Beowulf (page 6)

feor-cȳð, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa dēah, _foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839.

feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flÇ£sce bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, _life expelled the strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve his life_, 2857; feorh ālegde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, Ç£r hē feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, _tore away her life_, 2142; oð þæt hÄ«e forlÇ£ddan tō þām lindplegan swÇ£se gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, _was wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; wÄ«dan feorh, as temporal acc., _through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fēore, 1294, 1549; tō wÄ«dan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on swā geongum feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. fēores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. bÅ«ton … feorum gumena, 73; frēonda fēorum, 1307.–Also, _body, corpse_: þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum (_the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (Hygelāc) _fell into the power of the Franks_, 1211. –Comp. geogoð-feorh.

feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.

feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sēoc, 2741.

feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.

feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267.

feorh-genīðla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life’s enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind), _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -genīðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genīðlan, 970; acc. sg. brÇ£gd feorh-genīðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) _pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934.

feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_: acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) bebohte frōde feorh-lege, _for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801.

feorh-lāst, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl. feorh-lāstas bær, 847.

feorh-sēoc, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821.

feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg., 2490.

feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.

feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. nō þū ymb mÄ«nes ne þearft lÄ«ces feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body_, 451.–2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386.

feormend-lēas, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah … fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, 2762.

feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257.

ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sōna hæfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fēt and folma, 745.

feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, (Grendel) _would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life’s evil, nor allay it for tribute_, 156.

feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, _when noble men afar learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fērdon folctogan feorran and nēan, _from far and from near_, 840; similarly, nēan and feorran þū nÅ« [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wÄ«g wÄ«de gesȳne … nēan and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_, 2318.–b) temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fÄ«ra feorran reccan (_since remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.

feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.

feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. mādma fela of feorwegum, _many precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37.

ge-fēon. See feohan.

fēond, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fēond on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fēonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. fēondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fēond, 699; dat. pl. fēondum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.

fēond-grāp, st. f., _foe’s clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. fēond-grāpum fæst, 637.

fēond-sceaða, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554.

fēond-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000.

fēower, num., _four_: nom. fēower bearn, 59; fēower mēaras, 2164; fēower, as substantive, 1638; acc. fēower māðmas, 1028.

fēower-tȳne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. fēowertȳne Gēata, 1642.

findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hÄ«e at Finnes-hām findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þǣr fela frēonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swā hyt weorðlÄ«cost fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ōðer fand, _found other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelÄ«cne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan Ç£rest wearð fēasceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.–b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sÄ«nne drÄ«origne fand, 2790.–c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne wer wÄ«ges bÄ«dan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt hē fyrgen-bēamas … hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þā sāwullēasne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.–d) with dependent clause: inf. nō þȳ Ç£r fēasceafte findan meahton æt þām æðelinge þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wÇ£re (_could by no means obtain it from the prince_), 2374.

on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of the earls_, 1892; pret. part. þā hēo onfunden wæs (_was discovered_), 1294.–b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þæt se beado-lēoma bÄ«tan nolde, _the stranger_ (Bēowulf) _perceived that the sword would not cut_, 1523; sōna þæt onfunde, þæt …, _immediately perceived that_…, 751; similarly, 810, 1498.

finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.

fīras, fȳras (O.H.G. firahī, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., _men_: gen. pl. fīra, 91, 2742; monegum fīra, 2002; fȳra gehwylcne lēoda mīnra, 2251; fīra fyrngeweorc, 2287.

firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fÇ£hðe, 153; fÇ£hðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen’ ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fÇ£hðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of _maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Hæðcyn’s killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.

firen-dǣd, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-dǣda, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-dǣdum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.

firen-þearf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14.

firgen-bēam, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-bēamas, 1415.

firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.

firgen-strēam, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-strēam, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel’s sea), 2129.

fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.

fīf, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. fīf nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fīfe (?), 420.

fīfel-cyn (O.N. fīfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg. fīfelcynnes eard, 104.

fīf-tȳne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fȳftȳne, 1583; gen. fīftȳna sum, 207.

fÄ«f-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fÄ«ftig wintra, 2734; gen. sē wæs fÄ«ftiges fōt-gemearces lang, 3043.–2) as adjective: acc. fÄ«ftig wintru, 2210.

flān, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flāne, 3120; as instr., 2439.

flān-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flān, bow_: dat. sg. of flān-bogan, 1434, 1745.

flǣsc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body_, 2425.

flǣsc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flǣsc-homan, 1569.

flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. hēo on flet gebēah, _fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.–2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt hÄ«e him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.

flet-ræst, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-ræste gebēag, _reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242.

flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.

flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476.

flēam, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on flēam gewand, _had turned to flight_, 1002; flēam ēowerne, 2890.

flēogan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. flēogeð, 2274.

flēon, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster flēon, 756; flēon on fenhopu, 765; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas flēah, 2226.

be-flēon, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004.

ofer-flēon, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferflēon fōtes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_ (the drake) _a foot’s breadth_, 2526.

flēotan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, _no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. sǣgenga flēat fāmigheals forð ofer ȳðe, _floated away over the waves_, 1910.

fliht. See flyht.

flitme. See un-flitme.

flÄ«tan, st. v., _to exert one’s self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part. flÄ«tende fealwe strÇ£te mēarum mÇ£ton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan … ymb sund flite, _art thou the Bēowulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507.

ofer-flītan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret. w. acc. hē þē æt sunde oferflāt (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517.

ge-flīt, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866.

floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, ūht-, wid-floga.

flota (see flēotan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan ēowerne, 294.–Comp. wÇ£g-flota.

flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, 2916.

flōd, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. flōd, 3134; ofer fealone flōd, 1951; dat. sg. tō flōde, 1889; gen. pl. flōda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flōda genipu, 2809.

flōd-ȳð, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. flōd-ȳðum, 542.

flōr, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fāgne flōr (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þā æfter flōre, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317.

flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gāres fliht, _flight of the spear_, 1766.

ge-flȳman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflȳmed, 847, 1371.

folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sūðdene folc, 464; folc and rÄ«ce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sÇ£ sÄ«de, _went with a band of warriors over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.–The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frēawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwēn, 1933.–The pl., in the sense of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.–Comp. sige-folc.

folc-āgend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl. folc-āgende, 3114.

folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.

folc-cwēn, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhþēow, 642.

folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.

folc-rǣd, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007.

folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl. him Ç£r forgeaf … folcrihta gehwylc, swā his fæder āhte, 2609.

folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.

folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fāra (_the battle-field_), 1464.

folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrōðgār are called folc-togan, 840.

fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.

fold-būend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-būend, 2275; fold-būende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-būendum, 309.

folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; fēoll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan scēatas, 96; foldan fæðm, 1394.–Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197.

fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.

folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl. þēah hÄ«e hira bēaggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the murderer of their prince_, 1103.–2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode feorh-genīðlan (acc. pl.) 2934.

folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. fēt and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. tō banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.–Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.

for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; for hlāwe, 1121.–b) _before_, coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, _had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for þǣm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, _before the noble band of warriors_, 2021.–Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of, through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhȳdum, 434; for onmēdlan, 2927, etc.–b) objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for þrēanȳdum, 833; for þrēanēdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrōfsele hrÄ«nan ne mehte fÇ£r-gripe flōdes, _on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516; lÄ«g-egesan wæg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_, 2782; for mundgripe mÄ«num, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_, 966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the stroke_, 2967; ne meahte … dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, _could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþræce māðmas bēodan, _will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage_, 385; ful-oft for lÇ£ssan lēan teohhode, _gave often reward for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458.–2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: hē hine feor forwræc for þȳ mane, 110.–3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for sunu frēogan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; nē him þæs wyrmes wÄ«g for wiht dyde, _held the drake’s fighting as nothing_, 2349.

foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: siððan … scēawedon fēondes fingras, foran Ç£ghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; þæt wæs ān foran ealdgestrēona, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þē him foran ongēan linde bÇ£ron, _bore their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365.

be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: hē … beforan gengde, _went before_, 1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.–2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in conspectu: mÇ£re māððum-sweord manige gesāwon beforan beorn beran, 1025.

ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.

forð: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: forð near ætstōp, _approached nearer_, 746; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wÄ«sade, _led him_ (Bēowulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, _forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewÄ«tað forð beran wÇ£pen and gewÇ£du, 291; hē tō forð gestōp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewāt, _the time_ (of the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; mē … forð-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; fērdon forð, _went forth_ (from Grendel’s sea), 1633; þonne hē forð scile, _when he must (go) forth_, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god … ofer ealle men forð gefremede, _carried him forth, over all men_, 1719.–2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald forð tela nÄ«we sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furðum and furðor.

forð-gerīmed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59.

forð-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future destiny_: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1751.

forð-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: hē of ealdre gewāt frōd on forð-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626.

fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: hēo fore þǣm werede spræc, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: nō mearn fore fÇ£hðe and fyrene, 136; fore fæder dÇ£dum, _because of the father’s deeds_, 2060,–Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewÄ«san, _song and music about Healfdene’s general_ (the song of Hnæf), 1065.

fore-mǣre, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, prǣclarus: superl. þæt wæs fore-mǣrost foldbūendum receda under roderum, 309.

fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, prǣpotens: nom. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee too rapidly), 970.

fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.

fore-þanc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg., 1061.

forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; hē on mōde wearð forht on ferhðe, 755.–Comp. unforht.

forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma sīð (_the first time_), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sīðe, 741, 2287; forman dōgore, 2574.

fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: hē fyrmest læg, 2078.

forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.

for-þām, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account, then_: forþām, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, _because_, 503.

fōn, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III. fēhð ōðer tō, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, 439; pret. sg. him tōgēanes fēng, _caught at him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. hē þām frætwum fēng, _received the rich adornments_ (Ongenþēow’s equipment), 2990.

be-fōn, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part. hyne sār hafað … nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; hēo æðelinga ānne hæfde fæste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm … befongen frēawrāsnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fȳre befongen, _encircled by fire_, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara lÄ«ge befangen, _encompassed by fire_, 2322.

ge-fōn, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. hē gefēng slÇ£pendne rinc, 741; gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, 1502; gefēng þā be eaxle … Gūðgēata lēod Grendles mōdor, 1538; gefēng þā fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefēng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, _hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091.

on-fōn, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes bearn … scolde fæder-æðelum onfōn, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng, _who received the ship’s lading_, 52; hlēor-bolster onfēng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman’s face_, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swēge onfēng, _the hall received the loud noise_, 1215; hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum, _he_ (Bēowulf) _at once clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749.

þurh-fōn, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping_: inf. þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, 1505.

wið-fōn, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him fæste wið-fēng, 761.

ymbe-fōn, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum, _encircled his_ (Bēowulf’s) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692.

fōt, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. fōtes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot broad_), 2526; acc. pl. fēt, 746; dat. pl. æt fōtum, _at the feet_, 500, 1167.

fōt-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043.

fōt-lāst, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fēondes fōt-lāst, 2290.

fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. næs sēo ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576.

fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: þǣr fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesīðas … fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife hafelan bÇ£ron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: hē hine feor forwræc … mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: þā ic cwōm … from fēondum, 420; Ç£ghwæðrum wæs … brōga fram ōðrum, 2566.–Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_: sægdest from his sīðe, 532; nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, 581; þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away, thence_: nō þȳ Ç£r fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from Ç£rest cwōm oruð āglÇ£cean Å«t of stāne, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock_ 2557.

fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp. sīð-fram.–2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.–Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.

ge-frægen. See frignan.

frætwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214; beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stānas, 1208; frætwe,… brēost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelāc’s collar; frætwe and fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund’s sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þām frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, 2055; frætwum, of the drake’s treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþēow’s armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela … frætwa, 37; þāra frætwa (drake’s treasure), 2795; frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134.

frætwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede frætwan, 76.

ge-frætwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum and lēafum, 96; pret. part. þā wæs hāten Heort innanweard folmum gefrætwod, 993.

ge-frÇ£ge, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. lēod-cyning … folcum gefrÇ£ge, 55; swā hyt gefrÇ£ge wæs, 2481.

ge-frǣge, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefrǣge (_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ge-frÇ£gnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle gefrÇ£gnod (of Grendel’s mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Æschere), 1334?

freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Bēowulf, 1564.–Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wÄ«g-freca; ferð-frec (adj.).

fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom sg. þæt wæs fremde þēod ēcean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.

freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwēn, of Þrȳðo, 1933(?).

fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object, fremme sē þe wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað gē nÅ« lēoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce fremman, 2500; fÇ£hðe … mÇ£rðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrÇ£d fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hÅ« þā æðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fācenstafas … þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic … mÇ£rðo fremede, 2135. –2) _to help on, to support_: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.

ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlÄ«c ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; æfter wēaspelle wyrpe gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, tō gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god … ofer ealle men forð gefremede, _placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nÅ« scealc hafað … dÇ£d gefremede, 941; absolutely, þū þē self hafast dÇ£dum gefremed, þæt …, _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_, 955.

fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf. þā (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nū sceal glēd fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fȳftȳne men, 1582.

frēcne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frēcne fȳr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo frēcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frēcne dǣde, 890; frēcne fengelād, 1360; frēcne stōwe, 1379; instr. sg. frēcnan sprǣce (_through provoking words_), 1105.

frēcne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692.

frēa, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frēa, 2286; acc. sg. frēan, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frēan, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. frēan, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. ēode … tō hire frēan sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frēan ealles, _the Lord of all_, 2795; gen. sg. frēan, 27.– Comp.: āgend-, lÄ«f-, sin-frēa.

frēa-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. frēa-drihtnes, 797.

frēa-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. frēa-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his frēa-wine, 2439.

frēa-wrāsn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm … befongen frēawrāsnum, 1452; see wrāsn.

freoðu, friðu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt … tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God’s arms_, 188; nēan and feorran þū nÅ« [friðu] hafast, 1175.–Comp. fen-freoðo.

freoðo-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522.

freoðo-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.

freoðo-wǣr, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.

freoðo-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.

frēo-burh, st. f., = frēa-burg (?), _ruler’s castle_ (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. frēoburh, 694.

frēod, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, _was no longer time to seek for friendship_, 2557; –_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic þē sceal mÄ«ne gelÇ£stan frēode (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.

frēo-dryhten (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, 2628.

frēogan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten … ferhðum frēoge, 3178; inf. nÅ« ic þec … mē for sunu wylle frēogan on ferhðe, 949.

frēo-līc, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. frēolīc wīf, 616; frēolīcu folc-cwēn, 642.

frēond, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. frēond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. frēondum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. frēonda, 1307, 1839.

frēond-laðu, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewægned, 1193.

frēond-lār, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. frēond-lārum, 2378.

frēond-līce, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. frēond-līcor, 1028.

frēond-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. frēond-scipe fæstne, 2070.

frēo-wine, st. m. (see frēawine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-wine folca! 430.

fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan sīnne geseldan fægre fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_ (having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation was alternate), 2107.

ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syððan hÄ«e ge-fricgeað frēan Å«serne ealdorlēasne, _when they learn that our lord is dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þæt gefricge, þæt…, 1827; pl. syððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, 2890.

friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_: inf. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2557.

friðo-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the queen (see freoðo–webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018.

frignan, fringan, frÄ«nan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frÄ«n þū æfter sÇ£lum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic þæs wine Deniga frÄ«nan wille … ymb þīnne sīð, 351; pret. sg. frægn, 236, 332; frægn gif …, _asked whether_ …, 1320.

ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frÄ«nan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn Grendles dÇ£da, 194; nō ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þā ic wÄ«de gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrægen ic þā mÇ£gðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebÇ£ran, _I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē þēodcyninga þrym gefrÅ«non, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne gefrÅ«non hringas dÇ£lan, 1970; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ærn micel (_greater_) … þone yldo bearn Ç£fre gefrÅ«non, 70; pret. part. hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrÅ«nen, 2953; hæfdon gefrÅ«nen þæt…, _had learned that_ …, 695; hæfde gefrÅ«nen hwanan sÄ«o fÇ£hð ārās, 2404; healsbēaga mÇ£st þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197.

from, See fram.

frōd, adj.: 1) Ç£tate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frōd, 2626, 2951; frōd cyning, 1307, 2210; frōd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frōd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frōda, 2929; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (_the laying down of my old life_), 2801; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.–2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced, wise_: nom. sg. frōd, 1367; frōd and gōd, 279; on mōde frōd, 1845.–Comp.: in-, un-frōd.

frōfor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frōfor, 2942; acc. sg. frōfre, 7, 974; fyrena frōfre, 629; frōfre and fultum, 1274; frōfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tō frōfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frōfre, 185.

fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg. wæs se fruma egeslÄ«c lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sāre geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bēowulf_), 2310.–2) _he who stands first, prince_; in comp. dÇ£d-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wÄ«g-fruma.

frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nū ic ēower sceal frumcyn witan, 252.

frum-gār, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgāre (of Bēowulf), 2857.

frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his birth, 45.

fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelīcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] tō gamene, 2942.

ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. sē wæs innan full wrÇ£tta and wÄ«ra, 2413.–Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.

ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.

ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer ȳða ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, 1170.–Comp.: medo-, sele-full.

fullǣstian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic þē fullǣstu, 2669.

fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frōfor (frōfre) and fultum, 699, 1274; mægenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.–Comp. mægen-fultum.

fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. wē fundiað Higelāc sēcan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.

furðum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_: þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed the government), 465; þā hÄ«e tō sele furðum … gangan cwōmon, 323; ic þǣr furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, 2010;–_before, previously_: ic þē sceal mÄ«ne gelÇ£stan frēode, swā wit furðum sprÇ£con, 1708.

furður, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007.

fÅ«s, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nÅ« ic eom sīðes fÅ«s, 1476; lēofra manna fÅ«s, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sūðan fÅ«s, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fÅ«s ofer fÇ£gum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft … feðer-gearwum fÅ«s, 3120; nom. pl. wÇ£ron … eft to lēodum fÅ«se tō farenne, 1806.–Sometimes fÅ«s means _ready for death_, moribundus: fÅ«s and fÇ£ge, 1242.–Comp.: hin-, Å«t-fÅ«s.

fūs-līc, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð, 1425; fyrd-searo fūs-līc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūs-līcu, 232.

fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð, _that he came to a fall, fell_, 1545.–Comp. hrā-fyl.

fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in comp. æl-fylce.

ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fāne gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. fēond gefyldan, _they had slain the enemy_, 2707.

ā-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan wæs frēondum āfylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019.

fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrÇ£gnod, 1334; gen. sg. næs hÄ«e þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon, 562; fylle gefÇ£gon, 1015.–Comp.: wæl-, wist-fyllo.

fyl-wērig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wērigne, 963.

fyr. See feor.

fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance, 378.

fȳras. See fīras.

fyren. See firen.

fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.–Comp. hard-fyrde.–Leo.

fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874

fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505.

fyrd-hrægl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528.

fyrd-hwæt, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477.

fyrd-lēoð, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song fūslīc f[yrd]leoð, 1425.

fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fūslīc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, 232.

fyrd-wyrðe, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), 1317.

ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part. ār wæs on ofoste, eftsīðes georn, frætwum gefyrðred, _he was hurried forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Bēowulf), 2785.

fyrmest. See forma.

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old times_), 1452.

fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fīra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.

fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. ōr fyrn-gewinnes (_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690.

fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.

fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years_: dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan, of Æschere, 2124.

fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. næs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht …, 134; fyrst forð gewāt, _the time_ (of going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fÄ«f nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þȳ fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp …, _within the fixed time_, 76.

fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.

ge-fȳsan (fūs), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefȳsed flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fȳre gefȳsed, _provided with fire_, 2310; þā wæs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefȳsed sæcce tō sēceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_, 631.

fȳr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fȳre, 2220; as instr. fȳre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fȳres fæðm, 185; fȳres feng, 1765.– Comp.: ād-, bÇ£l-, heaðu-, wæl-fȳr.

fȳr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru … fȳr-bendum fæst, 723.

fȳr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690.

fȳr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl. (eoforlīc) fāh and fȳr-heard, 305.

fȳr-lēoht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517.

fȳr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm … fȳrwylmum fāh, 2672.

G

galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-lēoð gæleð, 2461; inf. gryre-lēoð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, _heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433.

ā-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmǣl āgōl grǣdig gūðlēoð, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head_, 1522.

gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11.

gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen glēobēames, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and glēodrēam, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.–Comp. heal-gamen.

gamen-wāð, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society_: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, 855.

gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þǣr wæs … gomenwudu grēted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, 2109.

gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years, gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þām gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.–Also, _late, belonging to former time_: gen. pl. gomelra lāfe (_legacy_), 2037.–Of things, _old, from old times_: nom. sg. sweord … gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.

gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609.

gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte … ganges ge-twÇ£man, _could not keep him from going_, 969.–2) _step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fēran Grendles māgan gang scēawigan, 1392.–Comp. in-gang.

be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer flōda begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flōda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong, 2368.

gangan. See under gān.

ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bæð (i.e. the sea), 1862.

gād, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bið þē wilna gād (_thou shalt have no lack of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950.

gān, _expanded_ = gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā hÄ«o scel, 455; gǣð eft … tō medo, 605; þonne hē … on flett gǣð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, _let him go whither he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. gā nÅ« tō setle, 1783; nÅ« þū lungre geong, hord scēawian, under hārne stān, 2744; inf. in gān, _to go in_, 386, 1645 ‘forð gān, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; þat hÄ«e him tō mihton gegnum gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; tō sele … gangan cwōmon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nÅ« gē mōton gangan … Hrōðgār gesēon, 395; þā cōm of mōre … Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going) from the fen_, 712; ongēan gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war_, 1035; cwōm … tō hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tō, _let us go thither_, 2649.–As preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gÄ«ong: hē tō healle gēong, 926; similarly, 2019; sē þe on orde gēong, _who went at the head, went in front, _3126; on innan gÄ«ong, _went in_, 2215; hē … gÄ«ong tō þæs þe hē eorðsele ānne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, _2410; þā se æðeling, gÄ«ong, þæt hē bÄ« wealle gesæt, _then went the prince_ (Bēowulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.–2) gang: tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þā æfter flōre, _went along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.–3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): hē … beforan gengde …, wong scēawian, _went in front to inspect the fields_, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.–4) from another stem, ēode (Goth. iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], _went towards the door of the hall_, 390; ēode Wealhþēow forð, _went forth_, 613; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 641; ēode yrremōd, _went with angry feeling_, 727; ēode … tō sele, 919; similarly, 1233; ēode … þǣr se snottra bād, 1313; ēode weorð Denum æðeling tō yppan, _the prince_ (Bēowulf), _honored by the Danes, went to the high seat_, 1815; ēode … under inwit-hrōf, 3124; pl. þǣr swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, 493; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, _went to meet him_, 1627; ēodon under Earna næs, 3032.

ā-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. swā bit āgangen wearð eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235.

full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. þonne … sceft nytte hēold, feðer-gearwum fÅ«s flāne full-ēode, _when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120.

ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his mōdor … gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, 1278; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, _who dared to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mÇ£ges scyld elne geēode, _went quickly under his kinsman’s shield_, 2677; pl. elne geēodon tō þæs þe …, _went quickly thither where_ …, 1968; pret. part. syððan hÄ«e tō-gædre gegān hæfdon, _when they_ (WÄ«glāf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823; þā wæs endedæg gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning … swealt, 3037.–2) _to obtain, to reach_: inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne gumena Ç£nigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geēodon … þæt se byrnwÄ«ga bÅ«gan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde … gegongen þæt, _had attained it, that_ …, 894; hord ys gescēawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.–3) _to occur, to happen_: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt …, _if that happen, that_ …, 1847; pret. sg. þæt geÄ«ode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlæmmum, _it happened in later times to the warriors_ (the Gēatas), 2201; pret. part. þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlÄ«ce þæt, _then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that_ …, 2822.

oð-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. oð þæt hÄ« oðēodon … in Hrefnesholt, 2935.

ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. oferēode þā æðelinga bearn stēap stān-hliðo, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960.

ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors_, 621.

gār, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gāre, 1076; blōdigan gāre, 2441; gen. sg. gāres fliht, 1766; nom. pl. gāras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).–Comp.: bon-, frum-gār.

gār-cēne, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959.

gār-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gār-cwealm gumena, 2044.

gār-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.

gār-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on gār-secg, 49, 537; ofer gār-secg, 515.

gār-wiga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum gār-wigan, of Wīglāf, 2675, 2812.

gār-wīgend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl. gār-wīgend, 2642.

gāst, gÇ£st, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gāst (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gāstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta (Grendel’s race), 1358; gÇ£sta gÄ«frost (_flames consuming corpses_), 1124.–Comp.: ellor-, geō-sceaft-gāst; ellen-, wæl-gÇ£st.

gāst-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gāst-bona, 177.

gædeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_: gen. sg. gædelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gædelingum, 2950.

æt-gædere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ætgædere, 329, 387, 730, 1064.

tō-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631.

gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-lÄ«cne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.–Comp.: fēðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).

gæst-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_: acc. sg., 995.

gē, conj., _and_, 1341; gē … gē …, _as well … as …_, 1865; gē … gē …, gē …, 1249; gē swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259.

gē, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of þū, 237, 245, etc.

gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, 367.

gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, tō, ofer, giving the direction: þæt hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go thither_), 314; gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, _away over the dark moor_, 1405.

gehðu, geohðu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. giohðo mǣnde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.

gēn (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn, þæt …, _it was not then long before_ …, 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; nō þȳ Ç£r Å«t þā gēn … gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150; þā gēn, _then again_, 2678, 2703; swā hē nÅ« gēn dēð, _as he still does_, 2860; furður gēn, _further still, besides_, 3007; nÅ« gēn, _now again_, 3169; ne gēn, _no more, no farther_: ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, _that was no more fate_ (fate no longer willed that), 735.

gēna, _still_: cwico wæs þā gēna, _was still living_, 3094.

genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.

gengde. See gān(3).

genge. See ūð-genge.

gēnunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872.

gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.–2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewÇ£dum (_dressed himself in the armor_), 1442.

ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode ād … unwāclÄ«cne, 3138; pret. part. glōf … eall gegyrwed dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum, 2088.–2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. cēol gegyrwan hilde-wÇ£pnum and heaðowÇ£dum, 38; hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, _had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike equipment_: pret. part. syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.–3) _to endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl … golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lāfe … golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mādmas … golde gegyrede, 1029.

gētan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941.

be-gēte, adj., _attainable_; in comp. ēð-begēte.

geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador ætsomne, 491.

on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596.

gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. bȳman gealdor, 2944.–2) _magic song, incantation, spell_: instr. sg. þonne wæs þæt yrfe … galdre bewunden (_placed under a spell_), 3053.

gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2447.

gealg-mōd, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, 1278.

gealg-trēow, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-trēowu[m], 2941.

geard, st. m., _residence_; in Bēowulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince’s residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in Finn’s castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; Ç£r hē on weg hwurfe … of geardum, _before he went away from his dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.–Comp. middan-geard.

gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished, equipped_: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mÇ£st, 77; wiht unhÇ£lo … gearo sōna wæs, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bÇ£l gearu, _was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; þēod (is) eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231; hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gūð-freca, 2415; sÄ«e sÄ«o bÇ£r gearo Ç£dre geæfned, _let the bier be made ready at once_, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.

gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: nē gē … gearwe ne wisson, _you do not know at all_ …, 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse hē gearwe þæt …, _he knew very well that_ …, 2340, 2726; þæt ic … gearo scēawige swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are_), 2749; ic wāt geare þæt …, 2657.–Comp. gearwor, _more readily, rather_, 3077.–Superl. gearwost, 716.

gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086.

gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feðer-gearwe.

geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.

geato-līc, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wīsa fengel geatolīc gengde, _passed on in a stately manner_, 1402.

geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the ornaments of the dragon’s cave_ (its treasures), 3089.–Comp.: ēored-, gryre-, gūð-, hilde-, wÄ«g-geatwe.

gēan (from gegn), adv. in

on-gēan, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: þæt hē mē ongēan slēa, 682; rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme, 748; foran ongēan, _forward towards_, 2365. With dat.: ongēan gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035.

tō-gēanes, tō-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle tōgēanes, _towards Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grāp þā tōgēanes, _she grasped at_ (Bēowulf), 1502; similarly, him tōgēanes fēng, 1543; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, _went towards him_, 1627; hēt þā gebēodan … þæt hÄ«e bÇ£l-wudu feorran feredon gōdum tōgēnes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the dead Bēowulf lay), 3115.

gēap, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced … gēap, _the roomy hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under gēapne hrōf, 837.–Comp.: horn-, sÇ£-gēap.

geār, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geāra, in adverbial sense, olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-geāra.

geār-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) geār-dagum, 1, 1355.

geofe. See gifu.

geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gēotende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.

geogoð, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.–2) contrasted with duguð, _the younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.

geoguð-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fēore, 537, 2665.

geohðo. See gehðo.

geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden bark_), 2611.

geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.

geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond þisne middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; fērdon folctogan … geond wÄ«d-wegas, _went along the ways coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, _through the hall, through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.

geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gūðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swā geongum feore, _at a so youthful age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.–Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.

georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sīðes georn, 2784.–Comp. lof-georn.

georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: þæt him wine-māgas georne hȳrdon, 66; georne truwode, 670.–_zealously, eagerly_: sōhte georne æfter grunde, _eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.–_carefully, industriously_: nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.–_completely, exactly_: comp. wiste þē geornor, 822.

geō, iū, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; giō, 2522; iū, 2460.

gēoc, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. gēoce gefremman, 2675; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 177; gēoce gelȳfde, _believed in the help_ (of Bēowulf), 609; dat. sg. tō gēoce, 1835.

gēocor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.–See Haupt’s Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.

geō-man, iū-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. iū-manna, 3053.

geō-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. īo-meowlan, 2932.

geōmor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him wæs geōmor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; mōdes geōmor, 2101; fem. þæt wæs geōmuru ides, 1076.

geōmore, adv., _sadly_, 151.

geōmor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, 3151.

geōmor-lÄ«c, adj., _sad, painful_: swā bið geōmorlÄ«c gomelum ceorle tō gebÄ«danne þæt…, _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that …_, 2445.

geōmor-mōd, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giōmor-mōd, 2268.

geōmrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. geōmrode giddum, 1119.

geō-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. geōsceaft grimme, 1235.

geōsceaft-gāst, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.

gēotan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen gēotende, 1691.

gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel.

gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. þǣr wæs … gid oft wrecen, 1066; lēoð wæs āsungen, glēomannes gyd, _the song was sung, the gleeman’s lay_, 1161; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid āwræc, 1724; gyd āwræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne hē gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.–Comp.: geōmor-, word-gid.

giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631.

gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.–2) _whether_, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.

gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).

gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bēagas geaf Denum, 1720; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, 49; pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, 64; þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince … on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan Ç£rest wearð gyfen … geongum cempan (_given in marriage_), 1949.

ā-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware … āgifan, _to give an answer_, 355; pret. sg. sōna him se frōda fæder Ōhtheres … ondslyht āgeaf (_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930.

for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him þæs lÄ«f-frēa … worold-āre forgeaf, 17; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan dōhtor (_gave in marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; hē mē lond forgeaf, _granted me land_, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rÇ£s forgeaf hilde-bille, _he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.

of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589; pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrēam ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; þæt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, _that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, 2252.

gifeðe, adj., _given, granted_: Gūðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt…, _to such a warrior is it granted that_…, 299; similarly, 2682; swā mē gifeðe wæs, 2492; þǣr mē gifeðe swā Ç£nig yrfeweard æfter wurde, _if an heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.–Neut. as subst.: wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð, þē þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.–Comp. un-gifeðe.

gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc. sg. ymb þā gifhealle, 839.

gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.

gif-stōl, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168.

gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift.

gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.–Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu.

gīgant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gīgantas, 113; gen. pl. gīganta, 1563, 1691.

gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).

gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; hē mid gōde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðorÇ£sas geald mēarum and māðmum, _repaid the battles with horses and treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gūðrÇ£s … Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermāðmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures_, 2992.

an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald Ç£fenræste, _one_ (Æschere) _paid for the evening-rest with death’s pain_, 1252.

ā-gildan, _to offer one’s self_: pret. sg. þā mē sÇ£l āgeald, _when the favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, þā him rÅ«m āgeald, 2691.

for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with good_, 957; inf. þone Ç£nne heht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_ (killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; hē … wolde Grendle for-gyldan gūðrÇ£sa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many attacks_, 1578; wolde se lāða lÄ«ge forgyldan drinc-fæt dȳre, _the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, _he gave them the reward therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wælhlem þone, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969.

gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. hæfde … Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelÇ£sted (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fÇ£tte bēagas, _gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; þæt ic wið þone gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrÄ«pan (_fulfil my promise of battle_), 2522.–Comp. dol-gilp.

gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. nō ic þæs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, _boasts of the murder_, 2056; inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga Ç£nig … Å«hthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, _had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, _did not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.

gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641.

gilp-hlæden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869.

gilp-sprǣc, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat. sg. on gylp-sprǣce, 982.

gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_: gen. pl. gespræc … gylp-worda sum, 676.

gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven’s jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.

gimme-rīce, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rīce hord-burh hæleða, 466.

gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide, extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552.

gin-fæst, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-fæste gife (gim-, on account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-fæstan gife, 2183.

ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in

on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret. oð þæt ān ongan fyrene fremman fēond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þā þæt sweord ongan … wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; Higelāc ongan sÄ«nne geseldan … fægre fricgean, _began with propriety to question his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlÄ«cor cuman ongunnon lindhæbbende, _no shield-bearing men e’er undertook more openly to come hither_, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mÇ£rða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, _have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409.

gist. See gæst.

gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335.

git, pron., _ye two_, dual of þū, 508, 512, 513, etc.

gīt, gȳt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957; nǣfre gīt, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513; _moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867.

gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in

be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þā hine wÄ«g beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit Ç£r on þē gōde be-geāton, _good men received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman lange begeāte, _the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people’s chief_, 2131.

for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. hē þā forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.

an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724; pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.–2) _to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold_: pres. subj. I. þæt ic Ç£rwelan … ongite, _that I may behold the ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake’s cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred … ongytan, 308, 1497; Gēata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat … grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syððan hÄ«e Hygelāces horn and bȳman gealdor ongeāton, 2945.

gÄ«fre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gÄ«fre and galgmōd, of Grendel’s mother, 1278.–Superl.: lÄ«g…, gÇ£sta gÄ«frost, 1124.–Comp. heoro-gÄ«fre.

gītsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gȳtsað, 1750.

gio-, giō-. see geo-, geō-.

gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_ (armor), 2037.

glæd, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. bēo wið Gēatas glæd, 1174; acc. sg. glædne Hrōðgār, 864; glædne Hrōðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frōdan, 2026.

glæde, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58.

glædnian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367.

glæd-mōd, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786.

glēd, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. glēdum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.

glēd-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg. glēd-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651.

glēaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct; in comp. un-glēaw.

glēo, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106.

glēo-bēam, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen. sg. glēo-bēames, 2264.

glēo-drēam, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and glēo-drēam, 3022.

glēo-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper_: gen. sg. glēomannes gyd, 1161.

glitinian (O.H.G. glizinōn), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf. geseah þā … gold glitinian, 2759.

glÄ«dan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glād ofer grundas, _after heaven’s gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer gārsecg, _you glided over the ocean_ (swimming), 515.

tō-glÄ«dan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret. gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow’s helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.

glōf, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glōf hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_, 2086.

gnēað, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. næs hÄ«o … tō gnēað gifa Gēata lēodum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gēatas_, 1931.

gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659.

gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme … ides gnornode, 1118.

be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon … hlāfordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord’s fall_, 3180.

god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hālig god, 381, 1554; wītig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hīe drihten god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.

gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, _wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hǣðen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake’s cave), 2277; brād gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fÇ£ttan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), _provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, _adorned with gold_, 778; golde fāhne (hrōf), _the roof shining with gold_, 928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fÇ£ttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scÄ«ran goldes, _of pure gold_, 1695. –Comp. fæt-gold.

gold-Ç£ht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749.

gold-fāh, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced … gold-fāh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fāhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls_, 995.

gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid mīnne goldgyfan, 2653.

gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.

gold-hwæt, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: næs hē goldhwæt, _he_ (Bēowulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.

gold-māðm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-māðmas (the treasures of the drake’s cave), 2415.

gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler’s hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084.

gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.

gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Gēata, 2420, 2585.

gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. gūðrinc goldwlanc (Bēowulf rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his victory), 1882.

gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.

gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.

gōd, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frōd and gōd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gōd, _the king noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum gōd, 2544; w. gen. wes þū Å«s lārena gōd, _be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gōda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gōdne, 1487; neut. gōd, 1563; dat. sg. gōdum, 3037, 3115; þǣm gōdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gōde, 2250; þā gōdan, 1164; acc. pl. gōde, 2642; dat. pl. gōdum dÇ£dum, 2179; gen. pl. gōdra gūðrinca, 2649.–Comp. Ç£r-gōd.

gōd, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gōde, 20, 957, 1185; gōde mÇ£re, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (Þrȳðo), 1953; instr. pl. gōdum, 1862.–2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nāt hē þāra gōda, 682.

gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grāpum, _in the gripe of the enemy_ (Bēowulf), 766; nom. pl. þā graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.

gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.

gram-hȳdig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg. gromhȳdig, 1750.

grāp, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grāpe, 438; on grāpe, 555; gen. sg. eal … Grendles grāpe, _all of Grendel’s claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grāpum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grāpum, _with grim claws_, 1543.–Comp.: fēond-, hilde-grāp.

grāpian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. þæt hire wið halse heard grāpode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_, 1567; hē … grāpode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086.

græs-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, _went over the grass-plot_, 1882.

grǣdig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and grǣdig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. grǣdig gūðlēoð, 1523.

grǣg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, _the ashen wood, gray above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, _gray_ (i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334.

grǣg-mǣl, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord Bēowulfes gomol and grǣgmǣl, 2683.

grǣpe. See æt-grǣpe.

grētan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine swā gōdne grētan, 347; Hrōðgār grētan, 1647, 2011; ēowic grētan hēt (_bade me bring you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grētte Gēata lēod, 626; grētte þā guma ōðerne, 653; Hrōðgār grētte, 1817.– 2) _to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstōl grētan, _take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; næs se folccyning Ç£nig … þē mec gūðwinum grētan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd … sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804; pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen) _greeted the men in the hall_, 615; nō hē mid hearme … gæstas grētte, _did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grētte, _touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt þū þone wælgÇ£st wihte ne grētte, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne grētte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þǣr wæs … gomenwudu grēted, 1066.

ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne gegrētte mēaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981; gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne … hindeman siðe, _spoke then the last time to each of the men_, 2517.–2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_: inf. sceal … manig ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð, _many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862.

grēot, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on grēote, 3169.

grēotan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. sē þe æfter sincgyfan on sefan grēoteð, _who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver_, 1343.

grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gæst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gūðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grāpum, 1543.–Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.

grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086.

grim-līc, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[re-gæst], 3042.

grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_: pret. pl. grummon, 306.

grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in

for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, _destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde lÄ«gdraca lēoda fæsten … glēdum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the people’s feasts_, 2336; þā his āgen (scyld) wæs glēdum forgrunden, _since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678.

gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe mēces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.–Comp.: fÇ£r-, mund-, nīð-gripe.

grīma, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.

grīm-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grīm-helmas, 334.

grīpan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grāp þā tōgēanes, _then she caught at_, 1502.

for-grīpan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, 2354. wið-grīpan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. hū wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, _how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522.

grōwan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhðe grēow brēosthord blōdrēow, 1719.

grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands; _earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte … æfter grunde, _sought along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.–2) _bottom, the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. tō grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake’s cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.–Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sÇ£-grund.

grund-būend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl. grund-būendra, 1007.

grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel’s mother), 2137.

grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in þām [grund]sele, 2140.

grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake’s cave), 2772, 2589.

grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel’s mother), 1519.

gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. “retinaculum, rete grin,” Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela … grynna, 931. See gyrn.

gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hÄ«e Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, _snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swā fela gryra, 592.–Comp.: fÇ£r-, wÄ«g-gryre.

gryre-brōga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ō]g[a], 2229.

gryre-fāh, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fāhne (_the fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fȳrwylmum fāh, 2672, 2577.

gryre-gæst, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þām gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.

gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.

gryre-lēoð, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehȳrdon gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel’s cry of agony_), 787.

gryre-līc, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-līcne, 1442, 2137.

gryre-sīð, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, 1463.

guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.–Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.

gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. wē synt gumcynnes Gēata lēode, _people from the nation of the Gēatas_, 260; dat. pl. æfter gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945.

gum-cyst, st. f., _man’s excellence, man’s virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum gōdne bēaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gōd … hilde-hlemma (Bēowulf), 2544.

gum-drēam, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-drēam ofgeaf (died), 2470.

gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643.

gum-fēða, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402.

gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.

gum-stōl, st. m., _man’s seat, κατ’ ἐζωχήν, ruler’s seat, throne_: dat. sg. in gumstōle, 1953.

gūð, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. gūðe, 604; instr. sg. gūðe, 1998; dat. sg. tō (æt) gūðe, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. gūðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gūðum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. gūða, 2513, 2544.

gūð-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. gūð-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on the Danish coast_), 314.

gūð-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. gūðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gūð-billa nān, 804.

gūð-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321.

gūð-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. æfter gūð-ceare, 1259.

gūð-cræft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles gūð-cræft, 127.

gūð-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.

gūð-dēað, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250.

gūð-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wið þone gūðflogan (the drake), 2529.

gūð-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gūð-freca, of the drake, 2415.

gūð-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl. gūð-fremmendra, 246; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_ (meaning Bēowulf), 299.

gūð-gewǣde, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. gūð-gewǣdo, 227; acc. pl. -gewǣdu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewǣda, 2624.

gūð-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.

gūð-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc. þā gūð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, 395.

gūð-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488.

gūð-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433.

gūð-hrēð, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820.

gūð-lēoð, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523.

gūð-mōd, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom. pl. gūð-mōde, 306.

gūð-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. gūð-rǣsa, 1578, 2427.

gūð-rēow, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58.

gūð-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gūð-rinca, 2649.

gūð-rōf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609.

gūð-sceaða, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.

gūð-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. æfter gūð-sceare, 1214.

gūð-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat sg. in þǣm gūðsele (in Heorot), 443.

gūð-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328.

gūð-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155.

gūð-wērig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. gūð-wērigne Grendel, 1587.

gūð-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste, _who dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736.

gūð-wiga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112.

gyd. See gid.

gyfan. See gifan.

gyldan. See gildan.

gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum bēage, 1164.–Comp. eal-gylden.

gylp. See gilp.

gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-) girt warrior_, 2079.

gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776.

gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. tō gyrn-wræce, 1139; gen. sg. þā wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor, _then was Grendel’s mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119.

gyrwan. See gerwan.

gystran. See gistran.

gȳman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III. gȳmeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhȳda ne gȳm! _do not study arrogance_ (despise it), 1761.

for-gȳman, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.

gȳtsian. See gītsian.

gȳt. See gīt.

H

habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (_as I hope_), 383; þē ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic mē on hafu bord and byrnan, _have on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þū nÅ« [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað wē … micel Ç£rende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þæt hē þrÄ«ttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þæt be SÇ£-Gēatas sēlran næbben tō gecēosenne cyning Ç£nigne, _that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to choose_, 1851; imp. hafa nÅ« and geheald hÅ«sa sēlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.–2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic … ongunnen, 408; hæbbe ic … geāhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nÅ« scealc hafað dÇ£d gefremede, 940; hæfde se gōda … cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.

for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one’s self_: inf. ne meahte wÇ£fre mōd forhabban in hreðre, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast_, 1152; ne mihte þā for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610.

wið-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. þæt se wīnsele wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_, 773.

hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; nā þū mÄ«nne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; þonne wē on orlege hafelan weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwÄ«ta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.–Comp. wÄ«g-heafola.

hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. wǣpen hafenade heard be hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574.

hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264.

haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. tō hagan, 2893, 2961.

haga, w. m. See ān-haga.

hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, līc-hama, scīr-ham (adj.).

hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lāfe (swords), 2830.

hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; sÄ«o swīðre … hand, _the right hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.

hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_: dat. sg. tō hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.

hand-gemōt, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1527; nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōta, 2356.

hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.

hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.

hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.

hand-gewriðen, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl. wælbende … hand-gewriðene, 1938.

hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.

hand-rǣs, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-rǣs, 2073.

hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel’s hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.

hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen. pl. hond-wundra mǣst, 2769.

hangan. See hōn.

hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to hrōðre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer þǣm (mere) hongiað hrīmge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086.

hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lāðum dǣdum (_could not do him any harm_), 2467; pret. sg. hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode hatode and hȳnde, 2320.

hād, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. þurh hǣstne hād, _in a powerful manner_, 1336; on gesīðes hād, _in the position of follower, as follower_, 1298; on sweordes hād, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See under on.

hādor, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hādor, 414.

hādor, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwīlum sang hādor on Heorote, 497.

hādre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572.

hāl, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hāl, 300. With gen. heaðo-lāces hāl, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes … hāl, 407; dat. sg. hālan lÄ«ce, 1504.

hālig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. hālig god, 381, 1554; hālig dryhten, 687.

hām, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. hām, 1408; Hrōðgāres hām, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him hām, _betook himself home_, 1602; tō hām, 124, 374, 2993; fram hām, _at home_, 194; æt hām, _at home_, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hāmes, 2367; acc. pl. hāmas, 1128.–Comp. Finnes-hām, 1157.

hām-weorðung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. hām-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.

hār, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. hār hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, 888, 1416, 2554; hāre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. hārum hildfruman, 1679; f. on hēare hǣðe (on heaw … h … ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hāres, _of the old man_, 2989.–Comp. un-hār.

hāt, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hāt gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hātan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fȳres