[throne].–E.
l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra.
l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf’s “jubilee” is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.
l. 2213. B. proposes sà Ëe on hearge hÃen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75.
l. 2215. “The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms’ bed, Fafnir’s couch, Worms’ bed-fire. Even in India, the cobras … are guardians of treasure.”–Br., p. 50.
l. 2216. neÃde. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads neÃde, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of neÃd.
l. 2223. E. begins his “Part Third” at this point as he begins “Part Second” at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.
ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gâ°st sylfes willum.–_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100.
l. 2225. For ËeÃw read Ëegn.–K. and Z.
l. 2225. ËeÃw, st. m., _slave, serf_ (not in H.-So.).
l. 2227. For ofer-Ëearfe read Ãrnes Ëearfa.–Z.
ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:
secg synbysig sÃna onwlâtode,
Ëe·h Ëâm gyste gryrebrÃga stÃd, hwâ°ï£¿re earmsceapen innganges Ëearfa . . . . . . . . . .
fe·sceapen, Ëâ hyne se fÃr begeat. –_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.
l. 2232. W. suggests seah or seÃr for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolÃc.
l. 2233. Z. surmises eor-hËse (for -scrâ°fe).
l. 2241. B. proposes lÃn-gestreÃna, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose leng (= _longer_) gestreÃna; S. accepts the text but translates “the long accumulating treasure.”
l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne dÃl,–_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).–_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 102.
l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec.
l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one who may_, etc.
l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the “Ring-Danes,” = clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116, 1280.
l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most frequent in _BeÃwulf_.
l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.
l. 2276. Z. suggests swËe ondrÃda; Ho. puts gesÃcean for Gr.’s gewunian.
l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrËsan. “Three hundred winters,” at l. 2279, is probably conventional for “a long time,” like hund missera, l. 1499; hund ËËsenda, l. 2995; Ëritig (of Beowulf’s strength), l. 379; Ëritig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan ËËsendo, l. 2196, etc.
l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. 77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 102.
l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E. _un–(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces _on-do_, etc.
l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. proposes “nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict,” etc. So ten Br.
l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose hâm, = _home_, for him.–_Beit._ xii. 103.
l. 2335. E. translates e·lond utan by _the sea-board front, the water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5.
l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376.
l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laan cynne as apposition to mÃgum.
l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf’s other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._
l. 2362. Gr. inserts âna, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Kr¸ger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.
l. 2362. “Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail.”–Br., p. 48.
l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelâc in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc.
l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of siÃlea bigong, and compares Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between waterfalls.–_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214.
l. 2380. hyne–HeardrÃd; so him, l. 2358.
l. 2384. E. calls attention to SwiÃ-rÃce as identical with the modern _Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.
l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. MËller, _Alteng. Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or.
l. 2391. Cf. l. 11.
l. 2394. B., Gr., and MËllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that E·dgils, âhthere’s son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.’s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to feÃnd. G. translates _friend_.–_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert_. iii. 177.
l. 2395. E·dgils is âhthere’s son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is âhthere’s brother; cf. ll. 2933, 2617.
l. 2402. “Twelfsome”; cf. “fifteensome” at l. 207, etc. As _BeÃwulf_ is essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero.
l. 2437. R. proposes stËred, = _ordered, decreed_, for strÃd.–_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 409.
l. 2439. B. corrects to freÃ-wine = _noble friend_, asking, “How can Herebeald be called HÃcyn’s fre·-wine [MS.], _lord?_”
l. 2442. feohle·s gefeoht, “a homicide which cannot be atoned for by money–in this case an unintentional fratricide.”–Sw.
l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75.
l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 56). W. conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before Ëonne.
l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.–K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi. 3, 357).
ll. 2454-2455. (1) M¸llenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes:
Ëonne se ân hafa
Ëurh dÃda nËd de·es gefandod.
(2) B. proposes:
Ëurh dÃda nÃ de·es gefondad. –_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215.
l. 2458. Cf. sceÃtend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like rÃdend. Cf. _Judith_, l. 305, etc.
l. 2474. Th. considers the “wide water” here as the Mâ°lar lake, the boundary between Swedes and Goths.
l. 2477. On oËËe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr_. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.
l. 2489. B. proposes hre·-blâc for Gr.’s heoro-.–_Tikskr_. viii. 297.
l. 2494. S. suggests Ãel-wynne.
l. 2502. E. translates for dugeum, _of my prowess_; so Ettm¸ller.
ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, “if I knew how else I might combat the monster’s boastfulness.”–Ha., p. 85.
l. 2524. and-hâttres is H.’s invention. Gr. reads orees and âttres, _blast and venom_. Cf. oru, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where âttor- also occurs).
l. 2526. E. quotes fleÃn fÃtes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247.
l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stân-bogan (for stÃd on stân-bogan) depending on geseah.
l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose deÃr, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for deÃp.
L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslâw, = _sharp_.–_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.
ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescÃfe (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_, “crooked,” “bent,” “aslant,” and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent, coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, Ëâ se wyrm gebe·h snËde tÃsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after tà and read gescâ°pe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him Ëâ Scyld gewât tà gescâ°p-hwÃle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.
l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.
l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.–_Beit._ ix. 141.
l. 2604. M¸llenh. explains leÃd Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. 176-178.
l. 2607. âre = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).
l. 2609. folcrihta. Add “folk-right” to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. Ãel-, land-riht, word-riht.
l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wrÃccan winele·sum Weohstân bana, = _whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain_.
ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: “turpe comitatui virtutem principis non adaequare.” Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_.
l. 2643. B. proposes Ëser.–_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216.
l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wÃtan, _to go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S. Gram._, pp. 104, 196.
l. 2650. B. suggests hât for hyt,.–_Beit._ xii. 105.
l. 2656. fâne = fâh-ne; cf. fâra = fâh-ra, l. 578; so he·nne (MS.) = he·h-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook’s Sievers’ Gram.
ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrËd, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_ B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrËd and bâm gemÃne. B. reads bËwdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nË, = _to us two now_, for Ërum; and K. and Grundt. read beÃn gemÃne for bâm, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.
l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.
l. 2681. Nâ°gling; cf. Hrunting, Lâfing, and other famous wundor-smia geweorc of the poem.
l. 2687. B. changes Ëonne into Ëone (rel. pro.) = _which_.–_Beit._ xii. 105.
l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum.
l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.
l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: “he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down.” Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.
l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also occurs; and hËdan.
l. 2700. hwÃne; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer’s _woon_, number.
l. 2702. S. proposes Ëâ (for Ëâ°t) Ëâ°t fËr, etc., = _when the fire began_, etc.
l. 2704. “The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton.”–E.
l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wrâ°c, = _drove out all the life_; cf. _Gen._ l. 1385.–_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,–_he felled the foe_, etc.–_Ibid_. Parentheses seem unnecessary.
l. 2727. dâ°g-hwÃl = _time allotted, lifetime_.
l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places it at the end of l. 2744.
l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.
l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhÃgean or oferhÃgan, = Goth, _ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in value_.–_Tidskr_. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhËdian, = _to make arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhËd.–_Beit._ ix. 192.
l. 2770. gelocen leoocrâ°ftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) _wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.); cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522.
l. 2778. B. considers bill … ealdhlâfordes as Beowulf’s short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr_. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlâforde. M¸llenh. understands ealdhlâford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ÃrgescÃd as a compd. = Ãre calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates ÃrgescÃd as vb. and adv.
l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes â°t ende; landes â°t ende, _Exod_. (Hunt).
l. 2792. MS. reads wâ°teres weorpan, which R. would change to wâ°tere sweorfan.
l. 2806. “Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale’s Ness (Hrones-nÃs).”–Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.
l. 2815. WÃglâf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf’s kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word lâf (WÃg-_lâf_, ende-_lâf_).
l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _j¸ngst_, lately.
l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on lÃfe, on worulde_.
l. 2840. gerÃsde = pret. of gerÃsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as rÃsan; cf. l. 2691.
l. 2859. B. proposes de· ârÃdan, = _determine death_.–_Beit._ xii. 106.
l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355.
l. 2871. S. and W. propose ÃwÃr.–_Beit._ ix. 142.
l. 2873. S. punctuates: wrâe forwurpe, Ëâ, etc.
l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding one with beget.
l. 2879. â°tgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss.
ll. 2885-2892. “This passage … equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord.”–Br., p. 56.
l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7; and cf. “kith and kin.”
l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235.
l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here.
l. 2910. S. proposes higemÃe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 (_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemÃum a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_. For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446.
l. 2920-2921. B. explains “he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers.”–_Beit._ xii. 106.
l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.
l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures:
cwâ°ï£¿ hÃe on mergenne mÃces ecgum gÃtan wolde, sumon galgtreowu
âhe·wan on holte ond hÃe âhÃan on Ëâ fuglum tà gamene.
–_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. gÃtan = _cause blood to be shed._
l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gÃda; “a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the ‘terrible’ Ongentheow.”–Ha. p. 99. But “good” does not necessarily mean “morally excellent,” as a “good” hater, a “good” fighter.
l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segn Higelâces, = H.’s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men.–_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests sÃce, = _pursuit_.
l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 130: wyrpton hie wÃrige.
l. 2989. bâ°r is Grundt.’s reading, after the MS. “The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe.”–H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61, 62.
l. 2995. “A hundred of thousands in land and rings” (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo’s _bis senas gentes_ and remarks: “Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter’s hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelâc, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of OngentheÃw, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only daughter’s hand.”
l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing E·dgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf’s death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. M¸llenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.–_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239.
l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293.
l. 3022. E. quotes:
“Thai token an harp _gle and game_
And maked a lai and yaf it name.” –_Weber_, l. 358.
and from Percy, “The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels’), continues still in our own language … it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition.”
l. 3025. “This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done.”–Br., p. 57.
l. 3033. Cf. Hunt’s _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language.
l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:
[banan e·c fundon bennum seÃcne (nÃ) Ãr hà ËÃm gesÃgan syllÃcran wiht] wyrm on wonge…
–_Beit._ xii. 372.
Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [ËÃr] before gesÃgan.
l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fâh].
l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the air_, Ha.
l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men’s hope; (2) he is the heroes’ hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. hÃlsmanna gehyld, Gr.’s reading, after A.-S. hÃlsere, haruspex, augur.
l. 3060. B. suggests gehËde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for gehËdde.
ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [de·e] hwâr Ëonne eorl ellenrof ende gefÃre = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_, etc.–_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwâr and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people_.–_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) M¸llenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_–_Zachers Zeitschr._ xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:
Wundra hwâ°t Ëonne, eorl ellen-rÃf, ende gefÃre
lÃf-gesceafta, Ëonne leng ne mâ°g (etc.),
in which hwâ°t would = Ëurh hwâ°t at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundra: “the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life’s end, when he no longer may live…. So BeÃwulf knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come,” etc. W. and Ho. join Ëonne to the next line. Or, for hwâr read wÃre: Wundur wÃre Ëonne (= gif), etc., = “would it be any wonder if a brave man,” etc., which is virtually M¸llenhoff’s.
l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoo-crâ°ftum. The “accursed” gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare’s) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called “Treasury of Atreus.”
l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow. Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. BiÃwulfes biorh of l. 2808.
l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_.
l. 3074. H.-So. omits strâdan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss., referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strËdan, q. v.
l. 3075. S. proposes: nâ°s hà goldhwâ°tes gearwor hâ°fde, etc., = _Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor’s favor_.–_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads, goldhwâ°te gearwor hâ°fde, etc., making goldhwâ°te modify Ãst, = _golden favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.’s later view.
l. 3086-3087. B. translates, “that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us.”–_Beit._ xii. 109.
l. 3097. B. and S. propose â°fter wine de·dum, = _in memory of the dead friend_.–_Beit._ ix. 144.
l. 3106. The brâd gold here possibly includes the iË-monna gold of l. 3053 and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brâd by _bullion_.
l. 3114. B. supposes folc-âgende to be dat. sg. to gÃdum, referring to Beowulf.
l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses.–_Beit._ viii. 573.
l. 3120. fËs = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss.
ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:
eÃde eahta sum under inwit-hrÃf hilderinca: sum on handa bâ°r, etc. –_Beit._ ix. 144.
l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to â°ï£¿eling_c_, the MS. having _e_.
l. 3145. “It was their [the Icelanders’] belief that the higher the smoke rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven.”– _Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.
l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:
… swÃgende lÃc
wÃpe bewunden windblonda lÃg
(lÃc from lâcan, see Gloss.).–_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lâc?
l. 3147. M¸llenhoff rejected wind-blond gelâ°g because a great fire raises rather than “lays” the wind; hence B., as above, = “swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents.”
l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally:
swylce giÃmor-gyd sio geÃ-meowle [â°fter BeÃwulfe] bunden-heorde
[song] sorg-cearig, sÃde geneahhe, Ëâ°t hià hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]Ãde, wâ°lfylla worn, [w]Ãgendes egesan, hË[n]o ond hâ°ftnËd, heÃf on rÃce wealg. –_Beit._ xii. 100.
Here geÃ-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound locks;_ heÃf = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rÃce wealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, heofon rÃce swealg = _heaven swallowed the smoke_.– H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf’s widow (geÃmeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021.
l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lâfe, for betost, and omits colon after bÃcn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224.
l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon’s accounts of the burial of Attila when the “chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero.”
ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:
woldon gÃn cwÃan [ond] kyning wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan.
–_Beit._ xii. 112.
l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum.
l. 3184. “It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an Englishman some twelve hundred years ago.”–Br., p. 18.
NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.
The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. MËller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._ xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnâ°f fell, _i.e._ as described in _BeÃwulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (_Anzeiger f. d. Altert_.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _BeÃwulf_, l. 1086, he is called Ëegn. See H.-So., p. 125.
“The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _BeÃwulf_ was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths.”–Br., p. 101.
l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: “Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?” questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, “rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight.” –_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrna nÃfre. So. G.–_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x. 229.
l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies:
ac hÃr for bera [fyrdsearu rincas, flacre flânbogan], fugelas singa.
He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_, as explanatory of l. 6.–_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng. Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while grÃg-hama is = _wulf_ (the “grey-coated one”), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.
l. 11. hicgea, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod_. l. 218.
l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.
ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: “If, according to MËller and Bugge, Gârulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn’s men, this does not harmonize with his character as GËlâf’s son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _BeÃwulf_, l. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn’s antagonists.” B. (_Beit._ xii. 25) conjectures:
Ëâ gyt GËdene Gârulf styrode, Ëâ°t hà swâ freÃlÃc feorh forman sÃe tà ËÃre healle durum hyrsta ne bÃre, nË hÃe nÃa heard ânyman wolde;
in which GËdene is the same as Sigefer, l. 24; hà (l. 22) refers to Gârulf; and hÃe (l. 21) to hyrsta.
l. 27. swâ°ï£¿er = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).–H.-So.
l. 29. cÃlod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders “curved board”; Sw. suggests “round”? “hollow”?
l. 30. B. suggests bâr-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.–_Beit._ xii. 26.
l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hrÃw hrâ°fen, wandrode; (2) hwearf flacra hrÃw hrâ°fen fram Ãrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.–_Beit._ xii. 27.
l. 43. B. supposes wund hâ°le to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnâ°f, in opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.–_Beit._ xii. 28.
l. 45. B. adopts Th.’s reading heresceorp unhrÃr = _equipments useless_.–_Beit._ xii. 28.
l. 47. “Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle.”–B., _Beit._ xii. 28.
ADDENDA.
ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-sÃli and fâmi-heals.
ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read ËÃm for Ëâ°m.
l. 299. MS. reads gÃd-fremmendra. So H.-So.
l. 338. Ho. marks wrâ°c- and its group long.
l. 530. Hwâ°t should here probably be printed as an interj., hwâ°t! Cf. ll. 1, 943, 2249.
l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for nâ°s.
The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary.
l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swâ.
GLOSSARY
A
ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.–2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.–3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.
aglÃca, ahlÃca, â°glÃca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi, _terror_, + lâc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_; hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.–2) _great hero, mighty warrior_; of Sigemund, 894; of BeÃwulf: gen. sg. aglÃcan(?), 1513; of BeÃwulf and the drake: nom. pl. Ëâ aglÃcean, 2593.
aglÃc-wÃf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel’s mother, 1260.
aldor. See ealdor.
al-wealda. See eal-w.
am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgâr, 336.
ambiht-Ëegn (from ambiht n. officium and Ëegn, which see), _servant, man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-Ëegne, of BeÃwulf’s servant, 674.
an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at, upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see.
ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.
ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.
and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.)
anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrâum on andan, 709, 2315.
and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.
and-hâtor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rÃes and-hâttres, 2524.
and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).–2) _continual, entire_; andlangne dâ°g, 2116, _the whole day_; andlonge niht, 2939.
and-le·n, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).
and-risno, st. f. (see rÃsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, _according to etiquette_, 1797.
and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.
and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht).
and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an address_, 2861.–2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494, 1841.
and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swÃn ofer helme and-weard (_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288.
and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690.
an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001.
an-sËn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_, 251: ansËn Ëwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.–2) _aspect, appearance_, 929; on-sËn, 2773.
an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note.
atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel’s mother’s hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.–cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.
atelÃc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelÃc egesa, 785.
¬
â, adv. (Goth, ·iv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931, 1479: â syan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.–_ever_, 780.–Comp. nâ.
âd st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. âd, 3139; dat. sg. âde, 1111, 1115.
âd-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on âd-fâ°re, 3011.
âdl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849.
â, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.
â-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.
âum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84.
âgan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. âh, 1728; inf. âgan, 1089; prt. âhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nâh hwâ sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253.
âgen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677.
âgend (prs. part. of âgan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgendes, _of God_, 3076.–Compounds: blÃd-, bold-, folc-, mâ°gen-âgend.
âgend-fre·, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgend-fre·n, 1884.
âhsian, ge-âhsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret. part. ge-âhsod, 433.–2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. âhsode, 1207; pl. âhsodon, 423.
âht, st. n. (contracted from â-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: âht cwices, 2315.
ân, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.–2) _one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb âne niht (_the next night_), 135; Ëurh ânes crâ°ft, 700; Ëâra ânum, 1038; ân â°fter ânum, _one for the other_ (HrÃel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ân â°fter eallum, 2269; ânes hwâ°t, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se ân leÃda dugue, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; ânes willan, _for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.–Hence, again, 3) _alone, distinguished_, 1459, 1886.–4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: ân … feÃnd, 100; gen. sg. ânre bÃne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ân … draca, 221l–5) gen. pl. ânra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; ânra gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; ânra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fe·um ânum, _except a few single ones_, 1082.–6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., âna Ge·ta dugue, _alone of the warriors of the Ge·tas_, 2658.–7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see Ãn.–Comp. nân.
ân-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. ânfealdne geËÃht, _simple opinion_, 256.
ân-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449.
ân-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369.
ân-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-râd-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.
ânga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. ângan dÃhtor, 375, 2998; ângan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. ângan brÃer, 1263.
ân-pâ°ï£¿, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. ânpaas, 1411.
ân-rÃd, adj. (cf. under ân-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530, 1576.
ân-tÃd, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb ân-tÃd Ãres dÃgores, _about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.–ân stands as in ân-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same disposition_.
ânunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635.
âr, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784.
âr, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: ârum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.–2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. âre, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. âre, 2379; gen. pl. hwâ°t … ârna, 1188.–Comp. worold-âr; also written Ãr.
âr-fâ°st, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of HËnfer (with reference to 588). See fâ°st.
ârian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nÃnegum âra; of Grendel, 599.
âr-stâ°f, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid ârstafum, 317.–_Help, support_: dat. pl. for âr-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458. See stâ°f.
âter-te·r, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. Ãren âter-te·rum fâh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.
âttor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon’s bite: nom., 2716.
âttor-sceaa, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg. -sceaan, 2840.
âwâ, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of â, which see), _ever_: âwâ tà aldre, _fÃr ever and ever_, 956.
Æ
â°dre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. [Ãdre.]
â°ï£¿ele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of BeÃwulf, 198, 1313; of BeÃwulf’s father, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. â°ï£¿elan cynnes, 2235.
â°ï£¿eling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of HrÃgâr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of BeÃwulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dâ°ghrefn, 2507;–then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Æschere, 1295; HrÃgâr’s courtiers, 118, 983; HeremÃd’s courtiers, 907; Hengest’s warriors, 1113; BeÃwulf’s retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. –Comp. sib-â°ï£¿eling.
â°ï£¿elu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. â°ï£¿elu, 392; dat. pl. cyning â°ï£¿elum gÃd, _the king, of noble birth_, 1871; â°ï£¿elum diÃre, _worthy on account of noble lineage_, 1950; â°ï£¿elum (hÃleËum, MS.), 332.–Comp. fâ°der-â°ï£¿elu.
â°fnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf. ellen-weorc â°fnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht â°fnde, _perpetrated wrong_, 1255.
ge-â°fnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. Ëâ°t geâ°fndon swâ, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. â wâ°s geâ°fned, _the oath was sworn_, 1108.–2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geâ°fned, 3107. See efnan.
â°fter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.–ic him â°fter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word â°fter cwâ°ï£¿, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; â°fter beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; â°fter mâum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.–2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in consequence of, conformably to_: â°fter rihte, _in accordance with right_, 1050, 2111; â°fter faroe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., â°fter heao-swâte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_, 1607; â°fter wâ°lnÃe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance with, on account of, after, about_: â°fter â°ï£¿elum (hÃleËum, MS.)frâ°gn, _asked about the descent_, 332; ne frin Ëu â°fter sÃlum, _ask not after my welfare_, 1323; â°fter sincgyfan greÃte, _weeps for the giver of treasure_, 1343; him â°fter deÃrum men dyrne langa, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880; ân â°fter ânum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.–3) (local), _along_: â°fter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945; sÃhte bed â°fter bËrum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; â°fter recede wlât, _looked along the hall_, 1573; stone â°fter stâne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289; â°fter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.
â°f-Ëunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502.
â°glÃcea. See aglÃcea.
â°led (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. [Ãled.]
â°led-leÃma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. leÃman, 3126. See leÃma.
â°l-fylce (from â°l-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. wi â°lfylcum, 2372.
â°l-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se â°l-mihtiga, 92.
â°l-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. â°l-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel’s kindred, 1501.
â°ppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl. â°ppel-fealuwe mearas, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166.
â°rn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, Ëry-, win-â°rn.
â°sc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in BeÃwulf in this sense), _lance, spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quâ instr.) â°scum and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773.
â°sc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. â°sc-holt ufan grÃg, _the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330.
â°sc-wÃga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg., 2043.
â°t, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): â°t hËe, in _harbor_, 32; â°t symle, _at the meal_, 81, â°t âde, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115; â°t Ëe ânum, _with thee alone_, 1378; â°t wÃge, _in the fight_, 1338; â°t hilde, 1660, 2682; â°t Ãte, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_ (motion to): de·es wylm hrân â°t heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271; gehÃton â°t hâ°rgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an object): geËeah Ëâ°t ful â°t WealhËeÃn, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic gebâd grynna â°t Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; â°t mÃnum fâ°der genam, _took me from my father to himself_, 2430.–2) temporal, _at, in, at the time of_: â°t frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; â°t ende, _at an end_, 224; fand sÃnne dryhten ealdres â°t ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791; similarly, 2823; â°t feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; â°t sÃestan, _finally_, 3014.
â°t-grÃpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270.
â°t-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658.
â
Ãdre, Ãdre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in BeÃw.), _vein_ (not in BeÃw.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swât Ãdrum sprong, _the blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blÃd Ãdrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743.
Ãm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreer Ãme weÃll, _the breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594.
Ãfen, st. m., _evening_, 1236.
Ãfen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. Ãfen-grom, of Grendel, 2075.
Ãfen-leÃht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413.
Ãfen-râ°st, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -râ°ste, 647, 1253.
Ãfen-sprÃc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde …Ãfen-sprÃce, _thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760.
Ãfre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative sentences, Ãfre ne, _never_, 2601.–Comp. nÃfre.
Ãg-hwâ (O.H.G. Ão-ga-hwÃr), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. ÃghwÃm, 1385. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: Ãghwâ°s untÃle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; Ãghwâ°s unrÃm, _entirely innumerable quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.
Ãg-hwâ°ï£¿er (O.H.G. Ão-ga-hwÃdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. hâ°fde Ãghwâ°ï£¿er ende gefÃred, _each of the two_ (BeÃwulf and the drake) _had reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. Ãghwâ°ï£¿rum wâ°s brÃga fram Ãrum, _to each of the two_ (BeÃwulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg. Ãghwâ°ï£¿res … worda and worca, 287.–2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora Ãghwâ°ï£¿rum, 1637.
Ãg-hwÃr, adv., _everywhere_, 1060.
Ãg-hwilc (O.H.G. Ão-gi-hwÃlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dÃl Ãghwylcne, 622.–2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. Ãg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. Ãghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. Ãghwylc, 985, 988; (wâ°s) Ãghwylc Ãrum trËwe, _each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166.
Ãg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. Ãg-wearde, 241.
Ãht (abstract form from âgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) _possession, power_: acc. sg. on flÃdes Ãht, 42; on wâ°teres Ãht, _into the power of the water_, 516; on Ãht gehwearf Denigea fre·n, _passed over into the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.–2) _property, possessions, goods_: acc. pl. Ãhte, 2249.–Comp. mâm-, gold-Ãht.
Ãht (O.H.G. âhta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. Ëâ wâ°s Ãht boden Sweona leÃdum, segn Higelâce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, (their) banner to Hygelâc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelâc), 2958.
ge-Ãhtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geÃhted, 1866. [geâ°htan.]
ge-Ãhtla, w. m., or ge-Ãhtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high esteem_: gen. sg. hy … wyre Ëincea eorla geÃhtlan, _seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [geâ°htla.]
Ãn (oblique form of ân), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. Ëone Ãnne Ëone…, _the one whom_…, 1054; oftor micle Ëonne on Ãnne sÃ, _much oftener than one time_, 1580; for onsendon Ãnne, _sent him forth alone_, 46.
Ãne, adv., _once_: oft nalles Ãne, 3020.
Ãnig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde … 0nige Ëinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lyt Ãnig mearn, _little did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.–With the article: nâ°s se folccyning … Ãnig, _no people’s king_, 2735.–Comp. nÃnig.
