“It certainly is most appropriate at this time when the republic is reaching out as a world power that we should celebrate the anniversary of the first great chapter in the history of our national expansion. Time has proven that Jefferson and his compeers built greater than they knew, for by that acquisition of territory there was developed a spirit of national progress that did not cease even when we first learned to know no superior among the nations of the earth.
“Representatives of half a dozen different nations met in the smoking room of an ocean liner sometime ago. It was suggested that each nation be toasted. An Englishman paid a glowing tribute to his country. A Frenchman lauded his nation and a Russian eulogized the land of the Czar. Then an American arose and said: ‘Here is to the United States, bounded on the north by the North Pole, on the east by the rising sun, on the south by the South Pole, and on the west by the setting sun.’ As he finished another American present requested that he be permitted to attempt an improvement on the toast given by his countryman, which request was granted. He then toasted the United States in this fashion: ‘Here’s to the United States, bounded on the north by the Aurora Borealis, on the east by infinite chaos, on the south by the procession of the Equinoxes, and on the west by the day of judgment.’ This indeed is extravagant language, but that fellow possessed the American spirit which recognizes no limit to the possibilities of our future.
“I recognize that this is no occasion for state boasting. Each state, territory and American possession is unselfishly interested in the success of this Exposition. However, in connection with what New York is expected to do for this grand enterprise, you will pardon, I know, this very brief reference I make to New York’s supremacy in population, in wealth, in manufactures and in commerce. I think it less than twenty years ago that New York was ahead in agricultural productions, too. Agricultural supremacy has been tending westward for nearly a half century, however, and we cheerfully surrender to your broad prairies. Iowa, Ohio and Illinois now outrank us in farm industry, the first once a part of the Louisiana tract and the other two cut from the Northwest Territory.
“An Eastern farmer on his first visit to the west asked his Western brother how it was that ‘he could plow such straight furrows over such enormous fields.’ ‘That’s easy,’ said the native, ‘we follow the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude.’ That reply was significant. It demonstrates quite fully where agriculture is king in the United States.
“The end of the great strides that you are making here in the west is not in sight. Some day your population will be as dense as ours. Slowly, but steadily, the center of population is creeping westward and by another decade or so it will most likely cross the great Father of Waters and move across the land which Jefferson’s genius gave to the republic. New York will be more powerful by reason of your greatness. Your increasing productions will contribute to our commercial prestige more and more as the years roll on to make our metropolis continue to be the greatest seaport on this continent for all time.
“We share your glory in more ways than this, too. Many of the sturdy men and women who have settled within the confines of this great region were native New Yorkers. Our blood has been mingled with yours and our children are first cousins of yours. New York gave to you because she could spare and you accepted of us because you wanted the best you could find.
“New York then bids the people of this section All Hail! We are with you heart and soul to make the Exposition a magnificent success. New York has never failed when a patriotic effort was demanded and as ever before she will now respond with enthusiasm and will do everything possible here to sustain her imperial position.
“Let us hope that the Exposition will accomplish all that is intended. Let our prayer be that all Americans who pass within the gates when all shall be made ready for the opening of this Exposition in 1904, will cherish a higher ambition and a greater love of country and be impelled to declare with the poet, that
“‘There is a land of every land the pride, Beloved of Heaven, o’er all the world beside, where brighter suns dispense serener light, And milder moons imparadise the night.
Oh, thou shalt find howe’er thy footsteps roam, That land thy country and that spot thy home.'”
At the conclusion of Commissioner Callanan’s remarks the assemblage dispersed.
DEDICATION OF THE SITE
The site was formally dedicated at the time of the formal dedication ceremonies of the Exposition, the special ceremonies being held directly after the general exercises held in observance of State Day, on May 2, 1903. There were present Governor and Mrs. Odell, the Governor’s staff, a joint committee of the Legislature, Exposition officials, members of the State Commission and invited guests.
Having assembled upon the site, William Berri, Vice-President of the Commission, addressed Governor Odell as follows:
ADDRESS BY VICE-PRESIDENT BERRI
“_Governor Odell_: It gives the New York State Commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition very great pleasure to have you present here to-day to participate in the simple exercises authorized by the Commission connected with the beginning of the work of construction of the New York State building which is to be erected upon this site. A more desirable grant of space on the Plateau of States could not have been made for us by the management of this Exposition, and we hope to place here a building that will add dignity to the location and worthily represent the State of New York in architectural beauty and practical usefulness. Your commission has been fortunate in securing for the architect Mr. Clarence Luce, and the plans and drawings which we have decided upon from his hand give promise of a structure that the State we represent will be proud of, and we shall also endeavor to so furnish it and utilize its facilities as to make it a serviceable and attractive addition to the large number of State buildings that are to be erected in its vicinity.
“Everything has to have a beginning, so we are here to-day to begin our work of actual construction, and it is specially fitting that we should have present the Governor of New York to assist in the ceremonies attendant therewith, for he has always heartily supported the project of the St. Louis Exposition and has furthered its interests on every occasion. Therefore, on behalf of the New York State Commission, I ask you, Governor Odell, to honor the great World’s Fair of 1904 by performing the first actual work upon the structure we propose to erect by turning the first spadeful of earth for the State of New York and the New York State building.”
The Governor responded briefly, commending the Commission for its work, predicting wonderful benefits to accrue from the Exposition and prophesying that New York would be at the forefront in all of its departments, after which he lifted the first spadeful of earth upon the site. He then handed the spade to Mrs. Odell, who lifted another sod; after which various ladies in the party performed the same act; at the conclusion of which the assemblage adjourned.
OPENING OF THE BUILDING
The building of the State of New York was the only building on the Terrace of States entirely ready for the reception of guests on the opening day of the Exposition. It was a structure thoroughly in keeping with the dignity and prestige of the great Empire State. Of marked simplicity in design, there was in its every line and appointment evidence of the utmost refinement and culture.
The building was planned primarily for the comfort, accommodation and convenience of visitors from the Empire State, for the holding of such functions as the Commission were required to give in the name of the State, and for the meetings of any associations or delegations from New York attending the Exposition. It contained no exhibits of any kind, all of the exhibits being placed in the main exhibit palaces under the proper subdivision of the official classification.
THE ARCHITECTURE
The building was pure Italian in style, surmounted by a low dome and surrounded by verandas and terraces. Through the main approach one entered a large hall sixty feet square, running the full height of the building, arched and domed in the Roman manner, with galleries around the second story. From this hall ascended the grand staircase, both to the left and to the right.
MURAL DECORATIONS
Under the four arches were handsome mural paintings, the work of Florian Peixotto, illustrating “De Soto Discovering the Mississippi,” “The French and Indian Occupation,” “New York in 1803,” and “New York in 1903.” The four pendentives which supported the dome contained emblematic pictures representing the four States most benefited by the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. The lower hall was of the simple Doric order, and the staircase was augmented by two memorial columns surrounded by dancing groups beautifully modeled, each column surmounted by a light. To the right of the entrance hall, and separated from it only by huge pillars, was a large assembly hall fifty by sixty feet, which was used for receptions, dinners and other State functions given by the Commission. This hall was most richly decorated in old golds, Antwerp blues and siennas and, with its crystal chandeliers and barrel vaulted ceiling running up through the second story, was one of the most attractive features of the building. Beyond the grand hall were small dining rooms and serving rooms connected with the culinary department. To the left of the entrance hall were waiting rooms, writing rooms and retiring rooms for the accommodation of guests, while at the extreme south end of the building were two reading rooms, in which were on file the various daily papers of the State. But seldom were the reading rooms without visitors eagerly familiarizing themselves with what had happened at home subsequent to their departure. Also, on the first floor were coat rooms, a bureau of information, postoffice, telegraph and telephone offices.
OFFICES OF THE COMMISSION
The second floor contained the offices of the Commission, which were occupied by the Secretary and the clerical force, and also eight suites of rooms, consisting of parlor, bedroom and bath, for the accommodation of the members of the Commission and their guests. One of these suites, more handsomely furnished than the others, was called the “Governor’s suite,” and was reserved for his exclusive use. While not originally contemplated, the third floor in both the north and south ends of the building were finished and partitioned into rooms for the use of the attaches of the Commission. This increased the capacity of the building by eight rooms.
THE SCULPTURE
Eminent sculptors were employed to prepare the statuary for the building which was generally conceded to be as fine as any upon the Exposition grounds, being most admirably adapted to the building as to scale. There were two massive quadrigae flanking the dome typifying the “Progress of Art” and the “Progress of Commerce,” which were the work of Phillip Martiny, to whom was also intrusted the work of preparing the elaborate group, crowding the main entrance to Festival Hall and entitled “Apollo and the Muses.” About the huge columns flanking the steps which formed the approach and again about the columns at the foot of the grand staircase were dancing groups most gracefully modeled by Oscar L. Lenz. The same sculptor was also responsible for the figure of “Greeting” which stood in the lower niche at the north end of the building. The coat of arms of the State which appeared frequently in the scheme of decoration was by Allen G. Newman. The work of reproduction in staff of the models prepared by the artists was performed by Messrs. Barth & Staak.
THE LIGHTING
The lighting of the building throughout was by electricity, and was particularly effective in the main entrance hallway, in that the lights, for the most part, were concealed behind cornices giving a very soft effect, and displaying to the best advantage the mural paintings. Throughout the building electroliers of special design were used. In the main hallway they took the form of quaint Florentine lanterns which were particularly rich in modeling and were an important factor in the scheme of decoration.
THE FURNISHINGS
The furnishings were most appropriate and harmonious throughout, much of the furniture having been especially built for the place in which it was to stand. In the main hallway stood massive Florentine chairs and settees, with high backs, upholstered in mottled embossed leather, each bearing the coat of arms of the State. The waiting and writing rooms were appointed and finished in the same simple design which prevailed in the main hallway, light green being the dominating color, the furniture being of mahogany, upholstered in Bedford cord. The effect was most restful to the tired visitor who entered the rooms upon a warm summer day, and their popularity was attested by the number of Exposition visitors, both from New York and elsewhere, who sought their quiet and refreshing atmosphere to recover from the fatigue of Exposition sight seeing.
THE ARCHITECT
The entire work of designing the building, sculpture, decorations and furniture was intrusted to Mr. Clarence Luce, of 246 Fourth avenue, New York city. Thoroughly familiar with the traditions of the great Empire State, Mr. Luce made the work committed to him a matter of State as well as professional pride, and the result of his long experience, coupled with his artistic temperament and sound judgment, was a building to which each New Yorker pointed with the utmost pride and which each stranger praised unstintingly. The prompt completion of the work so thoroughly and satisfactorily done was a source of gratification to the Commission, who at the first meeting held in the building passed commendatory resolutions concerning Mr. Luce.
