1. The _occipital protuberance_ can be distinctly felt at the back of the head. This is always the thickest part (often three-quarters of an inch or more) of the skull-cap, and is more prominent in some than in others. The thinnest part is over the temples, where it may be almost as thin as parchment.
2. The working of the _condyle of the lower jaw_ vertically and from side to side can be distinctly felt and seen in front of the ear. When the mouth is opened wide, the condyle advances out of the glenoid cavity, and returns to its socket when the mouth is shut. In front of the ear, lies the zygoma, one of the most marked and important landmarks to the touch, and in lean persons to the eye.
3. The sliding movement of the _scapula_ on the chest can be properly understood only on the living subject. It can move not only upwards and downwards, as in shrugging the shoulders, backwards and forwards, as in throwing back the shoulders, but it has a rotary movement round a movable center. This rotation is seen while the arm is being raised from the horizontal to the vertical position, and is effected by the cooperation of the trapezius with the serratus magnus muscles.
4. The _patella_, or knee-pan, the _two condyles of the tibia_, the _tubercle on the tibia_ for the attachment of the ligament of the patella, and the _head of the fibula_ are the chief bony landmarks of the knee. The head of the fibula lies at the outer and back part of the tibia. In extension of the knee, the patella is nearly all above the condyles. The inner border of the patella is thicker and more prominent than the outer, which slopes down toward its condyle.
5. The short, front edge of the _tibia_, called the “shin,” and the broad, flat, subcutaneous surface of the bone can be felt all the way down. The inner edge can be felt, but not so plainly.
6. The head of the _fibula_ is a good landmark on the outer side of the leg, about one inch below the top of the tibia. Note that it is placed well back, and that it forms no part of the knee joint, and takes no share in supporting the weight. The shaft of the fibula arches backwards and is buried deep among the muscles, except at the lower fourth, which can be distinctly felt.
7. The _malleoli_ form the great landmarks of the ankle. The outer malleolus descends lower than the inner. The inner malleolus advances more to the front and does not descend so low as the outer.
8. The line of the _clavicle_, or collar bone, and the projection of the joint at either end of it can always be felt. Its direction is not perfectly horizontal, but slightly inclined downwards. We can distinctly feel the _spine_ of the scapula and its highest point, the _acromion_.
9. Projecting beyond the acromion (the arm hanging by the side), we can feel, through the fibers of the _deltoid_, the upper part of the humerus. It distinctly moves under the hand when the arm is rotated. It is not the head of the bone which is felt, but its prominences (the tuberosities). The greater, externally; the lesser in front.
10. The _tuberosities of the humerus_ form the convexity of the shoulder. When the arm is raised, the convexity disappears,–there is a slight depression in its place. The head of the bone can be felt by pressing the fingers high up in the axilla.
11. The _humerus_ ends at the elbow in two bony prominences (internal and external condyles). The internal is more prominent. We can always feel the _olecranon_. Between this bony projection of the ulna and the internal condyle is a deep depression along which runs the ulna nerve (commonly called the “funny” or “crazy” bone).
12. Turn the hand over with the palm upwards, and the edge of the _ulna_ can be felt from the olecranon to the prominent knob (styloid process) at the wrist. Turn the forearm over with the palm down, and the head of the ulna can be plainly felt and seen projecting at the back of the wrist.
13. The upper half of the _radius_ cannot be felt because it is so covered by muscles; the lower half is more accessible to the touch.
14. The three rows of projections called the “knuckles” are formed by the proximal bones of the several joints. Thus the first row is formed by the ends of the metacarpals, the second by the ends of the first phalanges, and the third by the ends of the second phalanges. That is, in all cases the line of the joints is a little in advance of the knuckles and nearer the ends of the fingers.
II. Muscular Landmarks.
1. The position of the _sterno-mastoid_ muscle as an important and interesting landmark of the neck has already been described (p. 70).
2. If the left arm be raised to a vertical position and dropped to a horizontal, somewhat vigorously, the tapering ends of the _pectoralis major_ and the tendons of the _biceps_ and _deltoid_ may be felt by pressing the parts in the axilla between the fingers and thumb of the right hand.
3. The appearance of the _biceps_ as a landmark of the arm has already been described (p. 70). The action of its antagonist, the _triceps_, may be studied in the same manner.
4. The _sartorius_ is one of the fleshy landmarks of the thigh, as the biceps is of the arm, and the sterno-cleido-mastoid of the neck. Its direction and borders may be easily traced by raising the leg,–a movement which puts the muscle in action.
5. If the model be directed to stand on tiptoe, both of the large muscles of the calf, the _gastrocnemius_ and _soleus_, can be distinguished.
6. Direct the model, while sitting upright, to cross one leg over the other, using his utmost strength. The great muscles of the inner thigh are fully contracted. Note the force required to pull the legs to the ordinary position.
7. With the model lying in a horizontal position with both legs firmly held together, note the force required to pull the feet apart while the great muscles of the thigh are fully contracted.
8. In forcible and resisted flexion of the wrist two tendons come up in relief. On the outer side of one we feel the pulse at the wrist, the radial artery here lying close to the radius.
9. On the outer side of the wrist we can distinctly see and feel when in action, the three extensor tendons of the thumbs. Between two of them is a deep depression at the base of the thumb, which the French call the “anatomical tobacco box.”
10. The relative position of the several extensor tendons on the back of the wrist and fingers as they play in their grooves over the back of the radius and ulna can be distinctly traced when the several muscles are put in action.
11. There are several strong tendons to be seen and felt about the ankle. Behind is the _tendo Achillis_. It forms a high relief with a shallow depression on each side of it. Behind both the inner and outer ankle several tendons can be felt. Over the front of the ankle, when the muscles are in action, we can see and feel several tendons. They start up like cords when the action is resisted. They are kept in their proper relative position by strong pulleys formed by the annular ligament. Most of these tendons can be best seen by stand a model on one foot, _i.e._ in unstable equilibrium.
III. Landmarks of the Heart.
To have a general idea of the form and position of the _heart_, map its outline with colored pencils or crayon on the chest wall itself, or on some piece of clean, white cloth, tightly pinned over the clothing. A pattern of the heart may be cut out of pasteboard, painted red, or papered with red paper, and pinned in position outside the clothing. The apex of the heart is at a point about two inches below the left nipple and one inch to its sternal side. This point will be between the fifth and sixth ribs, and can generally be determined by feeling the apex beat.
IV. Landmarks of a Few Arteries.
The pulsation of the _temporal_ artery can be felt in front of the ear, between the zygoma and the ear. The _facial_ artery can be distinctly felt as it passes over the upper jaw at the front edge of the masseter muscle. The pulse of a sleeping child can often be counted at the anterior fontanelle by the eye alone.
About one inch above the clavicle, near the outer border of the sterno-mastoid, we can feel the pulsation of the great _subclavian_ artery. At the back of the knee the _popliteal_ artery can be felt beating. The _dorsal_ artery of the foot can be felt beating on a line from the middle of the ankle to the interval between the first and second metatarsal bones.
When the arm is raised to a right angle with the body, the _axillary_ artery can be plainly felt beating in the axilla. Extend the arm with palm upwards and the _brachial_ artery can be felt close to the inner side of the biceps. The position of the _radial_ artery is described in Experiment 102.
Glossary.
Abdomen (Lat. _abdo_, _abdere_, to conceal). The largest cavity of the body, containing the liver, stomach, intestines, and other organs.
Abductor (Lat. _abduco_, to draw from). A muscle which draws a limb from the middle line of the body, or a finger or toe from the middle line of the foot or hand.
Absorbents (Lat. _absorbere_, to suck up). The vessels which take part in the process of absorption.
Absorption. The process of sucking up nutritive or waste matters by the blood-vessels or lymphatics.