Ãn-lÃc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: ÃnlÃc ansËn, _distinguished appearance_, 251; Ëe·h Ëe hià ÃnlÃcu sË, _though she be beautiful_, 1942.
Ãr (comparative form, from â): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swâ Ãr, _again as formerly_, 643; Ãr ne sian, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; Ãr and sÃ, _sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; nà ËË Ãr (_not so much the sooner_), _yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.–2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a) with the ind.: Ãr hià tà setle geÃng, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: Ãr ge fyr fÃran, _before you travel farther_, 252; Ãr he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; Ãr Ëon dâ°g cwÃme, _ere the day break_, 732; Ãr correlative to Ãr adv.: Ãr he feorh sele, aldor an Ãfre, Ãr he wille …, _he will sooner_ (rather) _leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ …, 1372.–3) prepos. with dat., _before_ Ãr de·e, _before death_, 1389; Ãr dâ°ges hwÃle, _before daybreak_, 2321; Ãr swylt-dâ°ge, _before the day of death_, 2799.
Ãror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655.
Ãrra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., Ãrran mÃlum, _in former times_, 908, 2238, 3036.
Ãrest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.–2) as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. Ëâ°t ic his Ãrest Ëe eft gesâ°gde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note.
Ãr-dâ°g, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat. sg. mid Ãrdâ°ge, 126; samod Ãrdâ°ge, 1312, 2943.
Ãrende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345.
Ãr-fâ°der, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swâ his Ãrfâ°der, 2623.
Ãr-gestreÃn, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ÃrgestreÃna, _much of such old treasure_, 2233. See gestreÃn.
Ãr-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta Ãr-geweorc, _the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel’s water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.
Ãr-gÃd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or _advantages_: â°ï£¿eling ÃrgÃd, 130; (eorl) ÃrgÃd, 1330; Ãren ÃrgÃd (_excellent sword_), 990, 2587.
Ãr-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg. Ãrwelan, 2748. See wela.
Ãs, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. Ãse, of Æschere’s corpse, 1333.
Ãt, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hË him â°t Ãte speÃw, _how he fared well at meat_, 3027.
Ãttren (see âttor), adj., _poisonous_: wâ°s Ëâ°t blÃd tà Ëâ°s hât, Ãttren ellorgâst, se Ãr inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon_ (Grendel’s mother) _who died therein_, 1618
B
bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan OngenËeÃwes, of Hygelâc, although in reality his men slew OngenËeÃw (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wâ°s ecg bona, 2507; wear wracu Weohstânes bana, 2614.–Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gâst-, hand-, mË-bana.
bon-gâr, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032.
ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command, to bid_: inf., 74.
bâd, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nËd-bâd.
bân, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bâne (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefÃng biteran bânum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693.
bân-cÃfa, w. m., “cubile ossium” (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cÃfan, 1446.
bân-fâg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of HrÃgâr’s hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable.
bân-fâ°t, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bân-fatu, 1117.
bân-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire wi halse … bânhringas brâ°c (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568.
bân-hËs, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bânhËs gebrâ°c, 2509; similarly, 3148.
bân-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bât bânlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bânlocan, _the body burst_ (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.
bât, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.–Comp. sÃ-bât.
bât-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat. sg. -wearde, 1901.
bâ°ï£¿, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bâ°ï£¿, _over the diver’s bath_ (i.e. the sea), 1862.
bâ°rnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. hÃt … bânfatu bâ°rnan, _bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan … beorht hofu bâ°rnan, _began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314.
for-bâ°rnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hy hine ne mÃston … brondefor-bâ°rnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead Æschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127.
bÃdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bÃdde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.
ge-bÃdan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebÃded, _distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send forth_: strÃla storm strengum gebÃded, _the storm of arrows sent with strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca … bealwe gebÃded, _the dragon … overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827.
bÃl (O.N. bâl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid bÃle fÃr, _passed (through the air) with fire_, 2309; hâ°fde landwara lÃge befangan, bÃle and bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.–Especially, _the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; Ãr he bÃl cure, _ere he sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hâta … hlÃw gewyrcean … â°fter bÃle, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (BeÃwulf’s words), 2804.
bÃl-fËr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. bÃlfËra mÃst, 3144.
bÃl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bÃl=stede, 3098.
bÃl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113.
bÃr, st. f., _bier_, 3106.
ge-bÃran, w. v., _to conduct one’s self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrâ°gen ic Ëâ mÃge … sÃl gebÃran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eoran geseah Ëone leÃfestan lÃfes â°t ende ble·te gebÃran, _saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825.
ge-bÃtan (denominative from bÃte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. Ëâ wâ°s HrÃgâre hors gebÃted, 1400.
be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, “but not of one direction, as â°t, but more general”): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_ (rest): be Ëdlâfe uppe lÃgon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_ (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hâ°fde be honda, _held by the hand_ (BeÃwulf held Grendel), 815; be sÃm tweonum, _in the circuit of both the seas_, 859, 1686; be mâ°ste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fËre, _by the fire_, 2220; be nâ°sse, _at the promontory_, 2244; sâ°t be ËÃm gebrÃrum twÃm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; wâ°s se gryre lâ°ssa efne swâ micle swâ bi mâ°ga crâ°ft be wÃpnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.–2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, _on, upon, by_: gefÃng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; âlÃdon leÃfne ËeÃden be mâ°ste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wÃpen hafenade be hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.–3) with this is connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic Ëis gid be Ëe âwrâ°c, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; ËË Ëe lÃr be Ëon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fâ°der lâre, _according to her father’s direction_, 1951.–4) temporal, _while, during_: be Ëe lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bÃ.
bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pl. beddum, 1241.–Comp: dea-, hlin-, lâ°ger-, moror-, wâ°l-bed.
ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde sÃcan ewÃn tà gebeddan, _wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_, 666.–Comp. heals-gebedde.
begen, fem. bâ, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bâ healfa, _on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bâm, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, Ërum bâm, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwâ°ï£¿res, _each one of the two_, 1044; bega folces, of _both peoples_, 1125.
ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_: w. dat. (pret. subj.) Ëâ°t he Ãcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.
â-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. Ã Ëâ°t hyne ân âbealh mon on mÃde, _till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. âbolgen, 724.
ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.–Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.
benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, 1244.–Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.
benc-swÃg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the benches_, 1162.
benc-Ëel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand_: nom. pl. benc-Ëelu, 486; acc. pl. bencËelu beredon, _cleared the bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240.
bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost’s bond_, 1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.–Comp.: fËr-, hell-, hyge-, Ãren-, oncer-, searo-, wâ°l-bend.
ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato, 1122.
bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera.
beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byre, 296, 448; Ëone mâum byre, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; hÃht Ëâ se hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bâ°r, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bâ°r fâ°ted wÃge, _brought the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bÃron, 213, 1636, etc.; bÃran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.–The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: Ëâ°t we rondas beren eft tà earde, 2654; gewÃta for beran wÃpen and gewÃdu, 291; ic gefrâ°gn sunu Wihstânes hringnet beran, 2755; wÃgheafolan bâ°r, 2662; helmas bÃron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas bÃran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.
â°t-beran, _to carry to_: inf. tà beadulâce (_battle_) â°tberan, 1562; pret. Ëâ hine on morgentÃd on HeaorÃmas holm up â°tbâ°r, _the sea bore him up to the HeaorÃmas_, 519; hià BeÃwulfe medoful â°tbâ°r _brought BeÃwulf the mead-cup_, 625; mâ°genbyrenne … hider Ët â°tbâ°r cyninge mÃnum, _bore the great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hà hyne â°tbÃron tà brimes faroe, 28.
for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. Ëâ°t he Ëone breÃstwylm forberan ne mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878.
ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. Ëâ°t lâ mâ°g secgan se Ëe sÃ and riht freme on folce … Ëâ°t Ëes eorl wÃre geboren betera (_that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_), 1704.
Ã-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. Ëâ mec sà Ãbâ°r on Finna land, 579.
on-beran (O.H.G. in bÃran, intpÃran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, _to carry off, to take away_: inf. Ãren ÃrgÃd Ëâ°t Ëâ°s ahlÃcan blÃdge beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (wâ°s) onboren be·ga hord, _the treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.–Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sâwl-berend.
berian (denominative from bâ°r, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_: pret. pl. bencËelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the benches), 1240.
berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bânlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122.–_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from BeÃwulf’s gripe), 761.
for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Nâ°gling forbâ°rst, _Nâ°gling_ (BeÃwulf’s sword) _broke in two_, 2681.
betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.
bet-lÃc, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of HrÃgâr’s hall, 781; of Hygelâc’s residence, 1926.
betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1110; neut. nu is Ãfost betost, Ëâ°t we …, _now is haste the best, that we…_, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrËda betst, 453; acc. sg. m. Ëegn betstan, 1872.
bÃcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-rÃfes bÃcn (of BeÃwulf’s grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.
bÃg. See be·g.
bÃn, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bÃne, 428, 2285.
bÃna, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swâ Ëu bÃna eart (_as thou entreatest_), 352; swâ he bÃna wâ°s (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hy bÃnan synt, 364.
ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac Ëu HrÃgâre wÃdcËne we·n wihte gebÃttest, _hast thou in any way relieved HrÃgâr of the evil known afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncËe ealle gebÃtte, _removed all trouble_, 831. –2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on Ëam feorhbonan fÃhe gebÃtan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466.
beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bâd beadwa ge-Ëinges, _waited for the combats_ (with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710.
beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel’s hand, 991.
beado-grÃma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grÃman, 2258.
beado-hrâ°gl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552.
beadu-lâc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat. sg. tà beadu-lâce, 1562.
beado-leÃma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524.
beado-mÃce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mÃcas, 1455.
beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110.
beadu-rÃf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rÃfes, of BeÃwulf, 3162.
beadu-rËn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rËne, _solved the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.
beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705.
beadu-scrËd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl. beaduscrËda betst, 453.
beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756.
beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300.
beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald.
bealdian, w. v., _to show one’s self brave_: pret. bealdode gÃdum dÃdum (_through brave deeds_), 2178.
bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia bealdor, 2568.
bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.–Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreer-, leÃd-, moror-, niht-, sweord-, wÃg-bealu.
bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sâr hafa befongen balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978.
bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266.
bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: gen. pl. Ãghwâ°ï£¿rum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.
bealo-hydig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of Grendel, 724.
bealo-nÃ, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg., 2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh Ëe Ëone bealonÃ, _beware of destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on breÃstum bealo-nÃ weÃll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the dragon’s poison), 2715.
bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom. sg. e·gena bearhtm, 1767.–2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeâton, gËhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432.
bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.–2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, âlecgan); dat. sg. him tà bearme cwom mâumfâ°t mÃre, _came into his possession_, 2405.
bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglâfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.–2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_: nom. sg. OngenËeÃw’s bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; hâ°lea bearn, 1190; â°ï£¿elinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. nia bearna, 1006.–Comp.: brÃor-, dryht-bearn.
bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. Ëâ°t hyre ealdmetod Ãste wÃre bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a son_ (i.e. as BeÃwulf), 947.
bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl. hrÃmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364.
be·cen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht be·cen godes, _of the sun_, 570; gen. pl. be·cna beorhtost, 2778. See bÃcn.
ge-be·cnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-be·cnod, 140.
be·g, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. be·h (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg. be·h (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaobeardnas), 2042; bÃg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom WealhËeà for gân under gyldnum be·ge, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. be·ges (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. be·gas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. be·ga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.– Comp.: earm-, heals-be·g.
be·g-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103.
be·g-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg. be·ghroden, cwÃn, of HrÃgâr’s consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164), 624.
be·h-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg. be·h-hordes, 895; dat. pl. be·h-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. be·h-horda weard, of King HrÃgâr, 922.
be·h-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_: nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.
be·h-Ëegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. â°fter be·h-Ëege, 2177.
be·h-wria, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. be·h-wrian, 2019.
be·m, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gleÃ-be·m.
be·tan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede be·te, _the steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-be·ten, _died, struck by the battle-axe_, 2360.
beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.–2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.–Comp. stân-beorh.
beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. he·fod-beorh.
beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294; here-byrne … seà Ëe bâncÃfan beorgan cËe, _which could protect his body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.
be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care, to defend one’s self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh Ëe Ëone bealont, 1759.
ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_: pret. sg. Ëâ°t gebearh feore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wel gebearg lÃfe and lÃce, 2571.
ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring Ëtan ymb-bearh, 1504.
beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; Ëâ°t beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of BeÃwulf’s grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tà ËÃre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frâ°twe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: be·cna beorhtost, 2778. –2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg. beorhtre bÃte, 158. –Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.
beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518.
beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swÃg, 1162.
beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (HrÃgâr), 1881, (BeÃwulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (BeÃw.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (BeÃwulf and his companions), 211, (HrÃgâr’s guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (BeÃwulf’s liege-men), 2405.–Comp.: folc-, gË-beorn.
beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), 2273.–Comp. un-byrnende.
for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; for-born, 2673.
ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698.
beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149.
beÃdan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. biÃdan, 2893.–2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geËingo budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. Ëâ wâ°s Ãht boden Sweona leÃdum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic Ëâ°m gÃdan sceal mâmas beÃdan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_, 385.
â-beÃdan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne âbe·d, _made known the words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hÃl âbe·d, _wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hÃlo âbe·d, 2419; eoton weard âbe·d, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669.
be-beÃdan, _to command, to order_: pret. swâ him se hearda bebe·d, _as the strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swâ se rÃca bebe·d, 1976.
ge-beÃdan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hÃt Ëâ gebeÃdan byre Wihstânes hâ°lea monegum, Ëâ°t hie…, _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men…_, 3111.–2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebe·d hord and rÃce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gËe gebeÃdan, _to offer battle_, 604.
beÃd-gene·t, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. gene·tas, 343, 1714.
beÃn, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. gËgeweorca ic beà gearo sÃna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wâ bi Ëâ°m Ëe sceal…, _woe to him who_…! 183; so, 186; gifee bi is given, 299; ne bi Ëe wilna gâd (_no wish will be denied thee_), 661; ËÃr Ëe bi manna Ëearf, _if thou shalt need the warriors_, 1836; ne bi swylc cwÃnlÃc Ëe·w, _is not becoming, honorable to a woman_, 1941; eft sÃna bi _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. Ëonne biÃ brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cËe beÃ sÃlran gesÃhte Ëam Ëe…, “terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui…” (Grein), 1839; imp. beà (biÃ) Ëu on Ãfeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; beà wi Ge·tas glâ°d, _be gracious to the Ge·tas_, 1174.
beÃr, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. â°t beÃre, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. sg. beÃre druncen, 531; beÃre druncne, 480.
beÃr-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. beÃr-scealca sum (one of HrÃgâr’s followers, because they served the Ge·tas at meals), 1241.
beÃr-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in (on) beÃrsele, 482, 492, 1095; biÃrsele, 2636.
beÃr-Ëegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. â°fter beÃrËege, 117; â°t ËÃre beÃrËege, 618.
beÃt, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken_: acc. sg. he beÃt ne âlÃh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; beÃt eal … gelÃste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.
ge-beÃtian, w. v., _to pledge one’s self to an undertaking, to bind one’s self_: pret. gebeÃtedon, 480, 536.
beÃt-word, st. n., same as beÃt: dat. pl. beÃt-wordum sprâ°c, 2511.
biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dÃ swâ ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic Ëe biddan wille ânre bÃne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swâ he selfa bâ°d, _as he himself had requested_, 29; bâ°d hine blÃne (supply wesan) â°t ËÃre beÃrËege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic Ëe lange bâ°d Ëâ°t Ëu…, _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioowÃre bâ°d hlâford sÃnne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bâ°d Ëâ°t ge geworhton, _asked that you_…, 3097; pl. wordum bÃdon Ëâ°t…, 176.
on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lÃta hilde-bord her onbidian … worda geËinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay the shields aside here), 397.
bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.–Comp.: gË-, hilde-, wÃg-bil.
bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.
ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. ËÃr ic fÃfe geband, _where I had bound five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges Ëegn word Ãer fand sÃe gebunden, _the king’s man found_ (after many had already praised BeÃwulf’s deed) _other words_ (also referring to BeÃwulf, but in connection with Sigemund) _rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmÃl wrâ°ttum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel gËwÃga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), 2112.
on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.
ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. Ãs-gebind.
bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite Ãrena, _the swords’ bite_, 2260; dat. sg. â°fter billes bite, 2061.–Comp. lâ-bite.
biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strÃle, 1747; instr. pl. biteran bânum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.–2) _irritated, furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.
bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.
bÃ, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bà sÃm tweÃnum, _in the circuit of both seas_, 1957; ârâs bà ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; bà wealle gesâ°t, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big stÃdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.–2) _to, towards_ (motion): hwearf Ëâ bà bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geÃng bà sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.
bÃd (see bÃdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: ËÃr wear OngenËià on bÃd wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.
bÃdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nà on wealle leng bÃdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the drake), 2309; pret. in ËËstrum bâd, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota stille bâd, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda … on Ëâ°m se rÃca bâd, _where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; ËÃr se snottra bâd, _where the wise man_ (HrÃgâr) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bâd, _he_ (BeÃwulf) _stood there armed_, 2569; ic on earde bâd mÃlgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume ËÃr bidon, _some remained, waited there_, 400.–2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bÃdan woldon Grendles gËe, _wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wÃges bÃdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bÃdan wolde, _would await no answer_, 1495; pret. bâd beadwa geËinges, _awaited the event of the battle_, 710; sÃgenga bâd âgend-fre·n, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its owner_, 1883; sele … heaowylma bâd, lâan lÃges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.
â-bÃdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.
ge-bÃdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebÃde ge on beorge, _wait ye on the mountain_, 2530; pret. part. Ëe·h Ëe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden hâ°bbe Hâ°rees dÃhtor _although H’s daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle_, 1929.–2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedâ°g mÃnne gebÃdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne wÃnde … bÃte gebÃdan, _did not hope … to live to see reparation_, 935; fela sceal gebÃdan leÃfes and lâes, _experience much good and much affliction_, 1061; ende gebÃdan, 1387, 2343; pret. he Ëâ°s frÃfre gebâd, _received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebâd wintra worn, _lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tà gebÃdanne Ãres yrfeweardes, _to await another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tà gebÃdanne Ëâ°t his byre rÃde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, 2446; pret. dre·m-le·s gebâd Ëâ°t he…, _joyless he experienced it, that he_…, 1721; Ëâ°s Ëe ic on aldre gebâd Ëâ°t ic…, _for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that_…, 1780.
on-bÃdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbâd earfolÃce Ã Ëâ°t Ãfen cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.
bÃtan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bÃtan, 1455, 1524; pret. bât bânlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bât unswÃor, _cut with less force_ (BeÃwulf’s sword), 2579.
blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.
ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.–Comp.: sund-, Ë-geblond, windblond.
blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, _gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.
blâ°c, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.
blâc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blâcne leÃman, _a brilliant gleam_, 1518.–2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblâc.
blÃd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wâ°s hira blÃd scacen (of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nu is ËÃnes mâ°gnes blÃd âne hwÃle, _now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time_, 1762.–2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blÃd, 18; (ËÃn) blÃd is ârÃred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.
blÃd-âgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blÃd-âgende, 1014.
blÃd-fâ°st, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. blÃdfâ°stne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329), 1300.
ble·t, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wâ°l-ble·t.
ble·te, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.
blÃcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222
blÃe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blÃne, 618.–2) _gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blÃe, 436.–Comp. un-blÃe.
blÃ-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.
blÃd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blÃde, 848; â°fter deÃrum men him langa beorn wi blÃde, _the hero_ (HrÃgâr) _longs for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blÃde, 486, 935, 1595, etc.
blÃd-fâg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.
blÃdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blÃdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blÃdig, 448; instr. sg. blÃdigan gâre, 2441.
ge-blÃdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. ge-blÃdegod, 2693.
blÃdig-tÃ, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blÃdig-tÃ (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.
blÃd-reÃw, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhe greÃw breÃst-hord blÃd-reÃw, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling_, 1720.
be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.
bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blÃ-heort bodode, _the black raven announced joyfully heaven’s delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.
boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flân-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stân-boga.
bolca, w. m., “forus navis” (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231.
bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelâc’s residence), 1926; (BeÃwulfs residence), 2197, 2327.–Comp. fold-bold.
bold-âgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum boldâgendra, 3113.
bolgen-mÃd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.
bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brÃded wear beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, 1241.–Comp. hleÃr-bolster.
bon-. See ban-.
bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, rÃd-, wÃg-bora.
bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebrâ°c, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.–Comp.: hilde-, wÃg-bord.
bord-hâ°bbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. hâ°bbende, 2896.
bord-hreÃa, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreÃan, 2204.
bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.
bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.
bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244.
botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tà botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507.
bÃt (emendation, cf. bÃtan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bÃte, 935; acc. sg. bÃte, 910.–2) _a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bÃte, 158.
brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. Ëâ sceal brond fretan (_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mÃston … bronde forbâ°rnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; hâ°fde landwara lÃge befangen, bÃle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, 2323.–2) in the passage, Ëâ°t hine nà brond ne beadomÃcas bÃtan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.–3) in the passage, forgeaf Ëâ BeÃwulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of HrÃgâr (perhaps _son_), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.
brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.
brâd, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brâde rÃce, 2208.–2) _broad_: nom. sg. he·h and brâd (of BeÃwulf’s grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brâdne mÃce, 2979; (seax) brâd [and] brËnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright edge_, 1547.–3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brâd gold, 3106.
ge-brâ°c, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebrâ°c, 2260.
geond-brÃdan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. geond-brÃded, 1240.
brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bânhringas brâ°c, (the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. Ëâ°t ËÃr Ãnig mon wÃre ne brÃce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; pret. part. Ëonne biÃ brocene … â-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of the men broken_, 2064.–2) probably also simply _to break in upon something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sÃdeÃr monig hildetuxum heresyrcan brâ°c, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.–3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah … stre·m Ët brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, 2547; lÃt se hearda Higelâces Ëegn brâdne mÃce … brecan ofer bordweal, _caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.–4) figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt brâ°c, _curiosity tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.
ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bânhËs gebrâ°c, _broke in pieces his body_ (BeÃwulf in combat with Dâ°ghrefn), 2509.
tÃ-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tÃ-brocen, 998.
Ëurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord breÃsthord Ëurh-brâ°c, _the word’s point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793.
brec, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. mÃdes breca (_sorrow of heart_), 171.
â-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. âbredwade, 2620.
bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows_, 708; pret. brâ°gd ealde lâfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brâ°gd feorh-genÃlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel’s mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git e·gorstre·m … mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. broden (brogden) mÃl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.–2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet Ãrum bregdan, _to weave a waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrâ°gl broden, _a woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.
â-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up â-brâ°d, _swung, raised his hand_, 2576.
ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mÃl gebrâ°gd, _swung the ringed sword_, 1565; eald sweord e·cen … Ëâ°t ic ËË wÃpne gebrâ°gd, _an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wâ°llseaxe gebrâ°d, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the sheath_: sweord Ãr gebrâ°d, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.–2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444.
on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbrâ°d Ëâ recedes mËan, _had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.
brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.
brego-rÃf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m., 1926.
brego-stÃl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon ËËsendo, bold and brego-stÃl, _seven thousand_ see under sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; ËÃr him Hygd gebe·d … brego-stÃl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lÃt Ëone bregostÃl BeÃwulf healdan, _gave over to BeÃwulf the chief power_ (did not prevent BeÃwulf from entering upon the government), 2390.
breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.
brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.
â-bre·tan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. âbreÃt brimwÃsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King HÃcyn), 2931. See breÃtan.
breÃst, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. Ëâ°t mÃne breÃst were, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrâ°gl broden on breÃstum lâ°g. 552.–2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom_: nom. sg. breÃst innan weÃll ËeÃstrum geËoncum, _his breast heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lÃt Ëâ of breÃstum word Ët faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.
breÃst-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.
breÃst-gewÃdu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.
breÃst-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.
breÃst-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg. breÃst-net broden, 1549.
breÃst-weorung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. breÃst-weorunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which BeÃwulf receives from WealhËeÃw (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelâc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frâ°twe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breÃst-weorung.
breÃst-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. sg, 1878.
breÃtan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. bre·t beÃdgene·tas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.
â-breÃtan, same as above: pret. Ëone Ëe heà on râ°ste âbre·t, _whom she killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. Ëâ Ëâ°t monige gewear, Ëâ°t hine seà brimwylf âbroten hâ°fde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel’s mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hà hyne … âbroten hâ°fdon, _had killed him_ (the dragon), 2708.
brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tà brimes faroe, _to the sea_, 28; â°t brimes nosan, _at the sea’s promontory_, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.
brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, 222.
brim-lâd, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. Ëâra Ëe mid BeÃwulfe brimlâde te·h, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.
brim-lÃend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -lÃende, 568.
brim-stre·m, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer brim-stre·mas, 1911.
brim-wÃsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwÃsan, of HÃcyn, king of the Ge·tas, 2931.
brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel’s mother): nom. sg. seà brimwylf, 1507, 1600.
brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.
bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic Ëe ËËsenda Ëegna bringe tà helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer he·u bringan lâc and luftâcen, _shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. we Ëâs sÃlâc … brÃhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel’s head), 1654.
ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. Ëat we Ëone gebringan … on âdfâ°re, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.
brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. sg. III. herepâd … brosna â°fter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.
brÃor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brÃer, 1263; gen. sg. his brÃor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brÃrum, 588, 1075.
ge-brÃru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sâ°t be ËÃm gebrÃrum twÃm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192.
brÃga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brÃgan, 583.–Comp.: gryre-, here-brÃga.
brËcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se Ëe longe her worolde brËce, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brËc manigra mÃda, _make use of many rewards, give good rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. Ëâ°t he be·hhordes brËcan mÃste, _could enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. bre·c lÃfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: bre·c Ëonne mÃste, 1488; imp. brËc Ëisses be·ges, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brËcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hÃt hine wel brËcan, 1046; hÃt hine brËcan well, 2813; imp. brËc ealles well, 2163.
brËn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sià ecg brËn, 2579.
brËn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brâd [and] brËnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.