There were State buildings which represented an outlay of considerably more money, but none which typified the commonwealth for which it stood more thoroughly than did the New York State building.
THE RESTAURANT
A pleasant feature was a private restaurant, conducted by Messrs. Bayno & Pindat, of New York city, the former being the inventor of an electric range which was used in the preparation of food. The kitchen and commissary department was in the basement at the north end of the building. The privileges of the restaurant were by card only, and were extended to New Yorkers, Exposition officials and prominent Exposition visitors. The cuisine was most excellent, and throughout the season appetizing meals were served on the spacious verandas at the north end of the building, over which canopies had been erected, the illumination being furnished in the evening by electric lights, contained in Japanese lanterns. No restaurant upon the grounds enjoyed a greater popularity among those who were privileged to use it than did that of the New York State building.
THE ORGAN
To the Aeolian Company, of New York city, the Commission is indebted for one of the features of the building. This company placed a magnificent pipe organ in the east balcony of the rotunda, and in the gallery north of the grand hall, nearly 100 feet away, was installed an echo organ, while a set of cathedral chimes sounded softly from still another distant part of the building. All three instruments were under control of the organist at the console located upon the main floor of the entrance hall, and could be played either by hand or by music rolls manufactured by the Aeolian Company. The organ was equipped with an electric keyboard which permitted the playing of all three instruments or any single one, as the operator desired. The main instrument was contained in an artistic case, which, with its decorative ornament, was built by Charles and Jacob Blum, of New York city, and was an important enrichment of the hall.
Mr. S. H. Grover, a representative of the company, was in attendance throughout the summer and gave a recital each day at three o’clock in the afternoon. These recitals soon came to be a feature of the Exposition, and were largely attended by music lovers.
The program played on New York State day is given below, and is a fair specimen of the programs rendered throughout the season.
Overture, “Oberon” Von Weber Serenade Schubert
The Nightingale Delibes Overture, “Stradella” Flotow Berceuse, “Jocelyn” Godard Selections, No. 11, “La Boheme” Puccini Am Meer Schubert
Introduction, Act III, “Lohengrin” Wagner
THE PIANO
The Commission also acknowledges the courtesy of Steinway & Co. in placing in the State building one of the finest instruments ever turned out by this famous firm of piano builders. Its purity of tone and singing qualities were remarkable, and during the season several recitals were given upon it by eminent musicians. The piano was appropriately named “The Wave,” illustrating as it did the wonderful waterways of the Empire State. The case was made of white hard maple, admirably adapted for fine carving. Some distance from the edge of the top the smooth surface commenced to take the undulations of the surface of water, gradually increasing in volume until the edge was reached, where the waves seemed to flow over in an irregular line down the sides, here and there forming panels. The three supports were composed of female figures sculptured in wood; one supported by a dolphin suggested the mythical origin of the harp, another was poised upon a dolphin’s back, and the third was a water nymph nestled among the rocks and spray. The music desk contained a picture of sunrise on Lake Erie. All of the carving was colored with translucent greens and blues enhancing the graceful undulations and wave movements. The panels were all designed to illustrate some of the most important views of the waterways of New York State. The first represented New York harbor, the next East river spanned by Brooklyn bridge, another the Hudson, with its palisades. The panel over the rear support was a view of Albany, showing the Capitol on the hill at sunset; another showed Cohoes Falls and the Erie canal; the next contained a picture of Little Falls; the last being a picture of Buffalo harbor. On the top, as a fitting finale, was a large picture representing the American Falls at Niagara. Underneath the front half of the top was painted the coat of arms of the State.
THE STAFF
The State building was at all times in charge of a competent and obliging staff, which always stood ready to minister to the comfort and pleasure of the guests of the Empire State. Honorable Frank J. LeFevre, of New Paltz, was Superintendent. He performed the arduous duties of directing the actions of the force and attending to a multitude of details with cheerfulness and efficiency. He was ably assisted by George E. Cowper, of Olean, the Assistant Superintendent.
The social functions given in the name of the State Commission were directed by Mrs. Norman E. Mack, the lady member of the Commission, whenever she was present. In her absence the social duties fell upon Mrs. Dore Lyon, who invariably extended the State’s hospitality with grace and tact. The assistant hostess, Mrs. F. P. Applebee, won many friends in the course of the season through her courteous treatment toward all guests. The comfort of the Commission and their house guests was admirably provided for by Miss Laura MacMartin, the matron.
Acknowledgment is also due to those who faithfully served the Commission in the State building in various capacities throughout the Exposition period.
[Illustration: LIVINGSTON MEMORIAL TABLET]
CHAPTER IV
Functions Held at the New York State Building
[Illustration]
The State building was generally recognized as the social center of the Exposition. Many functions were given throughout the season by the Commission in the name of the State, and the building was constantly in demand for private entertainments. The use of the building was freely granted by the Commission so long as the date did not conflict with that of an official function. To enumerate all of the social events taking place in the State building is not within the province of this Commission.
A list of the official and the more important unofficial functions is given below:
_Saturday, April 30_. Opening day. A luncheon was given to members of the Commission and distinguished guests.
_Wednesday, May 4_. Luncheon given by the State Commission for Mrs. Martin H. Glynn, of Albany, wife of National Commissioner Glynn, and for Mrs. John K. Stewart, wife of Commissioner Stewart. Ladies only were present. The guests were received by Mrs. Norman E. Mack, assisted by Mrs. Glynn, Mrs. Stewart and Mrs. Dore Lyon.
_Friday, May 20_. Reception given by the State Commission to the New York State delegation to the National Editorial Association, 9 to 11 P. M. The guests were received in behalf of the Commission by Commissioner and, Mrs. James H. Callanan, of Schenectady, and by Commissioner and Mrs. John C. Woodbury of Rochester, assisted by Mrs. Dore Lyon.
_Monday, May 23_. Reception given by the National Society of New England Women. The guests were received by Mrs. Swinburn, of New York, the President of the Society, Mrs. John C. Woodbury and Mrs. James H. Callanan.
_Tuesday, May 24_. Reception given by the State Commission to the Federation of Women’s Clubs, 4 to 6 P. M.
_Wednesday, June 1_. Breakfast at 12 M. given by the State Commission to Miss Alice Roosevelt. Only ladies were present. The guests were received by Commissioner Mrs. Norman E. Mack, Mrs. James H. Callanan, Mrs. John Young and Mrs. Dore Lyon. There were about 200 ladies present.
_Tuesday, June 7_. Ball given by President David R. Francis and Mrs. Francis in behalf of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to the West Point cadets, 9 to 12 P. M. Music was furnished by two bands stationed in the north and south galleries of the entrance hall. Refreshments were served upon the verandas. Among the distinguished guests were General Nelson A. Miles and General H. C. Corbin.
_Saturday, June 11_. Reception tendered by the Executive Commissioners’ Association to the State Commissioners and World’s Fair officials. This was an informal affair for the purpose of bringing the States’ representatives into closer relations. The receiving line consisted of Honorable J. A. Yerrington, President of the Association; Mr. Charles A. Ball, President of the Executive Committee of the Association; Mrs. F. B. Applebee; Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Conaway and Mr. Stacey B. Rankin.
_Wednesday, June 15_. Luncheon by the State Commission in honor of Mrs. William Berri, wife of Vice-President Berri, and Miss Stern, of New York city. The guests were received by Commissioner Mrs. Norman E. Mack, Mrs. Berri and Miss Stern.
_Friday, June 18_. Dinner given at 7 P. M. by Mr. Louis Stern, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission, in honor of President and Mrs. Francis. Mr. Stern was assisted in receiving by Miss Stern and Mrs. Norman E. Mack.
_Saturday, June 25_. Dedication of the New York State building. Exercises described in Chapter V.
_Thursday, June 30_. Reception given by the State Commission to officers and members of the Council of the National Educational Association and to New York State teachers. The guests were received by Vice-President and Mrs. William Berri; Commissioner and Mrs. John K. Stewart; Mrs. Dore Lyon; Honorable Howard J. Rogers, Chief of the Department of Education of the Exposition, and Mrs. Rogers; John W. Cooke, president of the National Educational Association; and Mrs. DeLancey M. Ellis. An organ recital was played by S. H. Grover and refreshments were served in the grand hall.
_Monday, August 1_. Reception given by the Executive Commissioners’ Association.
_Thursday, September 1_. Reception given by the Executive Commissioners’ Association.
_Thursday, September 8_. Reception given by Mrs. Dore Lyon to the Hostesses’ Association.
_Monday, September 12_. Electrical engineers tendered a reception to the visiting engineers assembled in convention on the Exposition grounds.
_Monday to Wednesday, October 3 to 5_. New York State week. Exercises described in Chapter VI.
_Tuesday, October 11_. Reception given by the Liberal Arts Club.
_Friday, October 28_. Dinner given by Commissioner Frederick R. Green, who was assisted in receiving by Commissioner Mrs. Norman E. Mack.
_Tuesday, November 15_. Brooklyn day. Exercises described in Chapter VII.
_Saturday, November 19_. Luncheon given by the Michigan Commission to the Governor-elect of Michigan. The invited guests included Vice-President William Berri and Secretary Charles A. Ball, of the New York State Commission.
_Monday, November 21_. Reception and ball given by the Beta Sigma Chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. (This function was to have been held in the Missouri building. The use of the State building was extended on account of the destruction of the Missouri building by fire on Saturday, November 19th).
_Tuesday, November 22_. Young people’s dance. Courtesy to Missouri Commission on account of fire.
_Thursday, November 24_. Thanksgiving day. Exercises described in Chapter VIII.
_Friday, November 25_. Charity ball and Kirmess given by the ladies of St. Louis for the benefit of the Martha Parsons Free Hospital for Children of St. Louis, and for the fund for the Trades School for Girls of New York. The majority of the guests were in fancy costume. In addition to the regular dancing program there were special fancy dances.
_Monday, November 28_. Dinner given by the State Commission in honor of Honorable Oscar S. Straus and Mrs. Straus, and Honorable St. Clair McKelway and Mrs. McKelway. Vice-President Berri of the Commission presided, and the guests were received by Vice-President and Mrs. Berri and Mrs. Norman E. Mack, assisted by the guests of honor.
In addition to the above entertainments two musicales were given under the auspices of Boellman Brothers; and the Pikers’ Club, an organization composed of attaches of the State building, gave a minstrel performance at the Inside Inn on Monday evening, September nineteenth, for the benefit of the Model Playground and Day Nursery.
[Illustration: ON THE LAGOON]
CHAPTER V
Dedication Day
The New York State building was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on Saturday, June twenty-fifth. The exercises were attended by Governor Odell and invited guests, members of the State Commission, Exposition officials, State and foreign representatives and many others.
PROGRAM FOR DEDICATION DAY
The program for the day was as follows:
10:30 A. M. Concert on Plaza in front of State building by Weil’s band of St. Louis
11:30 A. M. Exercises in grand hallway, William Berri, Vice-President of the Commission, presiding
Invocation by the Rev. Carroll N. Davis, Dean of Christ Church Cathedral
Address of welcome by President David R. Francis
Address transferring State building to Governor Odell by Vice-President William Berri
Acceptance by Governor Odell
Organ recital by S. H. Grover
8 to 11 P. M. Reception given to Governor and Mrs. Odell by the State Commission
Music by the Haskell Indian band
The day opened bright and clear, the warm rays of the sun being tempered by a cool breeze. The building was not opened to the public until the conclusion of the band concert, which was held between 10:30 and 11:30. As soon as the doors were opened a large audience quickly gathered to take part in the formal exercises of the day. In the assemblage was an interesting couple, Mr. Horace Stowell, aged 93 years, and wife, who had journeyed from Madison, N. Y., a distance of over a thousand miles, to be present at the dedication ceremonies and to visit the Fair.
THE FORMAL EXERCISES
Promptly at 11:30 William Berri, Vice-President of the Commission, called the assemblage to order and introduced Rev. Carroll N. Davis, who offered the invocation. At its conclusion Mr. Berri delivered his address. The slight change in program was due to the fact that President Francis was necessarily detained for a short time.
Vice-President Berri said:
“Governor Odell, it is with very great pleasure your New York State Commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition welcomes you in the New York State building here erected upon the spot where a little over one year ago you honored us by turning the first spadeful of earth for the foundation.
“Your Commission has endeavored to carry out your expressed wishes to provide for the people of New York who may visit this wonderful World’s Fair, a building that shall fittingly represent the State of New York and add its share with the other state buildings to beautifying the grounds.
“We are much pleased that it is a matter of record that not only was this building complete in every detail and its doors thrown open for inspection on the opening day of the Exposition, but also that all exhibits under the control of your Commission, in the various departments, most of which are very much larger than ever before shown by New York State, were ready and in place at the moment President Francis officially declared that the great St. Louis Exposition was open to receive the world.
“We wish to thank President Francis and all officials connected with him in this great undertaking, for the uniform courtesy with which we have been treated, and for the valuable assistance that has been so generously given to us in carrying out our plans.
“It has been a most pleasurable task. We have fully accomplished what we have sought to attain. There is nothing lacking in the realization of our anticipations. As to whether we have acted wisely it is for you to judge. If, as the executive head of our State, it shall please you to commend the results we submit for your approval, this will be the proudest day in the history of the Commission.”
As Governor Odell rose to respond to the remarks of Mr. Berri, he received an ovation, for which he bowed acknowledgment several times and finally raised his hand for silence. He spoke as follows:
ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR ODELL
_”Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen”_
“We are here to-day to dedicate a building which represents the interest of New York State in this great Exposition. Here, during the period when thousands shall visit these grounds, those who owe allegiance to the Empire State will find a place which will typify to them their home and impress them, let us hope, to a greater degree with the vastness of our State and of the position which it occupies in our commonwealth of nations. To those who have been intrusted with the work we owe thanks for the conception of their duty and for this magnificent edifice which, in its strength and beauty of architecture, is symbolical of the Empire State. In every phase of our nation’s history, in all that has made it great and powerful and respected, New York has been both conservative and wise in the aid which it offered, powerful in the resources which it furnished in the building up of our republic. From the time when the courage and patriotism of our forefathers wrought out the nation down to the latest acquisition of our territory there is no page of history which does not tell of the devotion and statesmanship of New York’s citizens.
“It is always a remarkable event in the history of the world when one nation disposes of any part of its domain to another through peaceful methods. War has almost always been the means through which nations have expanded and pushed forward their boundary lines. Trade requiring an outlet has more frequently been the cause of bloodshed than almost any other national or international question. That our country, therefore, at an early period in its history, should have been able, through peaceful means, to secure the vast domain beyond the Mississippi is a tribute to the statesmanlike policies of those who conceived its purchase. True it may be that the wars of other nations aided in its consummation, but it is also equally true that the man who was most directly responsible for the purchase was a son of the Empire State. Nor did the results of this early diplomatic victory stop here. The principle thus established has frequently led to more peaceful methods of adjusting questions of territorial boundary, both in our own and other countries. It may be that much that has since been accomplished through arbitration is but the evolution of this idea, and it may lead, let us hope, to the time when such questions will no longer render necessary the arbitrament of the sword.
“It was proper, therefore, that our State, in its dignity, with its conservatism and with its intense patriotism, should be among the first to contribute of its means to make of this Exposition the grand success which it promises. With each succeeding international exposition the world becomes wiser, artisans more skillful, the contributions to science and art more valuable; in a word, they raise the standard of civilization and hasten the time when all men shall pay homage to the ruler of the universe. As inventions are developed which make the worker more effective, which broaden the field of usefulness, there come responsibilities and problems which require education and discernment to meet and solve. Under the softened touch of Christianity, religion and education there should come about a universal brotherhood of man broad enough in scope to embrace all humanity. In all the work of the world, in all that is for the development of man, in everything that holds out promise to the future, New York State we may justly say, if not the leader, is at least in the fore ranks. Its broad acres are rich and fertile, and the commerce of the world enters at its ports. The manufacturer finds willing hands with remunerative wages striving to produce that which is necessary for our comfort and which adds so much to the wealth of the nation. Its laws are broad and ample in their scope, with no distinction as between man and man, and beneficent in their operation, while our citizens evince impulses which are worthy of emulation by all those who believe in the future of our republic. We have more of wealth and a greater population than any other State within the Union. Our cities are cosmopolitan in character, made up of representatives of all nations, but so nicely adjusted are our laws that they are assimilated into our population and become Americans among Americans, actuated by a common patriotism and a common desire for the continued development of our land.
“In these great halls, in these magnificent buildings devoted to art, to education, to mechanics and to agriculture, exhibits are to be found which are on a par if they do not excel, those of other nations. The advancement of New York, however, is but typical of every other State in the Union, in the continued prosperity of which all are equally interested. A nation of separate States, there is no dividing line of envy between them, no wish except for the prosperity and development of each, a common hope for a common country. How necessary it is, therefore, that in all that has to do with society a broad catholic spirit should dominate and control. Ours is not a country of classes, but one of equality–a country whose aim is the education of its citizens. It is our common object to perpetuate the principles of American independence. Anything that retards human progress, or that would make of a man a mere machine without brains, is to be deprecated. Our object should be to encourage and to promote thrift, and to instill into the mind of every citizen a desire for advancement. In this direction our State will be found always in the forefront and the evidence of her greatness will be measured rather by the intelligence of her citizens than by mere accumulation of wealth. Therefore, that which protects labor, which encourages capital, should be the aim of modern legislation. While we participate in the celebration of this great national event, as we mark our progress along every line, we feel a natural pride in all that has been done in other States, in all that has been accomplished by other people. As we look into the future, as we consider its possibilities, let us hope that our nation will never forget that this government is one by the people, and that its power and influence among the nations of the world will continue only so long as due weight and consideration is given to the rights of individuals. While rejoicing as citizens of New York, let us hope for the continuance of those policies and principles which have made our nation prosperous, and let us not forget that moderation and conservatism should be the measure of our efforts, and all that we do shall be for the advancement of all the people.
“The citizens of New York extend their congratulations to the people of the west and northwest. We hope that from this great Exposition there shall come a closer communication between all the people of the earth, a broadening of human effort, the advancement of civilization and a growing respect for our country and our flag which will make us a power for the good and peace of the world.
“It is a great pleasure for me to accept on behalf of the State of New York this magnificent building, and again to congratulate you as the President of the Commission, and the architect who has wrought this wonderful work, for the painstaking care that you have exercised in the development of New York’s interests in this great Exposition.”
During the address of the Governor, President Francis quietly entered and was introduced at its conclusion. He was warmly received and made a characteristic address. He paid a warm tribute to the Empire State and her Chief Executive, and complimented the State Commission upon the work it had performed and spoke of the New York State building as one of the social centers of the Exposition.
His remarks in part follow:
“Your distinguished son, Robert R. Livingston, was the man who first negotiated for the purchase of Louisiana. No exposition would be complete without a representation from the Empire State. The Exposition management has already pointed with pride to the New York building, the social functions of which have been among the marked attractions of the Exposition.
“I am here to thank New York not only for her material contribution to the World’s Fair, but for the spirit her citizens have given to this Exposition.
“We of the West flatter ourselves that we have arrived at that stage of our progress when we can invite every people on the globe to come and see for themselves what a century of Western civilization has accomplished.”
At the conclusion of the ceremonies Governor Odell held an informal reception, during which Mr. S. H. Grover, of New York, played an organ recital.
THE EVENING RECEPTION
The State building was appropriately decorated for the evening reception given in honor of Governor and Mrs. Odell, and many hundred guests called to pay their respects between the hours of eight and eleven. The receiving party consisted of Governor Benjamin B. Odell, Jr., Mrs. Odell, Mr. and Mrs. William Berri, Mrs. Norman E. Mack, Mr. and Mrs. John K. Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. John Young, Mrs. Daniel Manning, Mr. Frank S. McGraw, Mr. Frederick R. Green, Mr. John C. Woodbury, and Mr. William T. Van Brunt, representing President Harriman. The guests were presented to the receiving party by Major Harrison K. Bird, private secretary to the Governor. Two lines of United States marines guarded the approach to the receiving line and prevented crowding and confusion.
Music was furnished by the Haskell Indian band and later in the evening dancing was indulged in by many of the guests present. Supper was served at ten o’clock at small tables on the verandas, the following being the menu:
CELERY OLIVES RADIS
AMANDES SALEES FEUILLES SUEDOISES BOUCHEES DE VOLAILLE A LA REINE
CANAPES DE LUXE SANDWICHES ASSORTIS GLACE NEW YORK FRIANDISES
CAFE
LEMONADE EXPOSITION PUNCH
[Illustration: GRAND BASIN, FROM FESTIVAL HALL]
CHAPTER VI
New York State Week
The week beginning October third was set aside by the Exposition authorities as New York week; Monday, October third, being designated “New York City Day,” and Tuesday, October fourth, “New York State Day.”
NEW YORK CITY DAY
New York City Day was observed with exercises in the City Building on the Model street at eleven o’clock in the morning, which were presided over by Thomas W. Hynes, the Commissioner officially representing the city. Mayor McClellan was represented by Charles V. Fornes, President of the Board of Aldermen. There were also present an official delegation representing the city. Addresses were made by Archbishop J. J. Glennon, of St. Louis; Right Reverend Bishop McNamara, of New York city; Walter B. Stevens, Secretary, and F. J. V. Skiff, Director of Exhibits of the Exposition; Howard J. Rogers, Chief of Department of Education and Social Economy, and others. Luncheon was served at noon at the Tyrolean Alps, and from three to five in the afternoon a reception was held in the City Building, which was attended by exposition officials, national and state representatives, St. Louis society and many New Yorkers. In the evening a sumptuous banquet was served in the Town Hall of the Tyrolean Alps, which was presided over by Commissioner Hynes.
SERENADE TO GOVERNOR ODELL
Governor Odell and staff and invited guests reached St. Louis Monday morning, October third. At noon the Governor was tendered a serenade by the Philippine Constabulary band of 100 pieces. On Monday evening a dinner was given at the State building by the New York State Commission in honor of the Governor and Mrs. Odell, and President and Mrs. Francis. Owing to a death in the family, President and Mrs. Francis were unable to be present. Mr. D. M. Houser, of the Board of Directors, represented President Francis. There were no formal speeches, Governor Odell simply regretting that President Francis could not be present.
PROGRAM FOR NEW YORK STATE DAY
The program for New York State day was as follows:
11 A.M. Concert by the Garde Republicaine band, of Paris, France, on the Plaza in front of the State building
12 M. Formal exercises of the day in the grand entrance hall, Col. Edward Lyman Bill presiding Invocation by Rev. Dr. William W. Boyd, of St. Louis, formerly of New York
Address of welcome by Col. Edward Lyman Bill. Address of greeting in behalf of Exposition Company by Hon. Franklin Ferriss
Address by Governor Benjamin B. Odell, Jr. Organ recital by S. H. Grover, of New York city
9 to 12 P. M. Reception and ball given by the New York State Commission in honor of Governor and Mrs. Odell. Dancing after ten o’clock
While not marked by the presence of militia and other spectacular features which generally accompany the celebration of a State Day, the exercises in the State building which were held at noon were most dignified and impressive. The day opened clear and cool, and the spacious verandas of the State building were well filled long before the time set for the concert.
THE GARDE REPUBLICAINE BAND
The Garde Republicaine band is composed of 100 skilled musicians and is considered by many to be the finest band in the world. No musical organization which visited the Exposition during the entire season received more compliments or more flattering press notices than those accorded this band. They played the following program:
1. March, “Lisbon”–L. Planel
2. Overture, “La Princesse Jaime”–C. Saint-Saens 3. Fantasie On the Opera “LeCompte Ory”–G. Rossini Soloists, MM. Paradis, Laforgue, Joseph Barthelemy, Morfaux, Couilland, Fournier
4. Three Celebrated Menuets–
(a) Menuet–L. van Beethoven
(b) “Ox” Menuet–J. Haydn
(c) Menuet Favori–W. A. Mozart
5. March, “Egyptian”–J. Strauss
At the conclusion of the formal exercises they were entertained at luncheon by the State Commission. Through their leader, M. Gabriel Pares, they expressed hearty appreciation of the courteous treatment accorded them by the State of New York, and attested the same by playing a second concert in front of the State building between the hours of two and four in the afternoon. It was worthy of note that the building of the State of New York was the only State building at which this band played during its entire stay at the Exposition, their concerts being invariably given either in Festival Hall or in the grand bandstand in Machinery Gardens.
THE FORMAL EXERCISES
At twelve o’clock the assemblage was called to order by Colonel Edward Lyman Bill. There were present Governor and Mrs. Odell, the Governor’s staff, a joint committee of the Legislature, members of the State Commission, invited guests, several representatives of the Exposition Company, representatives of State and foreign commissions, and a large audience, many of whom had journeyed all the way from New York State to be present at the ceremonies.
The personal party of the Governor consisted of Governor Benjamin B. Odell, Jr., Mrs. Odell, Mrs. William Kelly, Mrs. S.L. Dawes, Mrs. Hall and Miss Odell.
The Governor’s staff comprised Brigadier-General Nelson H. Henry, Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff; Major Harrison K. Bird, Military Secretary; Lieutenant-Colonel Charles H. Sherrill, Aide-de-camp; Lieutenant-Commander Alfred Brooks Fry, Naval Militia, Aide-de-camp; Major Charles C. Davis, Thirteenth Regiment, Aide-de-camp; Major Richard H. Laimbeer, Second Brigade Staff, Aide-de-camp; Major Amos E. McIntyre, First Regiment, Aide-de-camp; Captain John T. Sadler, Thirtieth Separate Company, Aide-de-camp; Captain Edwin W. Dayton, Twenty-second Regiment, Aide-de-camp; First Lieutenant William L. Thompson, Twelfth Separate Company, Aide-de-camp; First Lieutenant Chauncey Matlock, Third Battery, Aide-de-camp; First Lieutenant Thomas Barron, Seventh Regiment, Aide-de-camp; First Lieutenant Augustus S. Chatfield, Eighth Regiment, Aide-de-camp; First Lieutenant Cornelius Vanderbilt, Twelfth Regiment, Aide-de-camp.
The joint committee of the Legislature comprised Hon. Jotham P. Allds, Norwich; Hon. S. Frederick Nixon, Westfield; Hon. James T. Rogers, Binghamton; Hon. Edwin A. Merritt, Potsdam; Hon. Robert Linn Cox, Buffalo; Hon. Thomas D. Lewis, Oswego.
Colonel Bill called upon the Rev. W. W. Boyd, of St. Louis, formerly of New York, to invoke the Divine blessing.
Dr. W. W. Boyd:
“Our Father, we thank Thee for this beautiful day and this assembly of the loyal sons and daughters of our native State. We rejoice that Thou hast gathered us into families, and so into communities, commonwealths and the perfect union of all the states.
“We bless Thee for the history of this great State, its part in the glorious Revolution, in the preservation of the Union, its development in every branch of human industry, its material prosperity, but above all, for its humanities, its growth in philanthropy, education and religion.
“Bless, we beseech Thee, His Excellency the Governor, and all associated with him in making, interpreting and executing the laws.
“Bless the President, Directors and all who have helped to create and develop this marvelous Exposition, especially the Commissioners of the State of New York, who have erected this splendid building, and by the varied exhibits in the palaces of the Exposition portrayed the wonderful progress of the Empire State.
“And grant, O most merciful Father, that the fruits of this great Exposition may be enlarged national prosperity, international comity and peace, and the strengthening of the ties of human brotherhood throughout the world.
“May Thy special blessing be upon the exercises of this hour; may the words of our mouth and the meditation of our hearts be acceptable in Thy sight, O Lord, our Strength and our Redeemer. Amen.”
Colonel Bill then delivered the following address:
ADDRESS OF COLONEL BILL
“On behalf of the New York State Commission I extend greeting and hearty welcome to the official representative of President Francis, to Governor Odell, our distinguished guests, to the sons and daughters of New York, and to all who have honored us with their presence here to-day. It was on this site, upon May 2, 1903, Governor Odell lifted the first spadeful of earth where this beautiful structure has since been erected. Upon that occasion New York was represented by our Chief Executive, his staff, and troops numbering nearly fifteen hundred men from all branches of the military and naval service of the State. On last April thirtieth this building, sumptuously appointed, was formally opened to the public. I may say, with pardonable pride, that the report which the Commission made at that time showed that not only was our building complete in every detail, but all of the State exhibits as well were ready for inspection. The work of our Commission has been along pleasant lines, and we have been constantly stimulated by hearty support from the Exposition authorities. It is fitting that we should express our sincere appreciation to President Francis and the sterling coterie of men with whom he is surrounded for the aid and assistance which they have so willingly rendered this Commission in every way. Our Governor has taken a warm interest in New York’s participation at this Fair, and on many occasions he has made manifest his desire that New York’s representation should be ample and complete in every particular. In many of the magnificent places, such as Education, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game, Mines and Metallurgy, our State has collective exhibits which show her varied resources. In this beautiful structure will be evidenced further proof of New York’s generous participation in this great Exposition. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition has a deep interest for New York, for one of the principal figures instrumental in bringing about that purchase was Livingston, a distinguished son of the Empire State, and it was he who negotiated the treaty and was first to sign it. And yet the real authors of that great transaction on this side of the ocean were neither Jefferson, Madison nor Livingston, and I think historians will agree with me when I say it was more the influence of those hardy frontiersmen of Kentucky who demanded free navigation for the magnificent inland river which rolls by us in its eternal flow to the Gulf of Mexico. The influence of those men, the vanguard of civilization, could not be disregarded by those who were at the head of our governmental affairs more than a century ago. Then, the more we look at this transaction, the more evident it is that the outcome of it was due to that man whose shadow even now falls sharply athwart the whole continent of Europe–Napoleon Bonaparte. It was his ambition which threw into the grasp of the infant republic the splendid empire out of which have been carved twelve sovereign States and two Territories. At that time Napoleon uttered one of those far-seeing expressions which is important in its prophecy. ‘Perhaps,’ he said, ‘it will be objected to me that the Americans of two or three centuries hence may be found too powerful for Europe, but my foresight does not embrace such remote fears. Besides, we may hereafter expect rivalries among members of the Union. Confederacies that are called perpetual last only until one of the contending parties finds it is to its interests to break them. It is to prevent the danger to which the colossal power of England subjects us that I would provide such a remedy.’ No such vision of the future came to our American statesmen, many of whom bitterly opposed the purchase of the Louisiana Territory. When the bill came up for discussion on the floor of Congress, Josiah Quincy, afterwards mayor of Boston, and for many years president of Harvard College, said, speaking of the incorporation in the Union of the territory of Louisiana: ‘It appears to me that this measure would justify revolution in this country. I am compelled to declare it as my deliberate opinion that if this bill passes, the bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved; that the States which compose it are free from their moral obligation, and that, as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some to prepare definitely for a separation, amicably if they can, violently if they must.’ He said further: ‘If this bill passes, it is a death blow to the Constitution.’ Strange words, indeed, in our ears at this time, and it shows that the American statesmen of those days had not the imagination of Napoleon.
“What has this purchase meant to New York to have in this Union this great empire? What has it meant to the Union itself to have this splendid territory incorporated in it? It has meant for New York prosperity and increased commerce to the people of all our land and furnished homes for the sons and daughters of New York. The States carved out of that great Empire have all borne their share in the heat of our national life and they have contributed immeasurably to the nation’s growth and development, and we have come in this country, notwithstanding the immense separation and diversity of interests, to work together under one flag, with one interest for a common country, and this great Exposition should teach not only us of the East but of all other sections of the country that we should avoid the danger of finding ourselves separate in sentiment from one another. In this great western empire we all take a common interest, and the success of this Exposition redounds to the credit and honor, not only of the men who have carried it to such successful issue, but upon the whole country. We all shine in the reflected glory of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which shows the high-water mark of human progress. It is indeed the greatest of all international fairs and a lasting credit to the artistic skill of the men who planned and executed it. It is the culmination of all that has been done in the wide expanse of territory purchased from France in 1803, and the achievements of all nations in the world since that day. It is a far cry from the early oriental fairs in the East, which were perhaps the early ancestors of this great Exposition, and all honor and credit and glory is due the men who stood shoulder to shoulder in carrying this great enterprise to such a magnificent culmination. It represents American skill, American enterprise, American endeavor, and its influence will be felt upon this country long after those men who have played their successful part in this great moving drama have passed from earth. Words are inadequate to fittingly describe the beauties of this magnificent Exposition. It is individual effort as well as concerted effort which has brought about these splendid results. It is one of the brightest pages in American history, and what glorious memories a perusal of these pages arouse! We can turn the pages of recorded history from the time when the boats of the adventurous Genoese unfolded their white wings in the harbor of Palos and sped across the unknown seas to bring back upon their return evidence of the existence of a new world far across the wide waste of waters. In fancy we picture that sturdy band kneeling with Columbus, richly attired, upon the tropic sands, while over them floats the blood and gold banner of Spain, as the priest clothed in vestments of his office asks the blessings of Almighty God upon the land which Columbus claims in the name of the House of Castile. In the background we see waving palms and dark-skinned men who gaze with awe upon the white discoverers. In another scene we see the cold wintry waves surge and dash around the frail craft fighting its way across dark tempestuous seas from Plymouth, the little bark tossed like a feather here and there until she lands on that rock-bound coast known as New England. We see that little colony–Freedom’s seed–germinate and thrive; first the grain, then the tender plant, ever exposed to severe conditions, then matured into the oak of a giant nation. We see those brave colonists who have planted the banner of human liberty upon the inhospitable shores push ever onward, ever extending the fringe of civilization, struggling against disheartening obstacles, fighting wild beasts and savage men, but pushing on with indomitable courage. We see the historical gathering at Philadelphia, resulting in that document embodying Jefferson’s superb crystallization of popular opinion that ‘all men are created free and equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness;’ that American magna charta which swept away forever the will of kings in this land. The people became the rulers and the accident of birth carried no rank, conferred no privilege. We see the loosely joined colonies building a nation which contained these elements of greatness little dreamed of by those hardy pioneers who so generously gave up their offering of blood on Freedom’s altar. The kaleidoscope still turns. We see those intrepid founders of the school of liberty pushing their lines ever onward across rivers, deserts, over mountains clad with eternal snow until the golden shores of California gladden the eye of our valiant explorers. Then a pause, and over land and sea hang dark clouds of fratricidal war. Four long years through the valleys and over the mountains of the Southland surges the red tide of battle. The days were dark and full of gloom, when lo! the clouds parted and the heavens again were blue. The nation had been born anew, and on the fair pages of her history appear no longer the dark stain of human slavery. The strong arm of enterprise quickly washed away the red stain of war. The word ‘America’ had a deeper and more sacred meaning than before, and the nation was re-established on the indestructible foundation of national unity; the blocks were laid in the cement of fraternal esteem. Still the picture which we see revolves. Across the waters of the Pacific America sweeps towards the fulfillment of her world wide destiny. The Stars and Stripes wave over the palace of the kings in Honolulu. Still again the nation’s sword is unsheathed in the cause of human liberty, and the last vestige of Spanish power is swept from the new world. The thunder of Dewey’s guns awakens us to the fact that the American banner is planted into the far Orient, there to stay forever, and under its protecting folds manifold blessings are carried to the people of those islands lying in the purple spheres of summer seas. While the drum of all American progress is heard around the world, it too may be truthfully said that the sun never sets upon the soil over which Freedom’s banner proudly floats, for when the light of the dying day is fading from Porto Rican hills the golden rays of the morning sun are reflected upon the shimmering folds of Old Glory on the gray old battlements of Manila.
“It is indeed inspiring, the history of this great nation, guided to its ultimate issue as a stately ship is wafted over the seas to the harbor of its destination. I wonder if in this ceaseless struggle for gold and gain we pause long enough to study the true character of those men to whose valorous deeds we owe so much, those men who planted the tree of human liberty so deep that even the shock of revolution of succeeding wars could not uproot it, those men who demanded of Jefferson a free Mississippi and who made this Exposition possible. All honor to those heroes who stood shoulder to shoulder in the days which tried men’s souls, who, in the gloom and suffering of Valley Forge, saw in the distance the rainbow of hope shining over the dark clouds of defeat. They saw the light of a great nation which would serve as a beacon in the world progress and a refuge for the persecuted of the nations of earth. All races contributed to the founding of this beloved country. The roster of the Revolution is filled with names which show that the liberty loving of all European nations gave up a generous offering of blood on Freedom’s altar. In our veins courses blood of all nations, and it is the healthy commingling of that blood which has produced a race of world conquerors. It has produced the men who have made possible this great Exposition. We have been placed in the world’s crucible, have been melted in the glowing heat of a nascent life, and have been forged into a weapon which shall carve the world. Our ideals are worthy, the hopes and aspirations of the nation devoted to justice and love; ideals which shall be the steadfast inspirer of nations and individuals to uprightness, to justice and to honor.”
The presiding officer then expressed regret at the unavoidable absence of President Francis on account of bereavement in his family. He introduced judge Franklin Ferriss, General Counsel to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, who delivered the following address:
ADDRESS OF JUDGE FERRISS
“I regret extremely, for your sake and his, that the brilliant man who stands at the head of this Exposition cannot be here to-day to greet you in person. Still I must admit that I am not unmindful of the fact that I owe to his misfortune and yours the very great privilege of appearing before you to extend a welcome to the people of my native State.
“The President of the Exposition bids me say to you that there has been no occasion on these grounds–that there will be none in the future–in which he would more gladly participate than this.
“The Exposition management feels under peculiar obligations to the State of New York. We are indebted largely to her prompt and liberal co-operation for the high stand which the Exposition has taken. We are indebted to the Governor, to the New York Commission, to the gracious hostesses of this building, to the splendid woman who has, with rare tact and dignity, co-operated with the Exposition as President of the Board of Lady Managers.
“In the building of this Exposition, science, invention, art, manufacture, the field, the forest, the mine, the air and the water have contributed their choicest treasures. How well we have succeeded in presenting them you must judge. But I wish to say to you that no matter how high a standard we have reached, still more important than all else is the representation upon these grounds of our splendid American man and womanhood. No man can walk about this Plateau of States, view these beautiful structures, see the people coming together from the north and the south, the east and the west, uniting in common loyalty and respect for our institutions, without feeling his heart swell with pride and gratitude.
“It is no disparagement to our sister States, for me, a loyal son of New York, to say that it is most fitting that the Empire State should be pre-eminent here also in the beauty of her building, the character of her exhibits and the magnificent representation of her people.
“I am proud of the State of New York–proud of her history, her scholars, her statesmen, her soldiers–proud of her material prosperity–proud of the great metropolis through whose gates thunders the commerce of the United States.
“I love the State of New York–her broad and fertile valleys, her stately rivers, the lakes which glisten like jewels on her bosom, her mountains which rear their tops to the clouds; but most of all I love the quiet life of the country home–the honesty and industry of the plain people.
“Our old home! Who can forget it? The great barn with its huge beams and fragrant mows of hay–the sparkling brook whose shining shallows bathed my naked feet–the broad meadow with its fence corners of luscious berries–the old schoolhouse, whose desks are impressed with generations of jack-knives! Was there ever so sweet a draught as that which we drew from the shining depths of the old well?
“And yet the country boy grew restless. With his ear to the ground, he heard the distant hum of industry. He heard the tramp of a million feet in the great cities. He felt that the battle of life was on, and, that he must take his place in the struggle. And so he turned his back upon the old home.
“Ah! how many grave faced fathers and tender, sweet faced mothers have watched their boys, one by one, go out into the world, and have turned back in solitude, cheered by an occasional visit, an occasional letter, to wait until their days should be fulfilled. And how many of us must now say that their days have been fulfilled, and that a simple stone marks their last resting place in the village churchyard.
“What have we gained by this? Contentment? They had it. Respect of our fellowmen? They had it. Success in life? They had it. True, their fortunes were small–and yet they had no clutching fear that speculation, fraud or treachery would rob them of the fruit of a life’s toil. And they had an abiding faith that there would be provision for the years to come. Aye, that there would be provision for the last journey to that land, where, according to their simple faith: ‘The wicked cease from troubling and the weary are at rest.’
“I will yield to no man in loyalty to the State of my adoption; but who can chide me if my heart clings to the home of my childhood, to the graves of my forefathers?
“If we, who have left the old home to build a new one in the West, can be faithful to the traditions of our childhood–if we can bequeath to our children the lessons of industry, honesty and economy which our fathers gave to us–we shall do more to honor the State of New York than we could do by rearing marble to the skies.”
The presiding officer then introduced Honorable Benjamin B. Odell, Jr.; Governor of the State, who received a great ovation, it being some time before the Governor was able to proceed with his remarks. His speech was punctuated with liberal applause.
He said:
ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR ODELL
“The diplomacy which led up to the acquisition of the Louisiana territory furnishes one of the most interesting incidents in the world’s history. The establishment of a republic devoted to the interests of, and affording liberty of conscience and freedom of action to its citizens, was an experiment in government which could not have succeeded if any restraint had been placed upon that liberty, or if its constitution had not been broad enough to meet the demands of a growing country. From the settlement of America down to the Revolutionary War sanguinary strife had been the lot of the American people. The thrifty Dutch and the stolid determined Anglo-Saxon sought not in this country a mere temporary home, for, unlike the Spaniards, their dream was not of gold, but rather their hope was for a liberty so broad and catholic in its character that it would grow with succeeding years and make certain that peace they had sought for in vain in the land of their birth.
“The earlier colonial and Indian wars had drawn upon the resources and heroism of our forefathers. Hardship and toil had imbued them with a consciousness of their strength and instilled into them that spirit of independence which enabled them, after long years of strife, to establish our republic. It was this people, after having gained their independence, in the belief that foreign complications were forever at an end, who, at the close of the Revolution, turned their attention to peaceful pursuits and endeavored to meet every requirement of a growing country. With characteristic skill and industry they began the development of those tremendous resources of our country, the measure of which is almost beyond human conception. Here, under liberal laws and wise administration, the people found that which had been heretofore lacking in the government of the world. Invention had not yet made possible the intercommunication facilities which we of the present enjoy. Upon water transit, therefore, they were obliged to depend for an outlet for the commerce of their western territory. The barriers which were sought to be interposed to communication over the mighty river which rises in the northwest brought forth vigorous protests from those who had just begun to cultivate its fertile fields. Angry passions were aroused, and the people of our country who had been so successful in carving out the republic demanded that this barrier should be removed. Livingston and Monroe, clothed only with power to effect a treaty which should insure this right of transit, with no possible opportunity of quick communication with their government, took upon themselves the responsibility which brought to a successful consummation the relinquishment of this vast territory.
“Thus was brought to the people of the United States a question which had never been contemplated by the framers of the constitution. That instrument had been the production of the wisest men of the times. They had successfully met the problem of drawing into an indissoluble union the thirteen states, many of which were acting under peculiar laws which were contrary to the Declaration of Independence, under which the battles for freedom had been fought and won. While there was authority for the admission of new states, there was no constitutional permission for the purchase of territory. The power of the Federal government to perform acts of sovereignty had not yet been passed upon, and there was grave doubt as to the wisdom of ratifying the treaty without a constitutional amendment. When we look over the results which have followed this expansion of our country, when we calculate our manifest growth in population, in wealth and in industry, all of these appear insignificant beside the result which was accomplished in showing to the world that we were living under a constitution broad enough in its provisions to be so interpreted as to insure success to popular government. That Jefferson and his advisers acted wisely in so construing their power at that time is undoubted. If there were no other achievements of that wonderful administration, then this alone would suffice to make it a memorable one.
“Doubt, lack of courage and insincere opposition are always the refuge of a coward. Here was a nation demanding that which was necessary for its trade, desirous of reaching a solution through peaceful means if possible, but determined to acquire it at all hazards if necessary. There was no question as to the consent of those whom we took over, and to whom we gave the protection of our flag, or as to nice points of constitutionality, when the greater object in view was the onward progress of civilization, the building up of hope and the fulfillment of our destiny as a nation, to perpetuate those principles which mean so much in the redeeming of the world. The exigencies of a later war found a precedent in the courage of Jefferson and enabled Lincoln to wipe from the escutcheon of state the blot of slavery which had too long tarnished it.
“That the acquisition of this territory was accomplished through peaceful means rather than by bloodshed was another triumph for civilization. While wars have come since, and may come in the future, the plan of arbitration which has been adopted so generally by this and other nations may perhaps have had its inception in this peaceful solution of a burning and important question to this country. Our Union now is one that is composed of commonwealths bound together by all that means common interest, the common weal and common protection of all the people. It leads to the hope that when the representatives of all of the states have decreed by a majority that which is for the best interest of the whole country, then these questions should no longer be the subject of partisanship or party differences, but the government should have the loyal support of all who believe in America and her future. The same laws govern us, the same protection should be and is accorded to every citizen, and there is no individual or isolated community that does not share in the prosperity of all others whose interests are on the same plane of equality. For a time natural advantages may unduly favor one section of the country, but the accumulation of wealth brings about the development of the natural resources by which other sections are built up, and their people share in the general prosperity. Our State perhaps has benefited more through the development of the west and the northwest territory than almost any other commonwealth. The natural valleys which permitted the building of the Erie canal and the connection of the Great Lakes with the harbor of New York brought this territory in close communication with the Atlantic seaboard. The growing demands of the world led to the cultivation of the fertile fields of the west, the development of the mines and the building up of cities and manufactures, until to-day we have other ports whose facilities have been increased by the improvement of waterways and the building of thousands and thousands of miles of railroad. While there may be an apparent decrease in some localities and a corresponding benefit in others, yet so intimate are our connections and associations that the prosperity of one, instead of being a menace to the growth of any other locality, really aids in building it up. So diversified are our interests, so skillful our people, that we may compare the whole Union to a great workshop, one vast cultivated field of industry, all laboring, not for the advancement of separate cities or localities, but for the continued growth of our common country.
“It is only through ignorance that people have a misconception of these truths. The development of the human mind is no less important than the development of the physical condition of man. His education, therefore, is a paramount duty of the state, and his protection against the weakening of his physical condition is equally important. That legislation has recognized these facts is shown in laws, not only of the nation, but of each individual state, which seek to guard and protect the youth against unwise labor, which seek to instill into his mind that intelligence which comes only from wise and broad educational facilities. Every able bodied citizen of our country is an asset, and those who through weakness, however painful the admission may be, are incapacitated from labor, must be entered upon the debit side of the national ledger. Therefore, the laws that guard against burdensome toil, too long hours of labor, and against ignorance, are not only humanitarian in their character, but are best calculated to promote the interest of all the people. In the division of society, those who labor and those who represent capital should always be in accord, and the demands of either should never trespass upon the rights of the other. It is too frequently the case that through misunderstanding of our laws and the higher economical conditions that friction does arise between these two great elements of society. The right of every man to sell his products or his labor in the best market is unquestioned, and any interference with this principle of sound government is a menace to the republic itself. We are reaching a point in our history when conservative and wise judgment must prevail, and the common sense of the people dictates such a solution of these problems as will meet every demand that is in harmony with sound government. Our own State has taken long steps in advance upon these questions, and to us with whom these differences more frequently occur the people will look for wise deliberations and conclusions.
“Every man should be a part of the government. He should feel it to be as much his duty to respond to civic responsibilities as do those living under a monarchy, whose early tuition instills in them the belief that they owe the best part of their lives to the military service of their government. As they are undeterred by fear of death or disaster, so should our young men be undeterred from entering public life by calumny, villification and abuse, which they see too frequently and too unjustly bestowed upon others.
“New York is here to-day by its official representatives to testify first to its loyalty to the purposes for which this Exposition was conceived; to show the people of the West that in their progress we are interested, and that to them we look for such returns in dividends upon the stock of patriotism as will give to our nation men of energy, of right impulses. To you we owe much, and from you we expect much. Our efforts will be to aid you in every laudable undertaking, to stand behind you in all that means the prosperity of our common country. You have here an Exposition of which you may be justly proud. Nothing like it has ever been known in the annals of the world. Skilled workmen from all parts of the earth are here to aid in its success. Here you witness not only the steady progress that has been made in the sciences, the arts, and agriculture, but you have before you also exhibits from some of the possessions which have recently come under our control. We may study here some of the problems which demand solution at the hands of the American people. Our flag has been planted in a far-off land, and we must face responsibilities which it would be cowardly to shirk. A message has come to us as to all other nations, to do the Master’s bidding and to spread christianity and civilization into the remotest parts of the earth. To us have been intrusted duties that have cost us the blood of some of the bravest men of the north and of the south, of the east and west. Here we may see something of that which has been accomplished, as well as a presentation of those conditions which it is our duty to correct. It is our privilege to give to others the same liberty which we enjoy ourselves, to establish some form of government such as ours whenever these people are ready for it, and it is our duty to protect them in their weakness until they are prepared for it. It was the dream of our forefathers that our country should be confined between these two magnificent oceans, but despite these hopes in later years additional responsibilities have come, Which the American people are too proud to shirk and too courageous to abandon. There is no one who has seen the progress which is here represented who does not believe that the work for civilization which is ours to perform has already had such an impetus that the time will come when we shall bless those who had the courage to stand for it against those who demanded another solution of this important question. To our credit be it said, that no true American demands the surrender of these possessions, and that the only question of difference between the people of our country is whether they shall be given their independence now, or when they are in a condition to enjoy it.
“This Exposition stands, not only as a monument to our progress, but to our united and determined effort to take a prominent part in all that means the advancement of mankind and the prosperity of the whole world. We owe that which we are at present to the devotion and heroism of the men of the past, and to protect and guard the inheritance which has come to us should be our aim. To be broad and conservative in our conception of our duties and responsibilities should be our purpose. To instill into the minds of our youth a determination to meet every question with true American courage should be our object. Every effort that makes for the good of humanity is a fitting tribute to that national policy which has taught us that there is no responsibility too great for our citizens to bear, and that in the onward progress of civilization America recognizes her duty and will not fail in its performance.”
At the conclusion of the Governor’s address the benediction was pronounced by the Rev. W. W. Boyd, after which Governor Odell held a public reception, shaking hands with several hundred people, who pressed forward to greet him. During the progress of the reception Mr. S. H. Grover, of New York city, rendered an organ recital. Luncheon was served the Governor and party in the offices of the Commission, and the afternoon was devoted to sight seeing.
THE EVENING RECEPTION
In the evening was held the grand reception and ball in honor of Governor and Mrs. Odell. Six thousand invitations had been issued for the function, those invited including the President of the United States and his Cabinet, judges of the United States Supreme Court, United States army and navy officers, governors of all the states, New York State officers, members of the New York State Legislature, judges of the Court of Appeals and Appellate Division and Supreme Court, Exposition officials, members of the National Commission, members of State and Foreign Commissions, the Board of Lady Managers and many prominent citizens of the Empire State and St. Louis. In spite of the fact that the day assigned to the State of New York, a year before by the Exposition Company, fell upon the date of the greatest festival of all the year in St. Louis, viz., The Veiled Prophets’ ball, which is similar to the Mardi Gras festival at New Orleans, it did not affect the attendance at the reception in the least, many people attending both functions. Throughout the evening the capacity of the building was taxed to the utmost by those who came to enjoy New York’s proverbial hospitality.
The exterior of the building and the grounds were illuminated on a lavish scale by the Pain Pyrotechnic Company, of New York city. The entire building was outlined by means of thousands of fairy lamps, and many strings of Japanese lanterns were festooned from the roof line to the veranda balustrade. Fairy lamps were used in profusion about the grounds, forming unique figures, and at various points spelled the words “New York.” At no other function during the entire Exposition were such elaborate illuminations attempted on the part of any state commission. The interior decorations consisted of the National and Exposition colors, gracefully wound here and there about the pillars, supplemented by festoons of smilax, which was used in profusion in the entrance hallway. Special music for the event was furnished by Fancuilli’s band, of New York city, and Schoen’s orchestra, of St. Louis, which were stationed respectively in the south and north galleries of the grand entrance hall.
THE RECEIVING PARTY
The receiving line was stationed at the foot of the grand staircase, the guests entering at the south portal of the building and approaching through the reception rooms.
Receiving with the Governor and Mrs. Odell were Mrs. Norman E. Mack, Colonel and Mrs. Edward Lyman Bill, Mr. and Mrs. John C. Woodbury, Mr. and Mrs. Frank S. McGraw, Mr. Frederick R. Green, Mrs. Daniel Manning, Hon. S. Frederick Nixon, Mrs. Dore Lyon and Hon. James T. Rogers. The guests were presented to the Governor by Major Harrison K. Bird, his military secretary, two lines of United States marines guarding the approach to the receiving party. The Governor’s military staff, resplendent in vari-colored uniforms, formed a line directly in front of the receiving party, and, while adding eclat to the occasion, prevented any crowding about the receiving line.
Supper was served at eleven o’clock at small tables upon the verandas. The following was the menu:
RADISHES CELERY OLIVES
SALTED ALMONDS BONBONS
OYSTERS A LA PAULETTE CHICKEN SALAD ASSORTED SANDWICHES
ICE CREAM PETIT FOURS
LEMONADE COFFEE CLARET PUNCH
Dancing began at ten o’clock and continued until the wee sma’ hours.
CONCLUDING FUNCTION
The final event of State week was a breakfast given by the State Commission on Wednesday noon in honor of Governor and Mrs. Odell, and Mrs. Daniel Manning, President of the Board of Lady Managers. The breakfast was perfectly informal, no set addresses being delivered.
The functions of the entire period were voted by one and all to have been most successful in every respect, and New York again proved its right to the title of a most gracious and generous host.
[Illustration: COLONNADE OF STATES]
CHAPTER VII
Brooklyn Day
One of the last special days to be observed during the Exposition was Brooklyn Day, the exercises of which were held on November fifteenth. As one of the speakers on the occasion aptly said, it was the only day throughout the Exposition period which was formally set apart by the Exposition management in honor of a political division less than a municipality. A special train bearing a large delegation of representative Brooklynites arrived in St. Louis Monday, November fourteenth. Although the date was late in the season, the weather was ideal, and everything was done for the pleasure and comfort of the visitors. The ceremonies were divided between the New York State building and the New York City building, upon the Model street, and consisted of exercises at 11:30 A.M., followed by a luncheon at one o’clock at the New York State building, and a reception at the New York City building from eight to ten in the evening.
THE PROGRAM
The program for the formal exercises in the New York State building was as follows
Address of welcome, William Berri, Vice-President, New York State Commission
Address, Hon. J. Edward Swanstrom, on behalf of the Committee of One Hundred
Permanent Chairman, Colonel William Hester, president of the Brooklyn Eagle
Response, Major Peter J. Collins
Address, Hon. Rolla Wells, Mayor of St. Louis
Response, Hon. Charles A. Schieren, ex-mayor of Brooklyn
Oration, Hon. Thomas P. Peters, editor of the Brooklyn Times
Aeolian organ recital
Promptly at 11:30 A. M. the assemblage was called to order by Vice-President William Berri, who, in behalf of the State Commission, extended a cordial welcome to all present. He then called upon J. Edward Swanstrom, who made brief remarks in behalf of the Committee of One Hundred.
At the conclusion of Mr. Swanstrom’s remarks, Colonel William Hester was installed as permanent chairman. Upon taking the chair Colonel Hester said:
COLONEL HESTER’S REMARKS
“I am very sensible of the honor conferred upon me, but will be unable to fulfill the duties, except in a most perfunctory way. It is very much to be regretted that the Honorable Martin W. Littleton is not able to be with us to-day. As the official head of the government of the borough, he was to have presided on this occasion. In his absence Major Peter J. Collins, who was at the head of an important department, will respond for his chief. I now introduce to you Major Collins.”
SPEECH OF MAJOR COLLINS
“_Your Honor, Mr. Francis, and ladies and gentlemen:_ In responding as the representative of the administration of the borough of Brooklyn, I feel that you must realize the unenviable position I occupy of appearing on such brief notice and of acting as the mouthpiece of our president, the Hon. Martin W. Littleton. Mr. Littleton instructs me to convey his most sincere regrets to your honor, to Mr. Francis and to the ladies and gentlemen constituting the Committee of One Hundred, on his enforced absence on this occasion. As some of you are aware, there has been an election in this land. Previous to this election there was carried on what some of us supposed was a political campaign. This campaign engaged the interest of every worthy citizen and public and private affairs of business have been neglected to some extent as a consequence. In the business of the borough Mr. Littleton is confronted with a vast accumulation of matters of greatest importance to Brooklyn, both in the local work and in the various boards and committee meetings in Manhattan, and he has reluctantly concluded that his absence from the city at this time would amount to an almost criminal neglect of his duty. He asks me to convey to you the congratulations and good wishes of the many thousands of our people who are unable to be with us to-day. Brooklyn has had a deep sympathy with your fair city in this tremendous enterprise, and has watched with keen interest and satisfaction your success in overcoming the many difficulties that lay in your way. Brooklyn herself has awakened from her sleep of almost ten years, and the sound of the hammer and the saw and the ring of the trowel are heard on every hand. Owing to the enterprise, energy and self-sacrificing efforts of many of the men who are with us to-day, she is astonishing the country by the wonderful increase in population. Brooklyn can no longer be regarded as the bedroom of Manhattan, for Manhattan is rapidly becoming only the workshop of Brooklyn; we can no longer be regarded as the little brother of Manhattan, for we are rapidly becoming a very big brother. Consequently, ladies and gentlemen of St. Louis, we feel qualified to appreciate the satisfaction and joy you may justly feel in this your hour of triumph, and we extend to you the right hand of fellowship and congratulate you on this wonderful creation of yours, that must go down in history as the greatest exposition in the history of mankind.”
Mayor Wells was unavoidably detained by an important engagement. The Chairman then introduced Mr. Schieren, and in doing so said:
“This is no fairy story, yet I will commence it that way. Once upon a time we of Brooklyn had a city all to ourselves. We were proud of our city and very desirous that it should be well governed, and were careful in the selection of men to fill its highest office, and thus it came to pass that one of our most successful efforts in that direction was the choice for mayor of our city of the gentleman whom I shall now present to you, Ex-Mayor Charles A. Schieren.”
Mr. Schieren was warmly received and spoke as follows:
ADDRESS OF EX-MAYOR SCHIEREN
“In the name of the Brooklyn delegation I thank you sincerely for your cordial greeting and the hearty welcome extended to us. We fully appreciate your kind hospitality. We have come here to enjoy this glorious Exposition which already has attained such a great fame. Its magnificence and grandeur, both as to the magnitude of its buildings and their exhibits, is a surprise to every visitor. You may be proud of your achievements.
“This Exposition seems to exceed all others held in this country, and in many respects those held in the world.
“The Centennial Exposition of Philadelphia, commemorating the foundation of our government, gave our people the first idea of the extent and scope of our labor-saving machinery and the advance made in the manufacture of our American goods. It stimulated the manufacturing interests in our country.
“The Columbian Exposition at Chicago commemorated the discovery of America. It was noted for its excellent foreign exhibits. It gave our people an opportunity to compare the products of America with those of other nations. The so-called White City had a peculiar charm and made a deep impression upon every one. It seemed a perfect dream, ever to be remembered. People declared that it could not be excelled, but hardly a decade has passed when the enterprising, energetic citizens of the commercial metropolis of the great southwest arranged another World’s Fair to commemorate the historical events of the famous Louisiana purchase, even upon a larger scale and overshadowing all others in this country. We may exclaim justly–Will there ever be another Exposition greater and more important than the one just about to close?
“We seem to marvel at nothing in this progressive age. We always wonder what other marvellous inventions may be in store for us to necessitate another Exposition upon a gigantic scale, to be held somewhere in this country. Perhaps within another decade, when the Isthmian canal is finished, the golden stream which will connect the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, we may celebrate at the national capital city the greatest event of the twentieth century, bringing to the commerce of the world peace and plenty. At the same time we may hope to celebrate the establishment of our American merchant marine, the one thing needed to carry our American products and goods into the harbors of the world, floating the Stars and Stripes now so seldom witnessed upon the ocean vessels. This country seems to forge ahead at a rapid pace, not only in its material wealth, but in everything that tends to the happiness of our people, even the humblest citizens sharing in the general prosperity. Every section has cause to rejoice–the South with its cotton, the North with its financial resources, the West with its farm products, the East with its industries, all seem to participate in the general welfare of the country. In conclusion let me thank you again for the courtesy extended to our people, and we wish you great success in this stupendous enterprise.”
At the conclusion of Mr. Schieren’s remarks the presiding officer said: “For many years the _Brooklyn Times_ was owned and edited by the late Mr. Bernard Peters. He was a man of strict integrity, high moral ideals, and a forceful writer. The editorial chair of the _Times_ is now occupied by his son, Thomas P. Peters, a worthy son of a worthy sire. Ladies and gentlemen, I take pleasure in introducing to you the orator of the day, Mr. Thomas P. Peters.”
Mr. Peters was greeted with hearty applause as he arose. His oration in part follows:
ORATION OF MR. PETERS
“To speak a word for Brooklyn at this time, I was not the first choice of the Committee of Arrangements. Unanimously that honor was assigned to one of Brooklyn’s favorite sons. But sickness of a most serious nature overtook him only a few days ago, and after a brief illness, he was early last Wednesday morning called to his final rest. Although upon pleasure bent, our hearts are sorrowful because of this loss to Brooklyn.
“Joseph C. Hendrix had been prominent in Brooklyn life a quarter of a century, prominent enough to have been nominated at one time for mayor of the old city by one of the great parties. He served Brooklyn for many years as president of its board of education; was its postmaster, and also represented one of its districts in the halls of Congress. Of recent years he had withdrawn from public life and devoted himself to the financial world. There he soon assumed a commanding position as bank president, and his organizing abilities were constantly in demand. He was one of Brooklyn’s great men, and I regret that he is not here to-day to fill the position for which he was so well fitted. Our borough is rightly in deep bereavement because of the taking off of this, a faithful servant.
“This party of Brooklynites has come over 1,000 miles to celebrate at this magnificent exposition a day set apart for itself. We come not from a sovereign State. Neither do we come from an independent city. We come from but part of a great city. I will venture to claim that Brooklyn Day at the St. Louis Exposition will be the only day set apart for any municipal body holding a place by law of less dignity than that of a city. Why, then, does Brooklyn send us out to make her name known here and to extend her greetings to St. Louis? Because for years Brooklyn was a city, and with more independent citizens to the total population than were to be found in any other part of the known world, and she is still true to her history. She had then a spirit that was the very personification of municipal patriotism. She could tear down a dishonest political rascal with greater celerity than any other city in the land. She kept her two great parties equally balanced; each a foil to the other, each a stimulant to the other for good government, and upon the average she enjoyed better service than American cities usually obtain.
“It is almost seven years since Brooklyn lost her cityhood. During that time she has been a dependent borough within the great city of New York. Many thought that when that transition took place Brooklyn would lose her old-time spirit, her pride would be humbled and she would sink into the slough of despair, but we are here to-day to make known to these United States that Brooklyn’s old-time courage is as high, her spirit is as heavily charged with municipal energy and her pride is the same pride as of old.
“Brooklyn is a peculiar community. She differs from all others. The wits have long fed upon her. General Horace Porter has called her a city of 4,000,000, 1,000,000 of whom are alive. Another has said that there are two places to which every dead New Yorker goes, either to heaven or to hades and to Brooklyn. He may escape one or the other of the two former. He cannot escape the latter. Simeon Ford has declared that Brooklyn lies midway between the quick and the dead, midway between reckless, extravagant and wicked old New York and sober, sombre and serene Greenwood. McKinley ran for President upon the issue of the full dinner pail. The students of Princeton College recently asserted that Roosevelt was running upon the issue of a full baby carriage. The President must have secured his inspiration from the manner in which the cartoonists always pictured the Brooklyn man, behind the perambulator. We ourselves recognize that Brooklyn is peculiar and unusual. Her like is not known to the world. That fact is proved to an extent by my former assertion, that Brooklyn is the only community without municipal rank that will have here a day of her own. The fact that we are here in body and that she is here in spirit clearly shows that the old courage is still in her heart. Brooklyn may be only a borough, she may be only an ‘abutment for bridges,’ as President Littlejohn once feared she would become, but she is to-day the same independent Brooklyn she was back in her cityhood, and she is as proud of the things that make her great as many of the cities of the things that make them merely flashy.
“Her former spirit lives; it lives because since consolidation Brooklyn has assumed a commanding place in the councils of the greater city. Brooklyn has chosen as her three borough presidents men of force, who have been recognized as leaders by all the boroughs. At first the borough government was a mockery of a government. It was only a government in name. Our first president, Edward M. Grout, chafed under its restraint. He demanded that the boroughs be allowed a voice in city affairs, and that local improvements be given into the charge of borough officials. To him the State Legislature listened, and his successor in that office found himself with something beside the shadow of power, and his administration was a marvel to Brooklyn in what it achieved. Other boroughs looked on in envy, while J. Edward Swanstrom set a pace so rapid that its like will be difficult to produce. Our first president, Mr. Grout, became the comptroller in the second administration of the greater city. The comptrollership of New York city is as important as that of Secretary of the United States Treasury. Brooklyn was then and is yet the dominant force in the life of the metropolis. The entire city recognized Mr. Grout to be a man acquainted with even the minutest details of the city’s government. Brooklyn’s place at the table of the board of estimate was a commanding one with Swanstrom and Grout in their seats, and to-day her representation there is equally good. Mr. Grout is still there. In the place of Mr. Swanstrom sits Mr. Martin W. Littleton, and by him the name of Brooklyn has been made famous from ocean to ocean, and throughout the entire South, for in him Brooklyn has a mouthpiece that thrills, and through him she speaks with a tongue of eloquence.
“Since consolidation Brooklyn has been the second borough in point of population and of wealth, but in statesmanship, in oratory and in achievement she has stood pre-eminent. And while many believed that after consolidation she would lose her independent spirit, she has rather increased her old pride in herself, and this pride has been fostered and strengthened because of the worthy sons who have represented her in the government of the great city of New York, two of whom we have brought with us, that St. Louis, at times herself deceived by those she trusted, may look upon their like for once at least. Loyal to Brooklyn have been Grout, Swanstrom and Littleton, and thus inspired, has Brooklyn proved loyal to herself and faithful to her traditions.
“Brooklyn is a gigantic borough. She is three times as large as Buffalo, the home of the Pan-American Exposition. She is twice as large as St. Louis, the home of the present Exposition. Brooklyn territorially is large enough and properly adapted to hold a population of 7,000,000, and still remain less congested than the present borough of Manhattan. Brooklyn is devoid of many of the characteristics that mark other great cities. She is almost totally lacking in hotel life. A city of one-tenth her population would have more hotels. But municipal greatness never rested upon hotel life. It breeds corpulence, not courage. It discourages the rearing of children, a thriving industry in Brooklyn. Brooklyn has not the wealth in proportion to her size that she should have. Brooklyn sat for long years under the shadow of old New York, contributing to the wealth of the metropolis, but obtaining nothing in return. Her population contributed to the real estate values upon Manhattan island. Her factories and forges made many of the fortunes that were spent across the East river. Only since consolidation have we received any dividends upon that ever increasing investment. We now pay $14,000,000 into the city treasury and take $17,000,000 out annually. Brooklyn has often been described as the bedroom of old New York. The description was apt, for Brooklyn has always been a city of homes, a city of those of moderate means, a city of respectability. Brooklyn has never been able to boast of her wealth, as other cities, nor has she had to blush for her poverty and depravity as some other cities have.
“She has, however, been able to vaunt herself in the matter of those things which by nature are companions of the home. She has always been noted for her great churches, and has had the finest pulpit orators of the day, and now she is as strong in that direction as she ever was in the past. Her private schools have been known far and wide, while so long as she controlled her public schools, they, too, stood extremely high. Since consolidation they have fallen somewhat behind the march. In dividing government among the boroughs, Mr. Grout achieved much. Where the greatest good was done was where centralization was left with the least sway. In school matters centralization rules absolutely, and to that extent the schools have been forcibly drawn away from the people, and the development has lain in the direction of complexity of educational system, rather than in that of perfecting the children in the rudiments of scholarship. Of late years we have taught our boys how to sew, even if we did neglect their spelling. This increases the number of special teachers, adds to the city’s bills, but enables the school superintendents to read splendid reports of new and special courses when they attend pedagogic conventions. Your Exposition loaded New York’s educational authorities with medals and prizes and honorable mentions. I would not censure you for this. No men ever worked harder for such honors. The trouble is they work too hard over frills and neglect the essentials. Were your judges to-day to hold an examination among our grammar scholars upon the three subjects, reading, writing and arithmetic, I am inclined to believe that you would send hurry orders for the return of many of those prizes.
“In school matters Brooklyn is at a loss no further than are the other boroughs of the greater city. She is at a loss because Mr. Grout’s advice was not taken. In short, we so highly prize our sewers, our streets and our pavements that we directed that they be given directly into our own charge and under our own borough president, and then we held our children in such light esteem that we surrendered them into the keeping of a centralized board of education, which is in turn in the keeping of the board of superintendents, in which body Brooklyn has but a small voice. It has reminded me of those people who personally care for their own dogs and horses and leave their children to servants and hired tutors. The system has been wrong. The wrong system has been made top-heavy. The results have been poor.
“Brooklyn has developed the home life of America to a greater extent than any other city has done. She has few palaces. She has few hovels. She has a great army of American mothers and fathers that are bringing up the next generation of men and women, and she is rearing them in thousands of comfortable homes, where body develops with mind and where the spiritual welfare is an important factor.
“Brooklyn has a park system of which she is proud to-day, and of which she will grow prouder. In Prospect Park she has a jewel, in the very heart of the community. In Forest Park she has a promise of great future development. That new park lies upon high ground overlooking a vast section of the borough and exhibiting to the eye the bay of Jamaica and the ocean beyond. Forest Park is richly endowed by nature, and it will in the days to come be in beauty above either Prospect or Central. Brooklyn has great driveways leading to the ocean along her harbor front and out into Long Island, and she has laid out many small parks and is still engaged upon that work.
“In library matters Brooklyn to-day is well supplied. The system is most extensive and has been rapidly developed. It is another indication of what can be done when a department is decentralized. The Brooklyn Public Library is under the control of Brooklyn men. The board of estimate makes it an annual allowance. Andrew Carnegie gave to Brooklyn $1,600,000 for library construction. With that money twenty branch libraries are to be erected in time. Five are up; one is in operation. To-day there are over twenty branch libraries; most of them are in rented quarters, and they circulate over one million books a year among the people.
“As another indication of the life of Brooklyn brief reference should be made to the Institute of Arts and Sciences, the great college of those beyond school years. It has been referred to as the intellectual bargain counter of Brooklyn. It offers at very moderate prices literary, historical, musical instruction and entertainment and lectures in all the sciences. It is well supported, and the city is building it a central building that will be the Mecca of the ambitious and the cultured. No other city in the land supports such an institution, and it is a great credit to us.
“Brooklyn’s spirit is due in a great measure to the nature of the press that caters to her. Her newspapers are intensely local in character. They give to her institutions such support as is not given to the institutions of any other city in the United States. It is this that has encouraged an intelligent and independent breadth of mind in Brooklyn. She keeps alive the old New England custom of a close watch over her government and of a constant discussion of all public questions. Englishmen are noted for their unremitting guard of their personal rights. They are not to be compared in this with Brooklynites who, in spite of a callous railroad system, still persist in demanding their rights.
“Her press has called into being all over Brooklyn numerous boards of trade and taxpayers’ associations, and they, encouraged by the attention given to them, devote themselves to their neighborhoods. Edmund Burke referred to the journalists as a fourth estate. Aptly might we regard these trade boards as a second government. Highly are they respected. Many reforms, especially in transportation matters, have they achieved.
“I have outlined to you some of the features of Brooklyn life. She is in