Accommodation of the Eye. The alteration in the shape of the crystalline lens, which accommodates, or adjusts, the eye for near or remote vision.
Acetabulum (Lat. _acetabulum_, a small vinegar-cup). The cup-shaped cavity of the innominate bone for receiving the head of the femur.
Acid (Lat. _acidus_, from _acere_, to be sour). A substance usually sour, sharp, or biting to the taste.
Acromion (Gr. á¼ÎºÏον the tip, and ᾧμοÏ, the shoulder). The part of the scapula forming the tip of the shoulder.
Adam’s Apple. An angular projection of cartilage in the front of the neck. It may be particularly prominent in men.
Adductor (Lat. _adduco_, to draw to). A muscle which draws towards the middle line of the body, or of the hand or foot.
Adenoid (Gr. á¼Î´Î®Î½, a gland). Tissue resembling gland tissue.
Afferent (Lat. _ad_, to, and _fero_, to convey). Vessels or nerves carrying the contents or impulses from the periphery to the center.
Albumen, or Albumin (Lat. _albus_, white). An animal substance resembling the white of an egg.
Albuminuria. A combination of the words “albumin” and “urine.” Presence of _albumen_ in the _urine_.
Aliment (Lat. _alo_, to nourish). That which affords nourishment; food.
Alimentary (Lat. _alimentum_, food). Pertaining to _aliment_, or food.
Alimentary Canal (Lat. _alimentum_). The tube in which the food is digested or prepared for reception into the blood.
Alkali (Arabic _al kali_, the soda plant). A name given to certain substances, such as soda, potash, and the like, which have the power of combining with acids.
Alveolar (Lat. _alveolus_, a little hollow). Pertaining to the alveoli, the _cavities_ for the reception of the teeth.
AmÅba (Gr. á¼Î¼ÎµÎ¯Î²Ï, to change). A single-celled, protoplasmic organism, which is constantly changing its form by protrusions and withdrawals of its substance.
AmÅboid. Like an _amÅba_.
Ampulla (Lat. _ampulla_, a wine-flask). The dilated part of the semicircular canals of the internal ear.
Anabolism (Gr. á¼Î½Î±Î²Î¬Î»Î»Ï to throw or build up). The process by means of which simpler elements are _built up_ into more complex.
Anæsthetics (Gr. á¼Î½, without, and αἰÏθηÏία, feeling). Those medicinal agents which prevent the feeling of pain, such as chloroform, ether, laughing-gas, etc.
Anastomosis (Gr. á¼Î½Î¬, by, and ÏÏÏμα, a mouth). The intercommunication of vessels.
Anatomy (Gr. á¼Î½Î±ÏÎμνÏ, to cut up). The science which describes the structure of living things. The word literally means dissection.
Antiseptic (Lat. _anti_, against, and _sepsis_, poison). Opposing or counter-acting putrefaction.
Antrum (Lat. _antrum_, a cave). The cavity in the upper jaw.
Aorta (Gr. á¼Î¿ÏÏή, from á¼ÎµÎ¯Ïο, to raise up). The great artery that _rises up_ from the left ventricle of the heart.
Aponeurosis (Gr. á¼ÏÏ, from, and νεῦÏον, a nerve). A fibrous membranous expansion of a tendon; the nerves and tendons were formerly thought to be identical structures, both appearing as white cords.
Apoplexy (Gr. á¼ÏοÏληξία, a sudden stroke). The escape of blood from a ruptured blood-vessel into the substance of the brain.
Apparatus. A number of organs of various sizes and structures working together for some special object.
Appendages (Lat. _ad_ and _pendeo_, to hang from). Something connected with a part.
Aqueous Humor (Lat. _aqua_, water). The watery fluid occupying the space between the cornea and crystalline lens of the eye.
Arachnoid Membrane (Gr. á¼ÏάÏνη, a spider, and εἰδÏÏ, like). The thin covering of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and the pia mater.
Arbor Vitæ. Literally, “the tree of life”; a name given to the peculiar appearance presented by a section of the cerebellum.
Areolar (Lat. _areola_, a small space, dim. of _area_). A term applied to a connective tissue containing _small spaces_.
Artery (Gr. á¼Î®Ï, air, and ÏεÏÎÏ, to contain). A vessel by which blood is carried away from the heart. It was supposed by the ancients to contain only air, hence the name.
Articulation (Lat. _articulo_, to form a joint). The more or less movable union of bones, etc.; a joint.
Arytenoid Cartilages (Gr. á¼ÏÏÏαινα, a ladle). Two small cartilages of the larynx, resembling the mouth of a pitcher.
Asphyxia (Gr. á¼, without, and ÏÏίξιÏ, the pulse). Literally, “without pulse.” Condition caused by non-oxygenation of the blood.
Assimilation (Lat. _ad_, to, and _similis_, like). The conversion of food into living tissue.
Asthma (Gr. á¼Ïθμα, a gasping). Spasmodic affection of the bronchial tubes in which free respiration is interfered with, owing to their diminished caliber.
Astigmatism (Gr. á¼, without, and ÏÏίγμα, a point). Irregular refraction of the eye, producing a blurred image.
Atrophy (Gr. á¼, without, and ÏÏοÏή, nourishment). Wasting of a part from lack of nutrition.
Auditory Nerve (Lat. _audio_, to hear). The special nerve of hearing.
Auricle (Lat. _auricula_, a little ear). A cavity of the heart.
Azygos (Gr. á¼, without, and Î¶Ï Î³ÏÏ, a yoke). Without fellow; not paired.
Bacteria (βακÏήÏιον, a staff). A microscopic, vegetable organism; certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of infectious diseases.
Bactericide (_Bacterium_ and Lat. _caedere_, to kill). Same as _germicide_.
Bile. The gall, or peculiar secretion of the liver; a viscid, yellowish fluid, and very bitter to the taste.
Biology (Gr. βίοÏ, life, and λÏγοÏ, discourse). The science which treats of living bodies.
Bladder (Saxon _bleddra_, a bladder, a goblet). A bag, or sac, serving as a receptacle of some secreted fluid, as the _gall bladder_, etc. The receptacle of the urine in man and other animals.
Bright’s Disease. A group of diseases of the kidney, first described by Dr. Bright, an English physician.
Bronchi (Gr. βÏÏγÏοÏ, windpipe). The first two divisions, or branches, of the trachea; one enters each lung.
Bronchial Tubes. The smaller branches of the trachea within the substance of the lungs terminating in the air cells.
Bronchitis. Inflammation of the larger bronchial tubes; a “cold” affecting the air passages.
Bunion. An enlargement and inflammation of the first joint of the great toe.
Bursa. A pouch; a membranous sac interposed between parts which are subject to movement, one on the other, to allow them to glide smoothly.
Callus (Lat. _calleo_, to be thick-skinned). Any excessive hardness of the skin caused by friction or pressure.
Canal (Lat. _canalis_, a canal). A tube or passage.
Capillary (Lat. _capillus_, hair). The smallest blood-vessels, so called because they are so minute.
Capsule (Lat. _capsula_, a little chest). A membranous bag enclosing a part.
Carbon Dioxid, often called _carbonic acid_. The gas which is present in the air breathed out from the lungs; a waste product of the animal kingdom and a food of the vegetable kingdom.
Cardiac (Gr. καÏδία, the heart). The cardiac orifice of the stomach is the upper one, and is near the heart; hence its name.
Carnivorous (Lat. _caro_, flesh, and _voro_, to devour). Subsisting upon flesh.
Carron Oil. A mixture of equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water, so called because first used at the Carron Iron Works in Scotland.
Cartilage. A tough but flexible material forming a part of the joints, air passages, nostrils, ear; gristle, etc.
Caruncle (Lat. _caro_, flesh). The small, red, conical-shaped body at the inner angle of the eye, consisting of a cluster of follicles.
Casein (Lat. _caseus_, cheese). The albuminoid substance of milk; it forms the basis of cheese.
Catarrh. An inflammation of a mucous membrane, usually attended with an increased secretion of mucus. The word is often limited to _nasal_ catarrh.
Cauda Equina (Lat., horse’s tail). The collection of large nerves descending from the lower end of the spinal cord.
Cell (Lat. _cella_, a storeroom). The name of the tiny miscroscopic elements, which, with slender threads or fibers, make up most of the body; they were once believed to be little hollow chambers; hence the name.
Cement. The substance which forms the outer part of the fang of a tooth.
Cerebellum (dim. for _cerebrum_, the brain). The little brain, situated beneath the posterior third of the cerebrum.
Cerebrum. The brain proper, occupying the upper portion of the skull.
Ceruminous (Lat. _cerumen_, ear wax). A term applied to the glands secreting cerumen, or _ear wax_.
Chloral. A powerful drug and narcotic poison used to produce sleep.
Chloroform. A narcotic poison generally used by inhalation; of extensive use in surgical operations. It produces anæsthesia.
Chondrin (Gr. ÏονδÏÏÏ, cartilage). A kind of gelatine obtained by boiling _cartilage_.
Chordæ Tendineæ. Tendinous cords.
Choroid (Gr. ÏοÏίον, skin, and εἶδοÏ, form). The middle coat of the eyeball.
Chyle (Gr. ÏÏ Î»ÏÏ, juice). The milk-like fluid formed by the digestion of fatty articles of food in the intestines.
Chyme (Gr. ÏÏ Î¼ÏÏ, juice). The pulpy liquid formed by digestion in the stomach.
Cilia (pl. of _cilium_, an eyelash). Minute hair-like processes found upon the cells of the air passages and other parts.
Ciliary Muscle. A small muscle of the eye which assists in accommodation.
Circumvallate (Lat. _circum_, around, and _vallum_, a rampart). Surrounded by a rampart, as are certain papillæ of the tongue.
Coagulation (Lat. _coagulo_, to curdle). Applied to the process by which the blood clots or solidifies.
Cochlea (Lat. _cochlea_, a snail shell). The spiral cavity of the internal ear.
Columnæ Carneæ. Fleshy projections in the ventricles of the heart.
Commissure (Lat. _con_, together, and _mitto_, _missum_, to put). A joining or uniting together.
Compress. A pad or bandage applied directly to an injury to compress it.
Concha (Gr. κÏγÏη, a mussel shell). The shell-shaped portion of the external ear.
Congestion (Lat. _con_, together, and _gero_, to bring). Abnormal gathering of blood in any part of the body.
Conjunctiva (Lat. _con_, together, and _jungo_, to join). A thin layer of mucous membrane which lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eyeball, thus joining the latter to the lids.
Connective Tissue. The network which connects the minute parts of most of the structures of the body.
Constipation (Lat. _con_, together, and _stipo_, to crowd close). Costiveness.
Consumption (Lat. _consumo_, to consume). A disease of the lungs, attended with fever and cough, and causing a decay of the bodily powers. The medical name is _phthisis_.
Contagion (Lat. _con_, with, and _tango_ or _tago_, to touch). The communication of disease by contact, or by the inhalation of the effluvia of a sick person.
Contractility (Lat. _con_, together, and _traho_, to draw). The property of a muscle which enables it to contract, or draw its extremities closer together.
Convolutions (Lat. _con_, together, and _volvo_, to roll). The tortuous foldings of the external surface of the brain.
Convulsion (Lat. _convello_, to pull together). A more or less violent agitation of the limbs or body.
Coördination. The manner in which several different organs of the body are brought into such relations with one another that their functions are performed in harmony.
Coracoid (Gr. κÏÏαξ, a crow, εἶδοÏ, form). Shaped like a crow’s beak.
Cornea (Lat. _cornu_, a horn). The transparent horn-like substance which covers a part of the front of the eyeball.
Coronary (Lat. _corona_, a crown). A term applied to vessels and nerves which encircle parts, as the _coronary_ arteries of the heart.
Coronoid (Gr. κοÏÏνη;, a crow). Like a crow’s beak; thus the _coronoid_ process of the ulna.
Cricoid (Gr. κÏίκοÏ, a ring, and εἶδοÏ, form). A cartilage of the larynx resembling a seal ring in shape.
Crystalline Lens (Lat. _crystallum_, a crystal). One of the humors of the eye; a double-convex body situated in the front part of the eyeball.
Cumulative. A term applied to the violent action from drugs which supervenes after the taking of several doses with little or no effect.
Cuticle (Lat. dim. of _cutis_, the skin). Scarf skin; the epidermis.
Cutis (Gr. ÏκῦÏοÏ, a skin or hide). The true skin, also called the _dermis_.
Decussation (Lat. _decusso_, _decussatum_, to cross). The _crossing_ or running of one portion athwart another.
Degeneration (Lat. _degenerare_, to grow worse, to deteriorate). A change in the structure of any organ which makes it less fit to perform its duty.
Deglutition (Lat. _deglutire_, to swallow). The process of swallowing.
Deltoid. Having a triangular shape; resembling the Greek letter Î (_delta_).
Dentine (Lat. _dens_, _dentis_, a tooth). The hard substance which forms the greater part of a tooth; ivory.
Deodorizer. An agent which corrects any foul or unwholesome odor.
Dextrin. A soluble substance obtained from starch.
Diabetes Mellitus (Gr. διά, through, βαίνÏ, to go, and μÎλι, honey). Excessive flow of sugar-containing urine.
Diaphragm (Gr. διαÏÏάÏÏÏ, to divide by a partition). A large, thin muscle which separates the cavity of the chest from the abdomen.
Diastole (Gr. διαÏÏÎλλÏ, to dilate). The _dilatation_ of the heart.
Dietetics. That part of medicine which relates to diet, or food.
Diffusion of Gases. The power of gases to become intimately mingled.
Diplöe (Gr. διÏλÏÏ, to double, to fold). The osseous tissue between the tables of the skull.
Dipsomania (Gr. δίÏα, thirst, and μανία, madness). An insatiable desire for intoxicants.
Disinfectants. Agents used to destroy the germs or particles of living matter that are believed to be the causes of infection.
Dislocation (Lat. _dislocare_, to put out of place). An injury to a joint in which the bones are displaced or forced out of their sockets.
Dissection (Lat. _dis_, apart, and _seco_, to cut). The cutting up of an animal in order to learn its structure.
Distal (Lat. _dis_, apart, and _sto_, to stand). Away from the center.
Duct (Lat. _duco_, to lead). A narrow tube.
Duodenum (Lat. _duodeni_, twelve). The first division of the small intestines, about twelve fingers’ breadth long.
Dyspepsia (Gr. -δÏÏ, ill, and ÏÎÏÏειν, to digest). A condition of the alimentary canal in which it digests imperfectly. Indigestion.
DyspnÅa (Gr. δÏÏ, difficult, and ÏνÎÏ, to breathe). Difficult breathing.
Efferent (Lat. _effero_, to carry out). _Bearing_ or _carrying outwards_, as from the center to the periphery.
Effluvia (Lat. _effluo_, to flow out). Exhalations or vapors coming from the body, and from decaying animal or vegetable substances.
Element. One of the simplest parts of which anything consists.
Elimination (Lat. _e_, out of, and _limen, liminis_, a threshold). The act of _expelling_ waste matters. Signifies, literally, “to throw out of doors.”
Emetic (Gr. á¼Î¼ÎÏ, to vomit). A medicine which causes vomiting.
Emulsion (Lat. _emulgere_, to milk). Oil in a finely divided state, suspended in water.
Enamel (Fr. _émail_). Dense material covering the crown of a tooth.
Endolymph (Gr. á¼Î½Î´Î¿Î½, within, and Lat. _lympha_, water). The fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the ear.
Endosmosis (Gr. á¼Î½Î´Î¿Î½, within, and ὠθÎÏ, to push). The current from without _inwards_ when diffusion of fluids takes place through a membrane.
Epidemic (Gr. á¼Ïί, upon, and δÎμοÏ, the people). An extensively prevalent disease.
Epiglottis (Gr. á¼Ïί, upon, and γλÏÏÏιÏ, the entrance to the windpipe). A leaf-shaped piece of cartilage which covers the top of the larynx during the act of swallowing.
Epilepsy (Gr. á¼ÏίληÏιÏ, a seizure). A nervous disease accompanied by fits in which consciousness is lost; the falling sickness.
Ether (Gr. αἰθήÏ, the pure, upper air). A narcotic poison. Used as an anæsthetic in surgical operations.
Eustachian (from an Italian anatomist named Eustachi). The tube which leads from the throat to the middle ear, or tympanum.
Excretion (Lat. _excerno_, to separate). The separation from the blood of the waste matters of the body; also the materials excreted.
Exosmosis (Gr. á¼Î¾Ï, without, and á¾Î¸ÎÏ, to push). The current from within _outwards_ when diffusion of fluids takes place through a membrane.
Expiration (Lat. _expiro_, to breathe out). The act of forcing air out of the lungs.
Extension (Lat. _ex_, out, and _tendo_, to stretch). The act of restoring a limb, etc., to its natural position after it has been flexed or bent; the opposite of _flexion_.
Fauces. The part of the mouth which opens into the pharynx.
Fenestra (Lat.). Literally, “a window.” Fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda, the oval and the round window; two apertures in the bone between the tympanic cavity and the labyrinth of the ear.
Ferment. That which causes fermentation, as yeast.
Fermentation (Lat. _fermentum_, boiling). The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of yeast; in a wider sense, the change of organized substances into new compounds by the action of a ferment. It differs in kind according to the nature of the ferment.
Fiber (Lat. _fibra_, a filament). One of the tiny threads of which many parts of the body are composed.
Fibrilla. A little fiber; one of the longitudinal threads into which a striped muscular fiber can be divided.
Fibrin (Lat. _fibra_, a fiber). An albuminoid substance contained in the flesh of animals, and also produced by the coagulation of blood.
Flexion (Lat. _flecto_, to bend). The act of bending a limb, etc.
Follicle (Lat. dim. of _follis_, a money bag). A little pouch or depression.
Fomentation (Lat. _foveo_, to keep warm). The application of any warm, medicinal substance to the body, by which the vessels are relaxed.
Foramen. A hole, or aperture.
Frontal Sinus. A blind or closed cavity in the bones of the skull just over the eyebrows.
Fumigation (Lat. _fumigo_, to perfume a place). The use of certain fumes to counteract contagious effluvia.
Function (Lat. _functio_, a doing). The special duty of any organ.
Ganglion (Gr. γάγγλιν, a knot). A knot-like swelling in a nerve; a smaller nerve center.
Gastric (Gr. γαÏÏήÏ, stomach). Pertaining to the stomach.
Gelatine (Lat. _gelo_, to congeal). An animal substance which dissolves in hot water and forms a jelly on cooling.
Germ (Lat. _germen_, a sprout, bud). Disease germ; a name applied to certain tiny bacterial organisms which have been demonstrated to be the cause of disease.
Germicide (_Germ_, and Lat. _caedere_, to kill). Any agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, especially _bacteria_.
Gland (Lat. _glans_, an acorn). An organ consisting of follicles and ducts, with numerous blood-vessels interwoven.
Glottis (Gr. γλÏÏÏα, the tongue). The narrow opening between the vocal cords.
Glucose. A kind of sugar found in fruits, also known as grape sugar.
Gluten. The glutinous albuminoid ingredient of cereals.
Glycogen. Literally, “producing glucose.” Animal starch found in liver, which may be changed into glucose.
Gram. Unit of metric system, 15.43 grains troy.
Groin. The lower part of the abdomen, just above each thigh.
Gustatory (Lat. _gusto_, _gustatum_, to taste). Belonging to the sense of _taste_.
Gymnastics (Gr. Î³Ï Î¼Î½Î¬Î¾Ï, to exercise). The practice of athletic exercises.
Hæmoglobin (Gr. αἷμα, blood, and Lat. _globus_, a globe or globule). A complex substance which forms the principal coloring constituent of the red corpuscles of the blood.
Hemispheres (Gr. ἡμί, half, and ÏÏαá¿Ïα, a sphere). Half a sphere, the lateral halves of the cerebrum, or brain proper.
Hemorrhage (Gr. αἷμα, blood, and á¿¥Î®Î³Î½Ï Î¼Î¹, to burst). Bleeding, or the loss of blood.
Hepatic (Gr. ἧÏαÏ, the liver). Pertaining to the liver.
Herbivorous (Lat. _herba_, an herb, and _voro_, to devour). Applied to animals that subsist upon vegetable food.
Heredity. The predisposition or tendency derived from one’s ancestors to definite physiological actions.
Hiccough. A convulsive motion of some of the muscles used in breathing, accompanied by a shutting of the glottis.
Hilum, sometimes written Hilus. A small fissure, notch, or depression. A term applied to the concave part of the kidney.
Homogeneous (Gr. á½Î¼ÏÏ, the same, and γÎνοÏ, kind). Of the _same kind_ or quality throughout; uniform in nature,–the reverse of heterogeneous.
Humor. The transparent contents of the eyeball.
Hyaline (Gr. á½Î±Î»Î¿Ï, glass). Glass-like, resembling glass in transparency.
Hydrogen. An elementary gaseous substance, which, in combination with oxygen, produces water.
Hydrophobia (Gr. á½Î´ÏÏ, water, and ÏοβÎομαι, to fear). A disease caused by the bite of a rabid dog or other animal.
Hygiene (Gr. á½Î³á¼°ÎµÎ¹Î± health). The art of preserving health and preventing disease.
Hyoid (Gr. letter Ï , and εἰδοÏ, form, resemblance). The bone at the root of the tongue, shaped like the Greek letter Ï .
Hypermetropia (Gr. á½ÏÎÏ over, beyond, μÎÏÏον, measure, and ÏÌÏ, the eye). Far-sightedness.
Hypertrophy (Gr. á½ÏÎÏ, over, and ÏÏοÏή, nourishment). Excessive growth; thickening or enlargement of any part or organ.
Incisor (Lat. _incido_, to cut). Applied to the four front teeth of both jaws, which have sharp, cutting edges.
Incus. An anvil; the name of one of the bones of the middle ear.
Indian Hemp. The common name of _Cannabis Indica_, an intoxicating drug known as _hasheesh_ and by other names in Eastern countries.
Inferior Vena Cava. The chief vein of the lower part of the body.
Inflammation (Lat. prefix _in_ and _flammo_, to flame). A redness or swelling of any part of the body with heat and pain.
Insalivation (Lat. _in_ and _saliva_, the fluid of the mouth). The mingling of the saliva with the food during the act of chewing.
Inspiration (Lat. _inspiro, spiratum_, to breathe in). The act of drawing in the breath.
Intestine (Lat. _intus_, within). The part of the alimentary canal which is continuous with the lower end of the stomach; also called the bowels.
Iris (Lat. _iris_, the rainbow). The thin, muscular ring which lies between the cornea and crystalline lens, giving the eye its special color.
Jaundice (Fr. _jaunisse_, yellow). A disorder in which the skin and eyes assume a yellowish tint.
Katabolism (Gr. καÏαβάλλÏ, to throw down). The process by means of which the more complex elements are rendered more simple and less complex. The opposite of _anabolism_.
Labyrinth. The internal ear, so named from its many windings.
Lacrymal Apparatus (Lat. _lacryma_, a tear). The organs for forming and carrying away the tears.
Lacteals (Lat. _lac, lactis_, milk). The absorbent vessels of the small intestines.
Laryngoscope (Gr. λάÏÏ Î³Î¾, larynx, and ÏκοÏÎÏ, to behold). An instrument consisting of a mirror held in the throat, and a reflector to throw light on it, by which the interior of the larynx is brought into view.
Larynx. The cartilaginous tube situated at the top of the windpipe.
Lens. Literally, a lentil; a piece of transparent glass or other substance so shaped as either to converge or disperse the rays of light.
Ligament (Lat. _ligo_, to bind). A strong, fibrous material binding bones or other solid parts together.
Ligature (Lat. _ligo_, to bind). A thread of some material used in tying a cut or injured artery.
Lobe. A round, projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, or brain.
Lymph (Lat. _lympha_, pure water). The watery fluid conveyed by the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic Vessels. A system of absorbent vessels.
Malleus. Literally, the mallet; one of the small bones of the middle ear.
Marrow. The soft, fatty substance contained in the cavities of bones.
Mastication (Lat. _mastico_, to chew). The act of cutting and grinding the food to pieces by means of the teeth.
Meatus (Lat. _meo_, _meatum_, to pass). A _passage_ or canal.
Medulla Oblongata. The “oblong marrow”; that portion of the brain which lies upon the basilar process of the occipital bone.
Meibomian. A term applied to the small glands between the conjunctiva and tarsal cartilages, discovered by _Meibomius_.
Membrana Tympani. Literally, the membrane of the drum; a delicate partition separating the outer from the middle ear; it is sometimes popularly called “the drum of the ear.”
Membrane. A thin layer of tissue serving to cover some part of the body.
Mesentery (Gr. μÎÏοÏ, middle, and á¼Î½ÏεÏον, the intestine). A duplicature of the peritoneum covering the small _intestine_, which occupies the _middle_ or center of the abdominal cavity.
Metabolism (Gr. μεÏαβολή, change). The _changes_ taking place in cells, whereby they become more complex and contain more force, or less complex and contain less force. The former is constructive metabolism, or _anabolism_; the latter, destructive metabolism, or _katabolism_.
Microbe (Gr. μικÏÏÏ, little, and βίοÏ, life). A microscopic organism, particularly applied to bacteria.
Microscope (Gr. μικÏÏÏ, small, and ÏκοÏÎÏ;, to look at). An optical instrument which assists in the examination of minute objects.
Molar (Lat. _mola_, a mill). The name applied to the three back teeth at each side of the jaw; the grinders, or mill-like teeth.
Molecule (dim. of Lat. _moles_, a mass). The smallest quantity into which the mass of any substance can physically be divided. A molecule may be chemically separated into two or more atoms.
Morphology (Gr. μÏÏÏη, form, and λÏγοÏ, discourse). The study of the laws of form or structure in living beings.
Motor (Lat. _moveo_, _motum_, to move). The name of the nerves which conduct to the muscles the stimulus which causes them to contract.
Mucous Membrane. The thin layer of tissue which covers those internal cavities or passages which communicate with the external air.
Mucus. The glairy fluid secreted by mucous membranes.
Myopia (Gr. μÏÏ, to shut, and ὤÏ, the eye). A defect of vision dependent upon an eyeball that is too long, rendering distant objects indistinct; _near sight_.
Myosin (Gr. μῶÏ, muscle). Chief proteid substance of muscle.
Narcotic (Gr. ναÏκάÏ, to benumb). A medicine which, in poisonous doses, produces stupor, convulsions, and sometimes death.
Nerve Cell. A minute round and ashen-gray cell found in the brain and other nervous centers.
Nerve Fiber. An exceedingly slender thread of nervous tissue.
Nicotine. The poisonous and stupefying oil extracted from tobacco.
Nostril (Anglo-Saxon _nosu_, nose, and _thyrl_, a hole). One of the two outer openings of the nose.
Nucleolus (dim. of _nucleus_). A little nucleus.
Nucleus (Lat. _nux_, a nut). A central part of any body, or that about which matter is collected. In anatomy, a cell within a cell.
Nutrition (Lat. _nutrio_, to nourish). The processes by which the nourishment of the body is accomplished.
Odontoid (Gr. á½Î´Î¿ÏÏ, a tooth, εἶδοÏ, shape). The name of the bony peg of the second vertebra, around which the first turns.
Åsophagus. Literally, that which carries food. The tube leading from the throat to the stomach; the gullet.
Olecranon (Gr. ὠλÎνη, the elbow, and κÏανίον, the top of the head). A curved eminence at the upper and back part of the ulna.
Olfactory (Lat. _olfacio_, to smell). Pertaining to the sense of smell.
Optic (Gr. á½ÏÏεÏÏ, to see). Pertaining to the sense of sight.
Orbit (Lat. _orbis_, a circle). The bony socket or cavity in which the eyeball is situated.
Organ (Lat. _organum_, an instrument or implement). A portion of the body having some special function or duty.
Osmosis (Gr. á½ ÏμÏÏ, impulsion). Diffusion of liquids through membranes.
Ossa Innominata, pl. of Os Innominatum (Lat.). “Unnamed bones.” The irregular bones of the pelvis, unnamed on account of their non-resemblance to any known object.
Otoconia (Gr. οá½Ï, an ear, and κονία, dust). Minute crystals of lime in the vestibule of the ear; also known as _otoliths_.
Palate (Lat. _palatum_, the palate). The roof of the mouth, consisting of the hard and soft palate.
Palpitation (Lat. _palpitatio_, a frequent or throbbing motion). A violent and irregular beating of the heart.
Papilla. The small elevations found on the skin and mucous membranes.
Paralysis (Gr. ÏαÏαλÏÏ, to loosen; also, to disable). Loss of function, especially of motion or feeling. Palsy.
Parasite. A plant or animal that grows or lives on another.
Pelvis. Literally, a basin. The bony cavity at the lower part of the trunk.
Pepsin (Gr. ÏÎÏÏÏ, to digest). The active principle of the gastric juice.
Pericardium (Gr. ÏεÏί, about, and καÏδία, heart). The sac enclosing the heart.
Periosteum (Gr. ÏεÏί, around, á½ÏÏÎον, a bone). A delicate fibrous membrane which invests the bones.
Peristaltic Movements (Gr. ÏεÏί, round, and ÏÏÎλλÏ, to send). The slow, wave-like movements of the stomach and intestines.
Peritoneum (Gr. ÏεÏιÏείνÏ, to stretch around). The investing membrane of the stomach, intestines, and other abdominal organs.
Perspiration (Lat. _perspiro_, to breathe through). The sweat.
Petrous (Gr. ÏÎÏÏα, a rock). The name of the hard portion of the temporal bone, in which are situated the drum of the ear and labyrinth.
Phalanges (Gr. Ïάλαγξ, a body of soldiers closely arranged in ranks and files). The bones of the fingers and toes.
Pharynx (Gr. ÏάÏμγξ, the throat). The cavity between the back of the mouth and the gullet.
Physiology (Gr. ÏÏÏιÏ, nature, and λÏγοÏ, a discourse). The science of the functions of living, organized beings.
Pia Mater (Lat.). Literally, the tender mother; the innermost of the three coverings of the brain. It is thin and delicate; hence the name.
Pinna (Lat. a feather or wing). External cartilaginous flap of the ear.
Plasma (Gr. ÏλάÏÏÏ, to mould). Anything formed or moulded. The liquid part of the blood.
Pleura (Gr. ÏÎ»ÎµÏ Ïά, the side, also a rib). A membrane covering the lung, and lining the chest.
Pleurisy. An inflammation affecting the pleura.
Pneumogastric (Gr. ÏνεÏμÏν, the lungs, and γαÏÏήÏ, the stomach). The chief nerve of respiration; also called the _vagus_, or wandering nerve.
Pneumonia. An inflammation affecting the air cells of the lungs.
Poison (Fr. _poison_). Any substance, which, when applied externally, or taken into the stomach or the blood, works such a change in the animal economy as to produce disease or death.
Pons Varolii. Bridge of Varolius. The white fibers which form a _bridge_ connecting the different parts of the brain, first described by _Varolius_.
Popliteal (Lat. _poples_, _poplitis_, the ham, the back part of the knee). The space _behind the knee joint_ is called the _popliteal_ space.
Portal Vein (Lat. _porta_, a gate). The venous trunk formed by the veins coming from the intestines. It carries the blood to the liver.
Presbyopia (Gr. ÏÏÎÏÎ²Ï Ï, old, and ὤÏ, the eye). A defect of the accommodation of the eye, caused by the hardening of the crystalline lens; the “far sight” of adults and aged persons.
Process (Lat. _procedo_, _processus_, to proceed, to go forth). Any projection from a surface; also, a method of performance; a procedure.
Pronation (Lat. _pronus_, inclined forwards). The turning of the hand with the palm downwards.
Pronator. The group of muscles which turn the hand palm downwards.
Proteids (Gr. ÏÏῶÏοÏ, first, and εἶδοÏ, form). A general term for the albuminoid constitutents of the body.
Protoplasm (Gr. ÏÏῶÏοÏ, first, and ÏλάÏÏÏ, to form). A _first-formed_ organized substance; primitive organic cell matter.
Pterygoid (Gr. ÏÏÎÏÏν, a wing, and εἶδοÏ, form, resemblance). Wing-like.
Ptomaine (Gr. ÏÏῶμα, a dead body). One of a class of animal bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of various kinds of albuminous matter.
Ptyalin (Gr. Ïίαλον, saliva). A ferment principle in _saliva_, having power to convert starch into sugar.
Pulse (Lat. _pello, pulsum_, to beat). The throbbing of an artery against the finger, occasioned by the contraction of the heart. Commonly felt at the _wrist_.
Pupil (Lat. _pupilla_). The central, round opening in the iris, through which light passes into the interior of the eye.
Pylorus (Gr. ÏÏ Î»Î¿Ï ÏÏÏ, a gatekeeper). The lower opening of the stomach, at the beginning of the small intestine.
Reflex (Lat. _reflexus_, turned back). The name given to involuntary movements produced by an excitation traveling along a sensory nerve to a center, where it is turned back or reflected along motor nerves.
Renal (Lat. _ren_, _renis_, the kidney). Pertaining to the _kidneys_.
Respiration (Lat. _respiro_, to breathe frequently). The function of breathing, comprising two acts,–_inspiration_, or breathing in, and _expiration_, or breathing out.
Retina (Lat. _rete_, a net). The innermost of the three tunics, or coats, of the eyeball, being an expansion of the optic nerve.
Rima Glottidis (Lat. _rima_, a chink or cleft). The _opening_ of the glottis.
Saccharine (Lat. _saccharum_, sugar). The group of food substances which embraces the different varieties of sugar, starch, and gum.
Saliva. The moisture, or fluids, of the mouth, secreted by the salivary glands; the spittle.
Sarcolemma (Gr. ÏάÏξ, flesh, and λÎμμα, a husk). The membrane which surrounds the contractile substance of a striped muscular fiber.
Sclerotic (Gr. ÏκληÏÏÏ, hard). The tough, fibrous, outer coat of the eyeball.
Scurvy. Scorbutus,–a disease of the general system, having prominent skin symptoms.
Sebaceous (Lat. _sebum_, fat). Resembling fat; the name of the oily secretion by which the skin is kept flexible and soft.
Secretion (Lat. _secerno_, _secretum_, to separate). The process of separating from the blood some essential, important fluid; which fluid is also called a _secretion_.
Semicircular Canals. Three canals in the internal ear.
Sensation. The perception of an external impression by the nervous system.
Serum. The clear, watery fluid which separates from the clot of the blood.
Spasm (Gr. ÏÏαÏμÏÏ, convulsion). A sudden, violent, and involuntary contraction of one or more muscles.
Special Sense. A sense by which we receive particular sensations, such as those of sight, hearing, taste, and smell.
Sputum, pi. Sputa (Lat. _spuo_, _sputum_, to _spit_). The matter which is coughed up from the air passages.
Stapes. Literally, a stirrup; one of the small bones of the middle ear.
Stimulant (Lat. _stimulo_, to prick or goad on). An agent which causes an increase of vital activity in the body or in any of its parts.
Striated (Lat. _strio_, to furnish with channels). Marked with fine lines.
Styptics (Gr. ÏÏÏ ÏÏικÏÏ astringent). Substances used to produce a contraction or shrinking of living tissues.
Subclavian Vein (Lat. _sub_, under, and _clavis_, a key). The great vein bringing back the blood from the arm and side of the head; so called because it is situated underneath the _clavicle_, or collar bone.
Superior Vena Cava (Lat., upper hollow vein). The great vein of the upper part of the body.
Suture (Lat. _sutura_, a seam). The union of certain bones of the skull by the interlocking of jagged edges.
Sympathetic System of Nerves. A double chain of nervous ganglia, situated chiefly in front of, and on each side of, the spinal column.
Symptom (Gr. ÏÏν, with, and ÏίÏÏÏ, to fall). A sign or token of disease.
Synovial (Gr. ÏÏν, with, and á½ Ïν, an egg). The liquid which lubricates the joints; joint-oil. It resembles the white of a raw egg.
System. A number of different organs, of similar structures, distributed throughout the body and performing similar functions.
Systemic. Belonging to the system, or body, as a whole.
Systole (Gr. ÏÏ ÏÏÎλλÏ, to contract). The contraction of the heart, by which the blood is expelled from that organ.
Tactile (Lat. _tactus_, touch). Relating to the sense of touch.
Tartar. A hard crust which forms on the teeth, and is composed of salivary mucus, animal matter, and a compound of lime.
Temporal (Lat. _tempus_, time, and _tempora_, the temples). Pertaining to the temples; so called because the hair begins to turn white with age in that portion of the scalp.
Tendon (Lat. _tendo_, to stretch). The white, fibrous cord, or band, by which a muscle is attached to a bone; a sinew.
Tetanus (Gr. ÏείνÏ, to stretch). A disease marked by persistent contractions of all or some of the voluntary muscles; those of the jaw are sometimes solely affected; the disorder is then termed lockjaw.
Thorax (Gr. θÏÏαξ, a breast-plate). The upper cavity of the trunk of the body, containing the lungs, heart, etc.; the chest.
Thyroid (Gr. Î¸Ï ÏÎοÏ, a shield, and εἶδοÏ, form). The largest of the cartilages of the larynx: its projection in front is called “Adam’s Apple.”
Tissue. Any substance or texture in the body formed of various elements, such as cells, fibers, blood-vessels, etc., interwoven with each other.
Tobacco (Indian _tabaco_, the tube, or pipe, in which the Indians smoked the plant). A plant used for smoking and chewing, and in snuff.
Trachea (Gr. ÏÏαÏÏÏ, rough). The windpipe.
Tragus (Gr. ÏÏάγοÏ, a goat). The eminence in front of the opening of the ear; sometimes hairy, like a goat’s beard.
Transfusion (Lat. _transfundo_, to pour from one vessel to another). The operation of injecting blood taken from one person into the veins of another.
Trichina Spiralis. (A twisted hair). A minute species of parasite, or worm, which infests the flesh of the hog: may be introduced into the human system by eating pork not thoroughly cooked.
Trochanter (Gr. ÏÏοÏάÏ, to turn, to revolve). Name given to two projections on the upper extremities of the femur, which give attachment to the _rotator_ muscles of the thigh.
Trypsin. The ferment principle in pancreatic juice, which converts proteid material into peptones.
Tubercle (Lat. _tuber_, a bunch). A pimple, swelling, or tumor. A morbid product occurring in certain lung diseases.
Tuberosity (Lat. _tuber, tuberis_, a swelling). A protuberance.
Turbinated (Lat. _turbinatus_, from _turbo, turbinis_, a top). Formed like a _top_; a name given to the bones in the outer wall of the nasal fossæ.
Tympanum (Gr. ÏÏμÏανον, a drum). The cavity of the middle ear, resembling a drum in being closed by two membranes.
Umbilicus (Lat., the navel.) A round cicatrix or scar in the median line of the abdomen.
Urea (Lat. _urina_, urine). Chief solid constitutent of _urine_. Nitrogenous product of tissue decomposition.
Ureter (Gr. οá½ÏÎÏ, to pass urine). The tube through which the _urine_ is conveyed from the kidneys to the bladder.
Uvula (Lat. _uva_, a grape). The small, pendulous body attached to the back part of the palate.
Vaccine Virus (Lat. _vacca_, a cow, and _virus_, poison). The material derived from heifers for the purpose of vaccination,–the great preventive of smallpox.
Valvulae Conniventes. A name given to transverse folds of the mucous membrane in the small intestine.
Varicose (Lat. _varix_, a dilated vein). A distended or enlarged vein.
Vascular (Lat. _vasculum_, a little vessel). Pertaining to or possessing blood or lymph vessels.
Vaso-motor (Lat. _vas_, a vessel, and _moveo, motum_, to move). Causing _motion_ to the _vessels_. Vaso-motor nerves cause contraction and relaxation of the blood-vessels.
Venæ Cavæ, pl. of Vena Cava. “Hollow veins.” A name given to the two great veins of the body which meet at the right auricle of the heart
Venous (Lat. _vena_, a vein). Pertaining to, or contained within, a vein.
Ventilation. The introduction of fresh air into a room or building in such a manner as to keep the air within it in a pure condition.
Ventral (Lat. _venter, ventris_, the belly). Belonging to the abdominal or belly cavity.
Ventricles of the Heart. The two largest cavities of the heart.
Vermiform (Lat. _vermis_, a worm, and _forma_, form). Worm-shaped.
Vertebral Column (Lat. _vertebra_, a joint). The backbone; also called the spinal column and spine.
Vestibule. A portion of the internal ear, communicating with the semicircular canals and the cochlea, so called from its fancied resemblance to the vestibule, or porch, of a house.
Villi (Lat. _villus_, shaggy hair). Minute, thread-like projections upon the internal surface of the small intestine, giving it a velvety appearance.
Virus (Lat., poison). Foul matter of an ulcer; poison.
Vital Knot. A part of the medulla oblongata, the destruction of which causes instant death.
Vitreous (Lat. _vitrum_, glass). Having the appearance of glass; applied to the humor occupying the largest part of the cavity of the eyeball.
Vivisection (Lat. _vivus_, alive, and _seco_, to cut). The practice of operating upon living animals, for the purpose of studying some physiological process.
Vocal Cords. Two elastic bands or ridges situated in the larynx; the essential parts of the organ of voice.
Zygoma (Gr. Î¶Ï Î³ÏÏ, a yoke). The arch formed by the malar bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.
Index.
Absorption
from mouth and stomach
by the intestines
Accident and emergencies
Achilles, Tendon of
Air, made impure by breathing
Foul, effect of, on health
Alcohol, Effect of, on bones
Effect of, on muscles
Effect of, on muscular tissue
Effect of, on physical culture
Nature of
Effects of, on human system
and digestion
Effect of, on the stomach
and the gastric juice
Final results on digestion
Effects of, on the liver
Fatty degeneration due to
Effect of, on the circulation
Effect of, on the heart
Effect of, on the blood-vessels
Effect of, on the lungs
Other results of, on lungs
Effect of, on disease
Effect of, on kidneys
Alcohol
as cause of Bright’s disease
and the brain
How, injures the brain
Why brain suffers from
the enemy of brain work
Other physical results of
Diseases produced by
Mental and moral ruin by
Evil results of, inherited
Effect of, on taste
Effect of, on the eye
Effect of, on throat and voice
Alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic fermentation and Bacteria Anabolism defined
Anatomy defined
Antidotes for poisons
Antiseptics
Apparatus, Question of
Arm, Upper
Arteries
Astigmatism
Asphyxia
Atlas and axis
Atmosphere, how made impure
Bacteria, Nature of
Bacteria, Struggle for existence of Importance of, in Nature
Action of
Battle against
Baths and bathing
Bathing, Rules and precautions
Bicycling
Bile
Biology defined
Bladder
Bleeding, from stomach
from lungs
from nose
How to stop
Blood, Circulation of
Physical properties of
corpuscles
Coagulation of
General plan of circulation
Blood-vessels, Nervous control of
connected with heart
Effect of alcohol on
Injuries to
Bodies, living, Characters of
Body, General plan of
Bone, Chemical composition of
Physical properties of
Microscopic structure of
Bones, uses of, The
Kinds of
in infancy and childhood
positions at school
in after life
Broken
broken, Treatment for
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Breathing, Movements of
Breathing, Mechanism of
Varieties of
Nervous control of
change in the air
Air, made impure by
Brain, as a whole
Membranes of
as a reflex center
Effects of alcohol on
Brain center, Functions of, in perception of impressions Bright’s disease caused by alcohol
Bronchial tubes
Burns or scalds
Capillaries
Carbohydrates
Carpus
Cartilage
Hyaline
White fibro-
Yellow fibro-
Thyroid
Arytenoid
Cricoid
Cells
and the human organism
Kinds of
Vital properties of
Epithelial
Nerve
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Chemical compounds in the body
Chloral
Chyle
Chyme
Cilia of air passages
Circulation
General plan of
Portal
Pulmonic
Systemic
Effect of alcohol on
Clavicle
Cleanliness, Necessity for
Clothing, Use of
Material used for
Suggestions for use of
Effects of tight-fitting
Miscellaneous hints on use of
Catching, on fire
Coagulation of blood
Cocaine, ether, and chloroform
Cochlea of ear
Cocoa
Coffee
Colon
Color-blindness
Complemental air
Compounds, Chemical
Organic
Condiments
Conjunctiva
Connective tissue
Consonants
Contagious diseases
Contraction, Object of
Contusions and bruises
Convulsions
Cooking
Coughing
Cornea
Corpuscles, Blood
Red
Colorless
Corti, Organ of
Cranial Nerves
Cranium, Bones of
Crying
Crystalline lens
Cuticle
Cutis vera, or true skin
Degeneration, Fatty, due to alcohol
Deglutition, or swallowing
Deodorants
Diet, Important articles of
Effect of occupation on
Too generous
Effect of climate on
Digestion, Purpose of
General plan of
in small intestines
in large intestines
Effect of alcohol on
Disease, Effect of alcoholics upon
Diseases, infectious and contagious, Management of Care of
Hints on nursing
Disinfectants
Air and water as
How to use
Dislocations
Dogs, mad, Bites of
Drowning, Apparent
Methods of treating
Sylvester method
Marshall Hall method
Duct, Hepatic
Cystic
Common bile
Thoracic
Nasal
Duodenum
Dura mater
Ear, External
Middle
Bones of the
Internal
Practical hints on care of
Foreign bodies in
Eating, Practical points about
Eggs as food
Elements, Chemical, in the body
Epidermis, or cuticle
Epiglottis
Epithelium
Squamous
Columnar
Glandular
Ciliated
Epithelial tissues, Functions of
Erect position
Ethmoid bone
Eustachian tube
Excretion
Exercise, Physical
Importance of
Effect of, on muscles
Effect of, on important organs
Effect of, on personal appearance
Effect of excessive
Amount of, required
Time for
Physical, in school
Practical points about
Effect of alcohol and tobacco on
Experiments, Limitations of
Value of
Eye
Inner structure of
Compared to camera
Refractive media of
Movements of
Foreign bodies in
Practical hints on care of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Eyeball, Coats of
Eyelids and eyebrows
Eyesight in schools
Face
Bones of the
Fainting
Fats
and oils
Femur
Fibrin
Fibula
Fish as food
Food and drink
Food, why we need it
Absorption of, by the blood
Quantity of, as affected by age
Kinds of, required
Foods, Classification of
Nitrogenous
Proteid
Saline or mineral
Vegetable
Proteid vegetable
Non-proteid vegetable
Non-proteid animal
Table of
Food materials, Table of
Composition of
Foot
Foul air, Effect of, on health
Frontal bone
Frost bites
Fruits as food
Gall bladder
Garden vegetables
Gastric glands
Gastric juice, Effect of alcohol on Glands
Mesenteric
Lymphatic
Ductless
Thyroid
Thymus
Suprarenal
Lacrymal
Glottis
Hair
Structure of
Hair and nails, Care of
Hall, Marshall, method for apparent drowning Hand
Haversian canals
Head and spine, how joined
Head, Bones of
Hearing, Sense of
Mechanism of
Effect of tobacco on
Heart
Valves of
General plan of blood-vessels connected with Rhythmic action of
Impulse and sounds of
Nervous control of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Heat, Animal
Sources of
Hiccough
Hip bones
Histology defined
Humerus
Hygiene defined
Hyoid bone
Hypermetropia
Ileum
Injured, Prompt aid to
Insalivation
Intestine, Small
Coats of small
Large
Intoxicants, Physical results of
Iris of the eye
Jejunum
Joints
Imperfect
Perfect
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
Katabolism defined
Kidneys
Structure of
Function of
Action if, how modified
Effect of alcohol on
Kidneys and skin
Lacrymal apparatus
gland
Lacteals
Landmarks, Bony
Muscular
heart
arteries
Larynx
Laughing
Lens, Crystalline
Levers in the body
Life, The process of
Ligaments
Limbs, Upper
Lower
Liver
Minute structure of
Blood supply of
Functions of
Effect of alcohol on
Lungs
Minute structure of
Capacity of
Effect of alcohol on
Bleeding from
Lymph
Lymphatics
Mad dogs, Bites of
Malar bone
Mastication
Maxillary, Superior
Inferior
Meals, Hints about
Meats as food
Medulla oblongata
Membrane, Synovial
Serous
Arachnoid
Membranes, Brain
Mesentery
Metabolism defined
Metacarpal bones
Metatarsal bones
Microscope, Use of
Milk
Mineral foods
Morphology defined
Motion in animals
Mouth
Movement, Mechanism of
Muscles, Kinds of
voluntary, Structure of
involuntary, Structure of
Arrangement of
Important
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Review analysis of
Rest for
Muscular tissue, Effect of alcohol on Changes in
Properties of
activity
contraction
fatigue
sense
Myopia
Nails
Care of
Nasal bones
Nerve cells
fibers
cells and fibers, Function of
Nerves, Cranial
Spinal
Motor
Sensory
spinal, Functions of
Nervous system, General view of
compared to telegraph system
Divisions of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Nitrogenous foods.
Non-proteid vegetable foods
animal foods
Nose, Bleeding from
Foreign bodies in
Occipital bone
Åsophagus
Opium
Poisonous effects of
In patent medicines
Victim of the, habit
Organic compounds
Outdoor games
Oxidation
Pain, Sense of
Palate bones
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice
Parietal bones
Patella
Pepsin
Pericardium
Periosteum
Peritoneum
Phalanges
Pharynx and Åsophagus
Physical exercise
Physical education in school
Physical exercises in school
Physiology defined
Study of
what it should teach
Main problems of, briefly stated.
Physiological knowledge, Value of
Pia mater
Pneumogastric nerve
Poisons
Poisons, Table of
Antidotes for
Practical points about
Poisoning, Treatment of
Portal circulation
Portal vein
Presbyopia
Pressure, Where to apply
Proteids
Proteid vegetable foods
Protoplasm
Pulmonary artery
veins
Pulmonary infection
Pulse
Pupil of the eye
Radius
Receptaculum chyli
Rectum
Reflex centers
in the brain
Reflex action, Importance of
Renal secretion
Residual air
Respiration, Nature and object of
Nervous control of
Effect of, on the blood
Effect of, on the air
Modified movements of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
artificial, Methods of
Rest, for the muscles
Need of
Benefits of
The Sabbath, a day of
of mind and body
Retina
Ribs and sternum
Saline or mineral foods
Saliva
Salt as food
Salts, Inorganic, in the body
Scalds or burns
Scapula
School, Physical education in
Positions at
School and physical education
Secretion
Semicircular canals
Sensations, General
Sensation, Conditions of
Sense, Organs of
Sense organ, The essentials of
Serous membranes
Sick-room, Arrangement of
Ventilation of
Hints for
Rules for
Sighing
Sight, Sense of
Skating, swimming, and rowing
Skeleton
Review analysis of
Skeleton and manikin, Use of
Skin, The
regulating temperature
Action of, how modified
Absorbent powers of
and the kidneys
Skull
Sutures of
Sleep, a periodical rest
Effect of, on bodily functions
Amount of, required
Practical rules about
Smell
Sense of
Sneezing
Snoring
Sobbing
Special senses
Speech
Sphenoid bone
Spinal column
Spinal cord
Structure of
Functions of
conductor of impulses
as a reflex center
Spinal nerves
Functions of
Spleen
Sprains and dislocations
Stammering
Starches and sugars
Sternum
Stomach
Coats of
Digestion in
Effect of alcohol on
Bleeding from
Strabismus
Stuttering
Sunstroke
Supplemental air
Suprarenal capsules
Sutures of skull
Sweat glands
Sweat, Nature of
Sylvester method for apparent drowning Sympathetic system
Functions of
Synovial membrane
sheaths and sacs
Taste, Organ of
Sense of
Taste, Physiological conditions of
Modifications of the sense
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Tea
Tear gland and tear passages
Tears
Technical terms defined
Teeth
Development of
Structure of
Proper care of
Hints about saving
Temperature, Regulation of bodily
Skin as a regulator of
Voluntary regulation of
Sense of
Temporal bones
Tendon of Achilles
Tendons
Thigh
Thoracic duct
Throat
Care of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Foreign bodies in
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
Tibia
Tidal air
Tissue, White fibrous
Connective
Yellow elastic
Areolar
Adipose
Adenoid
Muscular
Tissues, Epithelial
Tissues, epithelial, Varieties of
Functions of
Connective
Tobacco, Effect of, on bones
Effect of, on muscles
Effect of, on physical culture
Effect of, on digestion
Effect of, on the heart
Effect of, on the lungs
Effect of, on the nervous system
Effect of, on the mind
Effect of, on the character
Effect of, on taste
Effect of, on hearing
Effect of, on throat and voice
Touch, Organ of
Sense of
Trachea
Trunk, Bones of
Tympanum, Cavity of
Ulna
Urine
Valve, Mitral
Valves of the heart
Valves, Tricuspid
Semilunar
Vegetable foods
Veins
Ventilation
Conditions of efficient
of sick-room
Vestibule of ear
Vermiform appendix
Vision, Common defects of
Effect of tobacco on
Vivisection and dissection
Vocal cords
Voice, Mechanism of
Factors in the production of
Care of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on