendra … gearwe stÙwe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.

on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive of_: pres. subj. ˛‰tte freouwebbe feores on-s‰ce … leÛfne mannan, 1943.–2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. ˛‰t he sÊmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and br˝de), 2955.

sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. s‰ce, 154; s‰cce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. ‰t (tÙ) s‰cce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. s‰cca, 2030.

ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in ‰t-somne, _together, united_, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

tÙ-somne (_together_), 3123; ˛‚ se wyrm ge-be·h sn˚de tÙ-somne (_when the dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569.

samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod ‰t-g‰dere, 387, 730, 1064.–II. prep. w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod Êr-d‰ge (_with the break of day_), 1312; somod Êr-d‰ge, 2943.

sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); ‰fter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wi sande, 213.

sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scÙpes, 90; acc. sg. sige-le·sne sang (Grendel’s cry of woe), 788; s‚rigne sang (HrÍel’s dirge for Herebeald), 2448.

s‚l, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. s‚le, 1907; on s‚le (sole, MS.), 302.

s‚l. See sÊl.

s‚r, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. s‚r, 976; siÛ s‚r, 2469; acc. sg. s‚r, 788; s‚re, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. s‚re, 1252, 2312, 2747.–Comp. lÓc-s‚r.

s‚r, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. s‚rum wordum, 2059.

s‚re, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: se ˛e him [s‚]re gesceÙd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224.

s‚rig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. s‚rigne sang, 2448.

s‚rig-fer, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. s‚rig-fer (WÓgl‚f), 2864.

s‚rig-mÙd, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. s‚rig-mÙdum, 2943.

s‚r-lÓc, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.

s‚wol, s‚wl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with lÓf, the physical life): nom. sg. s‚wol, 2821; acc. sg. s‚wle, 184, 802; hÊene s‚wle, 853; gen. sg. s‚wele, 1743; s‚wle, 2423.

s‚wl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl. s‚wl-berendra, 1005.

s‚wul-dreÛr, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, heart’s blood, life’s blood_: instr. sg. s‚wul-driÛre, 2694.

s‚wul-le·s, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. s‚wol-le·sne, 1407; s‚wul-le·sne, 3034.

s‰ce, s‰cce. See sacu.

s‰d, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-s‰d.

s‰l, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; s‰l, 307, 2076, 2265.

s‰ld, st. n., _hall, king’s hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond ˛‰t s‰ld (Heorot), 1281.

sÊ, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sÓdne sÊ, 507; ofer sÊ, 2381; ofer sÊ sÓde, 2395; dat. sg. tÙ sÊ, 318; on sÊ, 544; dat. pl. be sÊm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

sÊ-b‚t, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896.

sÊ-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sÊ-cyninga, 2383.

sÊ-deÛr, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511.

sÊ-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sÊ-dracan, 1427.

ge-sÊgan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. h‰fdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sÊged (_felled with the sword_), 885.

sÊge. See on-sÊge.

sÊ-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

sÊ-ge·p, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sÊ-ge·p naca, 1897.

sÊ-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sÊ-grunde, 564.

sÊl, s‚l, sÍl, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom. sg. sÊl, 623, 1666, 2059; sÊl and mÊl, 1009; acc. sg. sÍle, 1136; gen. pl. sÊla and mÊla, 1612.–2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.–3) _happiness, joy_: dat. pl. on s‚lum, 608; sÊlum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sÍl, adj.

ge-sÊlan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-sÊlde ˛‰t …(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce mÊla, swylce hira man-dryhtne ˛earf ge-sÊlde (_at such times as need disposed it for their lord_), 1251.

sÊlan (see s‚l), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. sÊlde … sÓ-f‰me scip, 1918; pl. sÊ-wudu sÊldon, 226.

ge-sÊlan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-be·ga fela searwum ge-sÊled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.

on-sÊlan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sÊl meoto, sige-hrÍ secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor’s courage_; or, _thy presage of victory_?), 489.

sÊ-l‚c, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sÊ-l‚ce, 1625; acc. pl. ˛‚s sÊ-l‚c, 1653.

sÊ-l‚d, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sÊ-l‚de, 1140, 1158.

sÊ-lÓend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sÊ-lÓend, 411, 1819, 2807; sÊ-lÓende, 377.

sÊ-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sÊ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. sÊ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Ge·tas).

sÊmra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. sÊmra, 2881; dat. sg. sÊmran, 954.

sÊ-mÍe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sÊ-mÍe, 325.

sÊ-n‰s, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sÊ-n‰ssas, 223, 571.

sÊne, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. he on holme w‰s sundes ˛Í sÊnra, ˛e hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away_), 1437.

sÊ-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691.

sÊ-sÓ, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. ‰fter sÊ-sÓe, 1150.

sÊ-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sÊ-wong, 1965.

sÊ-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sÊ-wealle, 1925.

sÊ-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sÊ-wudu, 226.

sÊ-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sÊ-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one’s self_; hence, _to go, glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. ˛onne mÓn sceace lÓf of lÓce, 2743; inf. ˛‚ com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. dugu ellor scÙc _(the chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; ˛onne strÊla storm … scÙc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields_), 3119; pret. part. w‰s hira blÊd scacen (_their bravest men had passed away_), 1125; ˛‚ w‰s winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.

scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651.

scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nÙ he ˛Êre feoh-gyfte … scamigan ˛orfte (_needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving_), 1027.

scawa (see sce·wlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.

ge-sc‚d, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. Êg-hw‰res gesc‚d, worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288.

ge-sc‚dan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera rÊdend hit on ryht gescÍd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556.

sc‚nan? See scÓnan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary sc‚nan having been abandoned.

ge-sc‰p-hwÓle, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. sg. tÙ gesc‰p-hwÓle (_at the fated hour_), 26.

scean, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre scean (_hurt her life_), 1525; ˛‰t on land Dena l‚ra nÊnig mid scipherge scean ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. ˛Êr him nÊnig w‰ter wihte ne sceede, 1515.

ge-scean, the same: inf. ˛‰t him … ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gescean, 1448.

scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc.

scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scÓr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).

scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on ˛Êm scennum scÓran goldes, 1695.

sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. ˛onne heoru bunden … swÓn ofer helme andweard scire (_hews off the boar-head on the helm_), 1288.

ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-sc‰r (_often clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770.

scÍt. See sceÛtan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaa, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaena, 4.–2) _fighter, warrior_: nom. pl. scaan, 1804.–Comp.: ‚ttor-, dol-, feÛnd-, g˚-, hearm-, leÛd-, m‚n-, sin-, ˛eÛd-, uht-sceaa.

sceaan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. se ˛e oft manegum scÙd (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888.

ge-sceaan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. sw‚ him Êr gescÙd hild ‰t Heorote, 1588; se ˛e him s‚re ge-sceÙd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; nÙ ˛˝ Êr in gescÙd h‚lan lÓce, 1503; bill Êr gescÙd eald-hl‚fordes ˛am ˛‚ra m‚ma mund-bora w‰s (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if Êr and gescÙd form compound).

sceaen-mÊl, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.–Comp.: here-, w‰l-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. ˛‚s lÊnan ge-sceaft, 1623.–2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. for-, lÓf-, mÊl-gesceaft.

scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of BeÛwulf), 940.–Comp beÛr-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.–2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. he·h ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scÙp him Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. w‰s siÛ wrÙht scepen heard wi H˚gas, syan Hygel‚c cwom (_the contest with the H˚gas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915.

ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. lÓf ge-sceÙp cynna gehwylcum, 97.

scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. g˚-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wÓga, 288.–Comp.: beadu-, heao-scearp.

scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is decided_ or _determined_, in g˚-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214.

sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in Zacher’s Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see ˛˚send).–Comp. gif-sceat.

sce·t, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefr‰twade foldan sce·tas leomum and le·fum, 96;–_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eoran sce·ta, 753.

sce·were, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. sce·weras, 253.

sce·wian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. sce·wian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sce·wigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. ˛‰t ge genÙge ne·n sce·wia be·gas and br‚d gold, 3105; subj. pres. ˛‰t ic … sce·wige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. sce·wode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. sce·wedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.

ge-sce·wian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-sce·wod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp.

sceÛtan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. se ˛e of fl‚n-bogan fyrenum sceÛte, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. sceÛtend (_the warriors, bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for sceÛtendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.

ge-sceÛtan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gesce·t (_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320.

of-sceÛtan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his mÊg of-scÍt … blÙdigan g‚re _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440.

scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.

scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nyme mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.

scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.

scild-wÓga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wÓga, 288.

scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.

scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tÙ scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tÙ scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155.

scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243.

ge-scÓfe (for ge-sc˝fe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon’s movement), 2571; = G. _schief_?

scÓnan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne … s˚an scÓne, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah bl‚cne leÛman beorhte scÓnan, 1518; pret. sg. (g˚-byrne, woruld–candel) sc‚n, 321, 1966; on him byrne sc‚n, 405; pret. pl. gold-f‚g scinon web ‰fter wagum, 995; scionon, 303.

scÓr, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-Óren scÓr, 322; scÓr metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scÓr wered, 496; gen. sg. scÓran goldes, 1695.

scÓr-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scÓr-hame, 1896.

scoten. See sceÛten.

ge-scÙd, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp. Êr-ge-scÙd(?). See ge-sceaan, and Note.

scÙp, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scÙpes, 90.

scr‰f, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eor-scr‰f.

scrÓan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scrÓa, 163; inf. scrÓan, 651, 704; scrÓan tÙ, 2570.

scrÓfan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. h˚ him (Grendel) scÓr metod scrÓfan wille, 980.

for-scrÓfan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. sian him scyppend for-scrifen h‰fde, 106.

ge-scrÓfan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. sw‚ him Wyrd ne ge-scr‚f (_as Weird did not permit him_), 2575.

scr˚d, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scr˚d.

scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.

sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.–2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres.