Legal system:
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 April (1980)
Political parties and leaders:
Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENA Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections:
Executive President:
last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results – Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7%
Parliament:
last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1
Executive branch:
executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990)
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador-designate Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI
*Zimbabwe, Government
chancery:
1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone:
(202) 332-7100
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER
embassy:
172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare mailing address:
P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone:
[263] (4) 794-521
FAX:
[263] (4) 796-488
Flag:
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle
*Zimbabwe, Economy
Overview:
Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in 1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about 10% in 1992.
National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $6.2 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate:
-10% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$545 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
45% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
at least 35% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91)
Exports:
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%
partners:
UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991) Imports:
$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15%
partners:
UK 15%, Germany 9%, South Africa 5%, Botswana 5%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1991) External debt:
$3.9 billion (March 1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 38% of GDP Electricity:
3,650,000 kW capacity; 8,920 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1991) Industries:
mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products Agriculture:
accounts for 13% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops – corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million
Currency:
1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
*Zimbabwe, Economy
Exchange rates:
Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 – 6.3532 (February 1993), 5.1046 (1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988) Fiscal year:
1 July – 30 June
*Zimbabwe, Communications
Railroads:
2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km electrified)
Highways:
85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth Inland waterways:
Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication Pipelines:
petroleum products 212 km
Airports:
total:
485
usable:
403
with permanent-surface runways:
22
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
29
Telecommunications:
system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations – 8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Zimbabwe, Defense Forces
Branches:
Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People’s Militia Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 2,315,461; fit for military service 1,436,671 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)
***
Appendix A:
The United Nations System
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:
1) Secretariat
2) General Assembly:
UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UN Institute for Training and Research UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UN Special Fund
UN University
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
3) Security Council:
UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somolia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Specialized agencies
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union
WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization
Related organizations
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Regional commissions
ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Functional commissions
Commission on Human Rights
Commission on Narcotics Drugs
Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women
Population Commission
Statistical Commission
Commission on Science and Technology for Development Commission on Sustainable Development Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission on Transnational Corporations
5) Trusteeship Council
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
***
Appendix B
Abbreviations for
International
Organizations and Groups
A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa ACC Arab Cooperation Council
ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group
AL Arab League
ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation AsDB Asian Development Bank
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations B BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB) BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union
BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB) BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone C C Commonwealth
CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCC Customs Cooperation Council
CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe
CEAO Communaute Economique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
CEI Central European Initiative CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991
CP Colombo Plan
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe D DC developed country
E EADB East African Development Bank EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community
ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank
Entente Council of the Entente
ESA European Space Agency
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FLS Front Line States
FZ Franc Zone
G G-2 Group of 2
G-3 Group of 3
G-5 Group of 5
G-6 Group of 6 (not to be
confused with the Big Six)
G-7 Group of 7
G-8 Group of 8
G-9 Group of 9
G-10 Group of 10
G-11 Group of 11
G-15 Group of 15
G-19 Group of 19
G-24 Group of 24
G-30 Group of 30
G-33 Group of 33
G-77 Group of 77
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
H Habitat Commission on Human Settlements I IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IIB International Investment Bank
ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union L LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) LDC less developed country
LLDC least developed country
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies M MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market
MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime N NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council NAM Nonaligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency
NIB Nordic Investment Bank
NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE) NIE newly industrializing economy
NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries P PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration R RG Rio Group
S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES) SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement SPC South Pacific Commission
SPF South Pacific Forum
U UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UN United Nations
UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR United Nations ProtectionForce UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UPU Universal Postal Union
USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe
W WADB West African Development Bank WCL World Confederation of Labor
WEU Western European Union
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)
WTO World Tourism Organization Z ZC Zangger Committee
Note: Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations
***
Appendix C:
International Organizations
and Groups
advanced developing countries
another term for those less
developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly
industrializing economies (NIEs) African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
established-1 April 1976
aim-members have a preferential
economic and aid relationship with the EC
members-(69) Angola, Antigua and
Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
African Development Bank (AfDB),
also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
established-4 August 1963
aim-to promote economic and social
development
regional members-(50)
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe nonregional members-(25)
Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia
Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) see Agency for Cultural and
Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
Agency for Cultural
and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
note-acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
established-21 March 1970
aim-to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries
members-(31) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire
associate members-(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia
participating governments-(2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
note-acronym from Organismo para
la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
established-14 February 1967
aim-to encourage the peaceful uses
of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons
members-(26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Andean Group (AG)
established-26 May 1969
effective-16 October 1969
aim-to promote harmonious development through economic integration
members-(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
associate member-(1) Panama
observers-(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved, and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former Yugoslavia. The The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where no action has yet been taken.
Arab Bank for Economic
Development in Africa (ABEDA)
note-also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) established-18 February 1974
effective-16 September 1974
aim-to promote economic development
members-(17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization;
note-these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen
Arab Cooperation Council
(ACC)
established-16 February 1989
aim-to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market
members-(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
Arab Fund for Economic
and Social Development (AFESD)
established-16 May 1968
aim-to promote economic and social
development
members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Arab League (AL)
note-also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
established-22 March 1945
aim-to promote economic, social,
political, and military cooperation
members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Arab Maghreb Union
(AMU)
established-17 February 1989
aim-to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa
members-(5) Algeria, Libya,
Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established-27 April 1976
effective-2 February 1977
aim-to promote Arab cooperation,
development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs
members-(19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established-NA November 1989
aim-to promote trade and investment
in the Pacific basin
members-(15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US
Asian Development Bank
(AsDB)
established-19 December 1966
aim-to promote regional economic
cooperation
regional members-(36)
Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa nonregional members-(16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) see Latin American
Integration Association (LAIA)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established-9 August 1967
aim-to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
members-(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
observer-(1) Papua New Guinea
Australia Group
established-1984
aim-to consult on and coordinate
export controls related to chemical and biological weapons
members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US observer-(1) Singapore
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established-1 September 1951
effective-29 April 1952
aim-to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986
members-(3) Australia, NZ, US
Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established-20 January 1930
effective-17 March 1930
aim-to promote cooperation among
central banks in international financial settlements
members-(30) Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) see African Development Bank (AfDB)
Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
Banque de Developpement des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) see West African Development Bank (WADB)
Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
note-acronym from Belgium,
Netherlands, and Luxembourg
established-3 February 1958
effective-1 November 1960
aim-to develop closer economic cooperation and integration
members-(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
Big Seven
note-membership is the same as the Group of 7
established-NA
aim-to discuss and coordinate major economic policies
members-(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US Big Six
note-not to be confused with the Group of 6
established-NA
aim-to foster economic cooperation
members-(6) Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, UK
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)
established-25 June 1992
aim-to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation
members-(11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia,
Turkey, Ukraine
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
established-4 July 1973
effective-1 August 1973
aim-to promote economic integration
and development, especially among the less developed countries
members-(13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago associate members-(2)
British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands observers-(10) Anguilla, Bermuda,
Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela
Caribbean Development Bank
(CDB)
established-18 October 1969
effective-26 January 1970
aim-to promote economic development and cooperation
regional members-(20)
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela
nonregional members-(5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK
Cartagena Group
see Group of 11
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
note-acronym from Union Douaniere
et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale
established-8 December 1964
effective-1 January 1966
aim-to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market
members-(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
note-acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
established-3 December 1975
aim-to provide loans for economic
development
members-(9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
note-acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico
established-13 December 1960
aim-to promote economic integration
and development
members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Central American Common Market (CACM)
established-13 December 1960
effective-3 June 1961
aim-to promote establishment of
a Central American Common Market
members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Central European Initiative (CEI)
note-evolved from the Hexagonal Group established-July 1991
aim-to form an economic and political cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas
members-(10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
centrally planned economies a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included
Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
Colombo Plan (CP)
established-1 July 1951
aim-to promote economic and social
development in Asia and the Pacific
members-(26) Afghanistan,
Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,
Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US
Commission for Social Development
established-21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966
aim-Economic and Social Council
organization dealing with social
development programs of UN
members-(32) selected on a rotating
basis from all regions
Commission on Human Rights
established-18 February 1946
aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with human rights programs of UN
members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat)
established-12 October 1978
aim-Economic and Social Council organization assisting in solving human settlement problems of UN
members-(58) selected on a rotating
basis from all regions
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
established-16 February 1946
aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit drugs programs of UN
members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries
Commission on the Status of Women
established-21 June 1946
aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with women’s rights goals of UN
members-(32) selected on a rotating
basis from all regions
Commonwealth (C)
established-31 December 1931
aim-voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance
members-(48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe special members-(2) Nauru, Tuvalu
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
established-8 December 1991
effective-21 December 1991
aim-to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR
members-(10) Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Communaute Economique de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEAO) see West African Economic Community (CEAO)
Communaute Economique des
Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
(CEEAC)
see Economic Community of Central
African States (CEEAC)
Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)
see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
Communist countries
traditionally the Marxist-Leninist
states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of the successor states are no longer Communist; see centrally planned economies
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
established-NA November 1972
aim-discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the Helsinki Agreement
members-(53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
observer-(1) Japan
Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)
see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Contadora Group (CG)
was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
established-NA 1949
aim-to control the export of strategic products and technical data from member countries to proscribed destinations
members-(17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
cooperating countries-(8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, South Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) also known as CMEA or Comecon,
was established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate)
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
established-3 June 1957
effective-30 May 1964
aim-to promote economic integration
among Arab nations
members-(11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine
Liberation Organization Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
established-5 March 1992
aim-to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, cultural and education, and transportation and communication members-(10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden observers-(2) Belarus, Ukraine
Council of Europe (CE)
established-5 May 1949
effective-3 August 1949
aim-to promote increased unity and
quality of life in Europe
members-(29) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK
Council of the Entente (Entente)
established-29 May 1959
aim-to promote economic, social,and political coordination
members-(5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d’Ivoire, Niger, Togo
Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)
established-15 December 1950
aim-to promote international cooperation in customs matters
members-(114) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
developed countries (DCs)
the top group in the comprehensive
but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
developing countries
an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs)
East African Development Bank (EADB)
established-6 June 1967
effective-1 December 1967
aim-to promote economic development
members-(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
established-28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
aim-to promote economic development
as a regional commission for the UN’s Economic and Social Council
members-(46) Afghanistan, Australia,
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK,US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa associate members-(10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands (Palau)
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
established-9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
aim-to promote economic development
as a regional commission for the UN’s Economic and Social Council
members-(12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
established-26 June 1945
effective-24 October 1945
aim-to coordinate the economic and
social work of the UN; includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six functional commissions
(see Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population Commission, Statistical Commission, Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on Sustainable Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and Commission on Transnational Corporations)
members-(54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
established-29 April 1958
aim-to promote economic development
as a regional commission of the UN’s Economic and Social Council
members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin,
Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe associate members-(2)
France, UK
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
see Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
established-28 March 1947
aim-to promote economic development
as a regional commission of the UN’s Economic and Social Council
members-(44) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Yugoslavia
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) see Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
established-25 February 1948 as
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
aim-to promote economic development
as a regional commission of the UN’s Economic and Social Council
members-(41) Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
associate members-(6)
Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)-acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale
established-18 October 1983
aim-to promote regional economic
cooperation and establish a Central African Common Market
members-(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire observer-(1) Angola
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
note-acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs
established-26 September 1976
aim-to promote regional economic
cooperation and integration
members-(3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS)
established-28 May 1975
aim-to promote regional economic
cooperation
members-(17) Benin, Burkina, Cape
Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone,Togo
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
established-1985
aim-to promote regional cooperation
in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural affairs,and economic development
members-(10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
established-15 April 1991
aim-to facilitate the transition
of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization
members-(58) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia; note-includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution
European Community (EC)
established-8 April 1965
effective-1 July 1967
aim-to integrate the European Atomic
Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a completely integrated common market and an eventual federation of Europe
members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
established-4 January 1960
effective-3 May 1960
aim-to promote expansion of free rade
members-(7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Leichtenstein, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
European Investment Bank EIB)
established-25 March 1957
effective-1 January 1958
aim-to promote economic development
of the EC
members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
European Organization for uclear Research (CERN)
note-acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeen pour la
Recherche Nucleaire established-1 July 1953
effective-29 September 1954
aim-to foster nuclear research for
peaceful purposes only
members-(19) Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK observers-(6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Yugoslavia
European Space Agency ESA)
established-31 July 1973
effective-1 May 1975
aim-to promote peaceful cooperation
in space research and technology
members-(13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
associate member-(1) Finland
cooperating state-(1) Canada
First World
another term for countries ith advanced, industrialized economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs)
Food and Agriculture rganization (FAO)
established-16 October 1945
aim-UN specialized agency to raise
living standards and increase availability of agricultural products
members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, EC, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swazi land, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe associate member-(1) Puerto Rico
Former USSR/Eastern Europe former USSR/EE)
the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic transition and may well be grouped differently in the near future; this group of 27 countries includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia. Moldova, oland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Four Dragons
the four small Asian less developed
countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan
Four Tigers
another term for the Four Dragons;
see Four Dragons
Franc Zone (FZ)
established-NA
aim-to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked to the French franc
members-(15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note-France includes metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)
Front Line States (FLS)
established-NA
aim-to achieve black majority rule
in South Africa
members-(7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
established-30 October 1947
effective-1 January 1948
aim-to promote the expansion of
international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis
members-(104) Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Group of 2 (G-2)
established-informal term that came
into use about 1986
aim-bilateral economic cooperation
between the two most powerful economic giants
members-(2) Japan, US
Group of 3 (G-3)
established-NA October 1990
aim-mechanism for policy coordination
members-(3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela
Group of 5 (G-5)
established-22 September 1985
aim-the five major non-Communist economic powers
members-(5) France, Germany, Japan,
UK, US
Group of 6 (G-6)
note-not to be confused with theBig Six
established-22 May 1984
aim-to achieve nuclear disarmament
members-(6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania
Group of 7 (G-7)
note-membership is the same as the Big Seven
established-22 September 1985
aim-the seven major non-Communist economic powers
members-(7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada and Italy
Group of 8 (G-8)
established-NA October 1975
aim-the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
members-(8) Australia, Canada, EC
(as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US
Group of 9 (G-9)
established-NA
aim-informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual interest
members-(9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania,
Sweden, Yugoslavia
Group of 10 (G-10)
note-also known as the Paris Club
established-NA October 1962
aim-wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984
members-(11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
Group of 11 (G-11)
note-also known as the Cartagena Group
established-22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia
aim-forum for largest debtor nations
in Latin America
members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Group of 15 (G-15)
note-byproduct of the Non-Aligned
Movement
established-1989
aim-to promote economic cooperation
among developing nations; to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement
members-(15) Algeria, Argentina,
Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
Group of 19 (G-19)
established-NA October 1975
aim-the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June
1977
members-(19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
Group of 24 (G-24)
established-NA January 1972
aim-to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the IMF
members-(24) Algeria, Argentina,
Brazil, Colombia, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
Group of 30 (G-30)
established-NA 1979
aim-to discuss and propose solutions
to the world’s economic problems
members-(30) informal group of 30
leading international bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF)
Group of 33 (G-33)
established-NA 1987
aim-to promote solutions to international economic problems
members-(33) leading economists from 13 countries
Group of 77 (G-77)
established-NA October 1967
aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name persists in spite of increased membership
members-(127 plus the Palestine
Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation
Organization Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
note-also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
established-25-26 May 1981
aim-to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, and military affairs
members-(6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE