Beowulf (page 5)

nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.–Comp.: frēo, freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mÇ£g-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelāc’s), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, 3101.

burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, _the bubbling of the spring_, 2547.

bÅ«an, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif hē weard onfunde bÅ«an on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, 2843.–2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld bÅ«an, _to inhabit the mead-house_, 3066.

ge-bÅ«an, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hēan hÅ«ses, hÅ« hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebÅ«n hæfdon, _how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), 117.–With the pres. part. bÅ«end are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bÅ«end.

būgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, _that the armed hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, 1014; hȳ on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.

ā-būgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.

be-būgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swā (_which_) wæter bebūgeð, 93; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige weallas, _as far as the sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.

ge-bÅ«gan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah, _sank on the floor_, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þā se wyrm gebēah snÅ«de tōsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), 2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), 2570.–b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.

bÅ«r, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bÅ«re, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. bÅ«rum, 140.–Comp. brȳd-bÅ«r.

bÅ«tan, bÅ«ton (from be and Å«tan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: bÅ«tan his lÄ«c swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: bÅ«ton hit wæs māre þonne Ç£nig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, _but it_ (the sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston bÅ«ton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom hē māðm-Ç£hta mā bÅ«ton þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone_, 1615.–2) prep, with dat., _except_: bÅ«ton folcscare, 73; bÅ«ton þē, 658; ealle bÅ«ton ānum, 706.

bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, _that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay with the lives of their friends_, 1306.

be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.

ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr Ç£nige … frōfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes fēore bēagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on bēorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., “fatum destinatum” (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hÄ«e on gebyrd hruron gāre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrūd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., 2661.

byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bǣdde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mægen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.

byrht. See _beorht_.

byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sÄ«de byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, _with gleaming mail_, 3141.–Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, Ä«ren-, Ä«sern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig.

bȳme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. bȳman gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.

bȳwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Bēowulf’s with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.–Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mÇ£re cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; HÅ«ga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.–Comp. fēðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned, _to him was a son born_, 12.–2) reflexive, _to show one’s self, to reveal one’s self_: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, _prove yourself by your strength_, 1220.

ā-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nō hÄ«e fæder cunnon, hwæðer him Ç£nig wæs Ç£r ācenned dyrnra gāsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know his_ (Grendel’s) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cēnðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697.

cēne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cēnoste, 206.–Comp.: dÇ£d-, gār-cēne.

ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsīðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;–Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one’s self_: prs. sg. III. nā ymb his lÄ«f cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.

cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sīð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf’s expeditions against Ēadgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.–Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mÇ£l-, mōd-cearu.

cear-wælm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-bÅ«end, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-bÅ«endum, of those established in Hrōðgār’s castle, 769.

cēap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe cēap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cēape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase_, 2483.

ge-cēapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrÄ«me grimme gecēapod, _gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Bēowulf’s life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, _cut off his head_, 1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, 416, 1592.

cēol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807.

cēosan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedōm cīosan wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ǣr hē bǣl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.

ge-cēosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning Ç£nigne (sēlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, _choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonīð and ēce rÇ£das), 1759; pret. hē Å«sic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking_, 2639; gecēas ēcne rÇ£d, _chose the everlasting gain_, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde … cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte … þæs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_, 2971.

ā-cīgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, 1912.–Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.

ge-cnāwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.

on-cnāwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, _distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.

cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ (Hrōðgār’s sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne … eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed_ (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þā wæs … Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, 3122.

costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, _tried me_, 2085.

cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bān-cofa.

cōl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wÄ«flufan … cōlran weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.

cræft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical strength_: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.–2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes cræfte, _with thief’s craft_, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, _by devil’s art_ (sorcery), 2089.–3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.–Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wÄ«g-cræft.

cræftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða cræftig, 1963. Comp. wÄ«g-cræftig.–2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. lagu-cræftig.–3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig.

cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, _would sink into death, would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, _fell under his shield_, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; hēo on flet gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single combat_, 2506.

cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.–Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, _if thou comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, 721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.

be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becōm, _after the night had come_, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, _that had come over the people_, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm … hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm … hāmes nÄ«osan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sÄ«o þrāg becwōm, _when this time of battle came over him_, 2884.

ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, _thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hÄ«e fēond heora … ofercōmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.–Comp. hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mÄ«nne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē … wile, _I know my gracious H., that he will_…, 1181; II. eard gÄ«t ne const, _thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, _knows no worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrÅ«nan scrīðað, _men do not know whither_…, 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, _knew him_, 372; cūðe hē duguð þēaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt…, _he himself did not know through what_…, 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hÄ«e fæder cunnon (scil. nō hÄ«e cunnon) hwæðer him Ç£nig wæs Ç£r ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.–2) with inf. following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, _could not praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior’s mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, _tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cūð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, 150, 410; wÄ«de cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strÇ£te, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.–2) _renowned_: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.–3) also, _friendly, dear, good_ (see un-cūð).–Comp.: un-, wÄ«d-cūð.

cūð-līce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. dēað-cwalu.

cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. cwehte mægen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bēore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.–b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.–c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwÇ£don, 3182.–d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.

ā-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þæt word ācwyð, _speaks the word_, 2047; pret. þæt word ācwæð, 655.

ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swā þū gecwÇ£de, 2665.–b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit þæt gecwÇ£don, 535.–c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þū Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

ā-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ǣr māne ācwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn ācwealde, 2122.

cwēn, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62; (Hrōðgār’s), 614, 924; (Finn’s), 1154.–2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mÇ£ru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn.

cwēn-līc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw (_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewræc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mÇ£ndon mondryhtnes cwealm, _lamented the ruler’s fall_, 3150.–Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, gār-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. āht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wæs þā gēna, _was still alive_, 3094.

cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.

cwīðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan … gioguðe cwīðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, _lament their cares_, 3173.

cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre cyme syndon, _whence your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.–Comp. eft-cyme.

cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gÄ«ganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mÇ£ran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; Å«sses cynnes WÇ£gmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.–Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dōm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.–Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, lēod-, sÇ£-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., “_nobly bold_” (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þā cyning … þegen betstan, _kissed the best thane_ (Bēowulf), 1871.

cyst (_choosing_, see cēosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. Ä«renna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, 1698; wÇ£pna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. Ä«rena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas … cystum cūðe, _known through excellent qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.–Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cȳð. See on-cȳð.

cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. mægen-ellen cȳð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, 1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696.

ge-cȳðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: inf. andsware gecȳðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt … (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snÅ«de gecȳðed, _the arrival of B. was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.–2) _to make celebrated_, in pret. part.: wæs mÄ«n fæder folcum gecȳðed (_my father was known to warriors_), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, 924.

cȳð (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., _home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cȳð.

ge-cȳpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. næs him Ç£nig þearf þæt hē … þurfe wyrsan wÄ«gfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, _had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior_, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (_to fight_), 2849.

ge-dāl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedāl, _his separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.–Comp. ealdor-, lÄ«f-gedāl.

dæg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; andlangne dæg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (_the whole morning_), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm dæge þysses lÄ«fes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, 2321; hwÄ«l dæges, _a day’s time, a whole day_, 1496; dæges and nihtes, _day and night_, 2270; dæges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, _in ten days_, 3161.–Comp. Ç£r-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lÇ£n-, lÄ«f-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.

dæg-hwÄ«l, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwÄ«la gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth’s pleasures during the days_ (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.–(After Grein.)

dæg-rīm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dōgera dægrīm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.

dÇ£d, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. dēorlÄ«ce dÇ£d, 585; dōmlēasan dÇ£d, 2891; frēcne dÇ£de, 890; dÇ£d, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dÇ£da, 195; gen. pl. dÇ£da, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dÇ£dum, 1228, 2437, etc.–Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dÇ£d.

dǣd-cēne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, 1646.

dǣd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dǣd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275.

dǣdla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla.

dÇ£l, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dÇ£l, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dÇ£las, 1733.–Often dÇ£l designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dÇ£l weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. BÄ«owulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dÇ£l dēaðe, forgolden, _to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dǣlan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mādmas dǣleð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, _that he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the drake), 2535; inf. hringas dǣlan, 1971; pret. bēagas dǣlde, 80; sceattas dǣlde, 1687.

be-dǣlan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dÇ£lan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); bÇ£r on innan eall gedÇ£lan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, _distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.–2) _to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedÇ£lan lÄ«f wið lÄ«ce, _separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedÇ£lde … ānra gehwylces lÄ«f wið lÄ«ce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swā hit gedēfe wæs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.–2) _good, kind, friendly_; nom sg. bēo þū suna mÄ«num dÇ£dum gedēfe, _be friendly to my son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.–Comp. un-ge-dēfelÄ«ce.

dēman (see dōm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mÇ£rðo dēme, 688.–2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, 3176.

dēmend, _judge_: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., “superbus, clarus, fretus” (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum dealle, 494.

dēad, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dēadne, 1310.

dēað, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, dēað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dēað, 2169; dat. sg. dēaðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dēaðes wylm, 2270; dēaðes nȳd, 2455.–Comp. gūð-, wæl-, wundor-dēað.

dēað-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, 2902.

dēað-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, 1713.

dēað-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.

dēað-dæg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. æfter dēað-dæge (_after his death_), 187, 886.

dēað-fǣge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) dēað-fǣge dēog, _had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.

dēað-scūa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.

dēað-wērig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dēað-wērigne, 2126. See wērig.

dēað-wÄ«c, st. n. _death’s house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwÄ«c sēon (_had died_), 1276.

dēagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one’s self, to hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, 851.–Leo.

deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa, 160.

dēofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. dēofles, 2089; gen. pl. dēofla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

dēogol, dȳgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown_: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond, _inaccessible land_, 1358.

dēop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.

dēop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. dēop wæter, 509, 1905.

dīope, adj., _deep_: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, _the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it_, 3070.

dēor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.

dēor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dÄ«or dÇ£d-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.–2) _bold, brave_: nom. nÇ£nig … dēor, 1934.–Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-dēor.

dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre Ä«ren, 2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.–2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., æðelum dÄ«ore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, 1310.

dēor-līc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585. See dēor.

disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dīgan. See ge-dȳgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-lÄ«c, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mÇ£st … dÇ£da dollÄ«cra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dōgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntÄ«d ōðres dōgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.–2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore, 1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce, 1091; dōgera dægrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), 824.–3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, _in later days, times_, 2201, 2393.–Comp. ende-dōgor.

dōgor-gerīm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.

dōhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.

dōm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, wis-dōm.–II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dōme, _according to the judgment of the Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: æfter dōme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) _court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.–III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sÄ«nne sylfes dōm, _according to his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) _might, power_: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm unlȳtel, _not a little glory_, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his dōm ālæg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) _that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, _make renown for myself_, 1492; þæt þū ne ālÇ£te dōm gedrēosan, _that thou let not honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, _here he lost his reputation_, 1471; dōme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, 1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, _the glory of the saints_, 2821.

dōm-lēas, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dōmlēasan dǣd, 2891.

dōn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.–2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bÇ£l dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde Ä«sernbyrnan, _took off the iron corselet_, 672; (þonne) him HÅ«nlāfing, … billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, _when he made a present to him of HÅ«nlāfing, the best of swords_, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, 2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wÄ«g for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he reckon as anything the drake’s fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hÄ« on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments_, 3165.–3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nÅ« gÄ«t dēð, _the creator ruled over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swā þū Ç£r dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nÅ« gȳt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hÄ«e oft Ç£r dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn’ ic þæt hē wille … Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, _I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrēðmen_, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge … þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwÄ«lum dydon, _that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, _if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44.

ge-dōn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dÇ£las, _makes the parts of the world_ (i.e. the whole world) _so subject that …_, 1733; inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, _nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan … gedōn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.

draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.–Comp.: eorð-, fȳr-, lēg-, lÄ«g-, nīð-draca.

on-drÇ£dan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to be afraid of_: inf. þæt þū him on-drÇ£dan ne þearft … aldorbealu, _needest not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, _was not afraid of the combat_, 2348.

ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757.

drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genīðlan, 2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre … drepen biteran strÇ£le, _struck in the breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), 2982.

drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drēfan, ge-drēfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewāt … drēfan dēop wæter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wæter under stōd drēorig and gedrēfed, 1418.

drēam, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. hæleða drēam, 497; acc. sg. drēam hlÅ«dne, 88; þū … drēam healdende, _thou who livest in rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedÇ£led, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; drēamum bedÇ£led, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.–Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.

drēam-lēas, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremōd, 1721.

drēogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. drēah æfter dōme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt hÄ«e Ç£r drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.–2) _to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, 1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte drēah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hÄ«e gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hÄ« sīð drugon, _made the way, went_, 1967.–3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo drēogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, _bore sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þē hÄ«e Ç£r drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

ā-drēogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079.

ge-drēogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þæt hē … gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.

drēor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. drēore, 447.–Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wæl-drēor.

drēor-fāh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.

drēorig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wæter stōd drēorig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten sÄ«nne drÄ«origne fand, 2790.–Comp. heoru-drēorig.

ge-drēosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.

drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; þǣr guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg heorð-genēatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.

drīfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē [ne] meahte on mere drīfan hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.

to-drīfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, 545.

drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, _there was no employment for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.

drūsian, w. v. (cf. drēosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drūsade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mÄ«nra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.–Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.–b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.–Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār’s warriors).

dryht-līc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent_: dryhtlīc īren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-māðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fæt, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fæt, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah, _if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þē him selfa dēah, _who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, _though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong in battle_, 526.

duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, _praised with all their might_(?), 3176.–2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; lēoda duguðe on lāst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, _the custom of the noble warriors_, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.–3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc … duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dÇ£l Ç£ghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þū dearst bÄ«dan, _darest to await_, 527; III. hē gesēcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre, _seek_ (Grendel’s mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dūfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þæt sweord gedēaf (_the sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dūfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wæter up þurh-dēaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nō hine wiht dweleð, ādl nē yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord … ecgum dyhtig, 1288.

dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hrūse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake’s cave-hall), 2321.–2) _secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, _with secret magic art_, 2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, _of malicious spirits_ (of Grendel’s kin), 1358.–Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him …æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre, _although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.

ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, _if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, _which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, _could not endure the deep without burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dȳgol. See dēogol.

dȳre. See dēore.

E

ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, _defended the entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.–_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon_: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sÄ«o ecg brÅ«n (Bēowulf’s sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;–_blade_: ecg wæs Ä«ren, 1460.–Comp.: brÅ«n-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þā þǣr sōna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. after Grendel’s mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease_, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.

edwīt-līf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, 2904.

efnan (see æfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelāc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tō efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swā sÄ«de swā, 1224; wæs se gryre lÇ£ssa efne swā micle swā, _by so much the less as …_, 1284; lēoht inne stōd efne swā … scÄ«neð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) _just as when … shines_, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce mÇ£la swylce … þearf gesÇ£lde, _just at the times at which necessity commanded it_, 1250.

efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nū efstan, _let us hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, 1494.

eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bōt eft cuman, _help come again_, 281.–2) _again, on the other side_: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing companions should be attached to him_, 22;–_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swā Ç£r, _again as formerly_, 643.–3) retro, rursus, _back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (_did not believe that he would come back_), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sīð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sīðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, 1333.

egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, _cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.–2) _terror, horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.–Comp.: glēd-, lÄ«g-, wæter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.

eges-lÄ«c, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel’s head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. þæt þē … weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.

elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.–See ylde.

eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall … elland tredan, (_shall be banished_), 3020.

ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata … eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlÄ«c ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte þām þe Ç£r his elne forlēas, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man_ (WÄ«glāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, _strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him wæs elnes þearf, 2877.–Comp. mægen-ellen.

ellen-dǣd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dǣdum, 877, 901.

ellen-gǣst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-līce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.

ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829, 1472.

ellen-rōf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rōfum, 1788.

ellen-sēoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (_the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf_), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.–b (local), elles hwÇ£r, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.

ellor-gāst, -gÇ£st, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel’s mother), 1622; ellorgÇ£st (Grendel’s mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgÇ£stas, 1350.

ellor-sīð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), _another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þēodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þēodige men, 336.

ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lÄ«fes) ende, 823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende lÄ«fgesceafta (lÄ«fes, lÇ£n-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lÄ«fes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes æt ende, 224.–2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sÄ«de rÄ«ce þæt hē his selfa ne mæg … ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.–3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.–Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-dæg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dōgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.

ende-lāf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, _art the last of our race_, 2814.

ende-lēan, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sǣta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411.

ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta Ç£r-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon’s cave), 2718; eald-enta Ç£r-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon’s cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blōdig wæl … eteð ān-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, 448; inf. Gēatena lēode … etan, 444.

þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd … þurhetone, _swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.

Ē

ēc. See ēac.

ēce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ēce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ēce eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon’s cave), 2720; gecēas ēcne rÇ£d, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ēcean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecēos ēce rÇ£das, 1761.

ēdre. See ǣdre.

ēð-begēte, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēð-begēte, _then from the young man_ (Wīglāf) _it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.

ēðe. See ēaðe.

ēðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swÇ£sne ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.–In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, _of the kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wÄ«sdōme hēold ēðel sÄ«nne, _ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.

ēðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, _estate and inherited privileges_, 2199.

ēðel-stōl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. ēðel-stōlas, 2372.

ēðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mīnre ēðeltyrf, 410.

ēðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), 617.

ēðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. sg. nÅ« sceal … eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, _now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.

ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.

ēg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

ēg-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, _in the sea-floods_, 577. See ēagor-strēam.

ēhtan (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ (Bēowulf)(?), 1513.

ēst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara and māðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor hæfde āgendes ēst Ç£r gescēawod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ (of God) _sooner_, 3076.–dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (_to present_), 2150; him wæs … wunden gold ēstum geēawed (_presented_), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum miclum fremedon, 959.

ēste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the birth_ (of such a son as Bēowulf), 946.

EA

eafoð, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, _we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwÇ£fed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god … eafeðum stēpte, _made him great through strength_, 1718.

eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.

eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.–2) in broader sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, 1036; ēode eahta sum, _went as one of eight, with seven others_, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. rÇ£d eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, _the best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.–2) _to speak with reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mÇ£st, 77; þæt hit (wÄ«gbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grāpe, _there was all together Grendel’s hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall … lissa, _all favor_, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dōgorgerÄ«mes, 2728. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō rÅ«m, wongas and wÄ«cstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlÇ£w … ealne Å«tan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wÄ«de-ferhð, _through the whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, _with all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum … manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg … gefēan habban, 2740; brÅ«c ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of all_, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend … ealle, 706; wē ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hÄ«e dēað fornam, 2237; lÄ«g ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-bÅ«endum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. āna wið eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, _has power over all_, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal þurhwōd flÇ£schoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body through and through_, 1568; hæfde … eal gefeormod fēt and folma, _had devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; sē þe eall geman gār-cwealm gumena, _who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: þēah ic eal mÇ£ge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hÄ« on beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.–The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes Å«htflogan (_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.–b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ōmig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wÄ«san, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta geweorc (_the precious things in the drake’s cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde māðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. _older_: mīn yldra mǣg, 468; yldra brōðor, 1325; oð þæt hē (Heardrēd) yldra wearð, 2379.

yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þām yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Bēowulf.

eald-fæder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870.

eald-gesīð, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many years_: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854.

eald-gestrēon, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many years_: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle gnorn þrowian, _that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone_, 2658.

eald-hlāford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stōd herestrÇ£l hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of ealdre gewāt, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwēna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.–Phrases: on aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; tō aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, 2499; āwa tō aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life’s evil_: acc. sg. þū … ondrÇ£dan ne þearft … aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð … tō aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one’s life_: dat. pl. nÇ£fre on aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum Ç£r (_in former days_), 758.

ealdor-gedāl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedāl, 806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy’s life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904.

ealdor-lēas, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15.

ealdor-lēas, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588; ealdor-lēasne, 3004.

ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār’s confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan hē (Hygelāc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wælrēaf werede, _while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-īrenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, _a wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339.

ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð … ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wǣge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowǣge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowǣge (_at the ale-carouse_), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him wæs bām … lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fÄ«fel-cynnes eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, 1130; eard gÄ«t ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; eard and eorlscipe, _prÇ£dium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, _land and the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. ēacne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel’s home was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hÄ«e wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, _costly swords, as they had rested in the earth’s bosom_, 3051.–2) also transitively, _to inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wÄ«c eardian elles hwergen, _inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one’s land, home-life_: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.

earfoð, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_: acc. pl. earfeðo, 534.

earfoð-līce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, 2304, 2935.

earfoð-þrāg, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. -þrāge, 283.

earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð (_no coward undertaken that_), 2542.

earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesæt, _supported himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, _the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, 2939.–Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, 577.

earm-bēag, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-bēaga fela searwum gesǣled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764.

earm-hrēad, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hrēade twā, 1195 (Grein’s conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-līc, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedāl earmlīc wurðan, _his end should be wretched_, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.

ĒA

ēac, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; ēc, 3132.

ēacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, _large_: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.–_great, heavy_: eald sweord ēacen, 1664; dat. pl. ēacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel’s habitation.–_great, mighty, powerful_: æðele and ēacen, of Bēowulf, 198.

ēacen-cræftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052.

ēadig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, æðeling ēadig, _be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; ēadig mon, 2471.–Comp. sige-, sigor-, tÄ«r-ēadig.

ēadig-līce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100.

ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had become easy to them_, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, _no pleasant way_, 2587; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, _no easy purchase_, 2416; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, _not easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003.

ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., _easily_. ēaðe, 478, 2292, 2765.

ēað-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138.

ēage, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of ēagum stōd lēoht unfÇ£ger, _out of his eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þæt ic … ēagum starige, _see with eyes, behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. ēagena bearhtm, 1767.

ēagor-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513.

ēa-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Gēatas): acc. sg. ēa-lond, 2335; _island_.

ēam, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882.

ēastan, adv., _from the east_, 569.

ēawan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. ēaweð … uncūðne nīð, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan.

ge-ēawan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him wæs … wunden gold ēstum ge-ēawed, _was graciously presented_, 1195.

EO

ēode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house_, 1038.–2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofoð, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.

eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer Ä«renheard, 1113.–2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave fighter_ (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne … eoferas cnysedan, _when the heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-līc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-līc scionon, 303.

eofor-sprēot, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, 1438.

eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.

eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stān, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stānas, 1209.

eorð-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.

eorð-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.

eorðe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wÄ«de geond eorðan, _far over the earth, through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.–2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles’ treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050.

eorð-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720.

eorð-scræf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.

eorð-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516.

eorð-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under eorðweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), 2958; þā mē wæs … sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, _then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon’s cave), 3091.

eorð-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.–Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestrēon, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona … hardfyrdne dÇ£l, 2245.

eorl-gewǣde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443.

eorlīc (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lāf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes (_the treasures of the dragon’s cave_) 2235.

eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.–2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.

ĒO

ēored-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867.

ēowan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See ēawan, ȳwan.

ēower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ēower sum, _that one of you_ (namely, Bēowulf), 248; fÇ£hðe ēower lēode, _the enmity of the people of you_ (of your people), 597; nis þæt ēower sīð … nefne mÄ«n ānes, 2533.–2) poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc.

F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, _that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dÇ£da gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death’s pang experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. tō hām faran, _to go home_, 124; lēton on geflÄ«t faran fealwe mēaras, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wÇ£ron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fÅ«se tō farenne, _the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, _there had_ (Grendel’s mother) _gone away over the dark fen_, 1405; sÇ£genga fōr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, 1909; (wyrm) mid bÇ£le fōr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. pl. þæt … scawan scÄ«rhame tō scipe fōron, _that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896.

gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hū se mānsceaða under fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739.

Å«t faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lēt of brēostum … word Å«t faran, _let words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552.

faroð, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge_: dat. sg. tō brimes faroðe, 28; æfter faroðe, _with the stream_, 580; æt faroðe, 1917.

faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. ād-faru.

fācen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, 1019.

fāh, fāg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (_covered with blood_), 420; blōde fāh, 935; ātertānum fāh (sc. Ä«ren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text–KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fāh (_saddle artistically ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swāte fāh, 1287; brim blōde fāh, 1595; wældrēore fāg, 1632; (draca) fȳrwylmum fāh (_because he spewed flame_), 2672; sweord fāh and fÇ£ted, 2702; blōde fāh, 2975; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, 447; goldsele fÇ£ttum fāhne, 717; on fāgne flōr treddode, _trod the shining floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrōf golde fāhne, _the roof shining with gold_, 928; nom. pl. eoforlÄ«c … fāh and fȳr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þā hilt since fāge, 1616; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, 586.–Comp. bān-, blōd-, brÅ«n-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, wæl-, wyrm-fāh.

fāh, fāg, fā, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða, 554; hē wæs fāg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fāne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fāra, 578, 1464.–2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fāg, 1264; māne fāh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-dÇ£dum fāg, 1002.–Comp. nearo-fāh.

fāmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fāmig-heals, 218; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, 1910.

fæc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lȳtel fæc, _during a short time_, 2241.

fæder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fæder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fæder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fæder, 1356; dat. sg. fæder, 2430; gen. sg. fæder, 21, 1480; of God, 188–Comp.: Ç£r, eald-fæder.

fædera, w. m., _father’s brother_ in comp. suhter-gefæderan.

fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, 912.

fæderen-mǣg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant_: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264.

fæðm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. fēondes fæð[mum], 2129.–2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. lÄ«ges fæðm, 782; acc. sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.–3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tō fæder (God’s) fæðmum, 188.–4) _power, property_: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.–Cf. sÄ«d-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.

fæðmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þæt minne lÄ«chaman … glēd fæðmie, 2653; inf. lēton flōd fæðmian frætwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fæg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. ge-fægra, 916.

fægen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, _the glad at heart_, 1634.

fæger, fÇ£ger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fÇ£ger fold-bold, 774; fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.–Comp. un-fÇ£ger.

fægere, fægre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette_: fægere geþǣgon medoful manig, 1015; þā wæs flet-sittendum fægere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelāc ongan … fægre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fær, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33.

fæst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bið se slÇ£p tō fæst, 1743; acc. sg. frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwÇ£re, 1097.–The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām (sc. on fÇ£hðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, _(held) fast in his antagonist’s clutch_, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, _fast in the forged hinges_, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. in secret), 1879.–Comp: ār-, blÇ£d-, gin-, sōð-, tÄ«r-, wÄ«s-fæst.

fæste, adv., _fæst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.–Comp. fæstor, 143.

be-fæstan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116.

fæsten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. lēoda fæsten, _the fastness of the Gēatas_ (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fæsten (Ongenþēow’s castle or fort), 2951; fæsten (Grendel’s house in the fen-sea), 104.

fæst-rǣd, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fæst-rǣdne geþōht, _firm determination_, 611.

fæt, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sīð-fæt.

fæt, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.–Comp.: bān-, drync-, māððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt.

fÇ£ge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. fÇ£ge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fÇ£ge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fÅ«s and fÇ£ge, 1242; acc. sg. fÇ£gne flÇ£sc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fÇ£gum, 2078; gen. sg. fÇ£ges, 1528.–2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fÇ£gum (_over the warriors fallen in the battle_), 3026.–Comp.: dēað-, un-fÇ£ge.

fÇ£hð (_state of hostility_, see fāh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: nom. sg. fÇ£hð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fÇ£hðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fÇ£hðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fÇ£hðe mearn (_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fÇ£hðe, 109; gen. pl. fÇ£hða gemyndig, 2690.–Comp. wæl-fÇ£hð.

fǣhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, 3000; acc. fǣhðo, 2490.

fÇ£lsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þæt ic mōte … Heorot fÇ£lsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrōðgāres … sele fÇ£lsode, 2353.

ge-fÇ£lsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde gefÇ£lsod … sele Hrōðgāres, 826; Heorot is gefÇ£lsod, 1177; wÇ£ron ȳð-gebland eal gefÇ£lsod, 1621.

fÇ£mne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fÇ£mnan, 2035; gen. sg. fÇ£mnan, 2060, both times of Hrōðgār’s daughter Frēaware.

fÇ£r, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnæf’s band by Finn’s), 1069, 2231.

fǣr-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fǣr-gripe flōdes, 1517; dat. pl. under fǣrgripum, 739.

fǣr-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wið fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

fǣringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989.

fÇ£r-nīð, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwæt mē Grendel hafað … fÇ£rnīða gefremed, 476.

fÇ£t, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele … fÇ£ttum fāhne, _shining with gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fÇ£tum befeallen (sc. wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257.

fÇ£ted, fÇ£tt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. fÇ£ttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fÇ£ttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, _covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord … fÇ£ted, 2702; acc. sg. fÇ£ted wÇ£ge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fÇ£tte scyldas, 333; fÇ£tte bēagas, 1751.

fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras fǣted-hlēore (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), 1037.

fǣt-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922.

feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120.

fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glōf … gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made of the skins of dragons_, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela … ymb Brecan sprÇ£ce, _how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.–With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tō fela micles … Denigea lēode, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncūðes fela, 877; fela lāðes, 930; fela lēofes and lāðes, 1061.–With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wÄ«fa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; worn fela māðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.–Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrōr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very warlike_, 27.

fela-mōdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -mōdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.

fēolan, st. v., _to betake one’s self into a place, to conceal one’s self_: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (in Heorot), 1282; þǣr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon’s cave), 2227.–_to fall into, undergo, endure_: searonīðas fealh, 1201.

æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh _(held him not fast enough_, 969.

fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tō fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.

fen-freoðo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.

feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fȳres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fāra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.–Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. tō fōn, 1756, and fōn tō rīce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. sg. wīsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-lād, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frēcne fengelād (_fens difficult of access_), 1360.

fen-hlið, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.

ferhð, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt …, _each of them trusted to his_ (Hunferð’s) _heart, that_ …, 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þæt mon … ferhðum frēoge, _that one … heartily love_, 3178.–Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.

ferhð-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.

ferhð-genīðla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tō scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

æt-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum ætferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē) geferian frēan Å«serne, 3108; inf. geferian … Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret. þæt hÄ« Å«t geferedon dȳre māðmas, 3131; pret. part. hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene … Gēata lēode, _men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have been brought hither_ (by ship), 361.

oð-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsōfte þonan feorh oð-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. ōðer swylc ūt offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See “Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde,” pp.45, 46.)

fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nāh hwā … fe[tige] fÇ£ted wÇ£ge, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wæs tō bÅ«re Bēowulf fetod, 1311.

ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles lāfe, _caused Hrēðel’s sword to be brought_, 2191.

ā-fēdan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. þǣr hē āfēded wæs, 694.

fēða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. fēðan, 1328, 2545.–2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_: nom. fēða eal gesæt, 1425; dat. on fēðan, 2498, 2920.–Comp. gum-fēða.

fēðe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.

fēðe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.

fēðe-gæst, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. fēðe-gestum, 1977.

fēðe-lāst, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633.

fēðe-wīg, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365.

fēl (= fēol), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fēla lāfe, _what the files have left behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033.

fēran, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres. subj. II. pl. Ç£r gē … on land Dena furður fēran, _ere you go farther into the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. fēran on frēan wÇ£re (_to die_), 27; gewiton him þā fēran (_set out upon their way_), 301; mÇ£l is mē tō fēran, 316; fēran … gang scēawigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391; wÄ«de fēran, 2262; pret. fērdon folctogan … wundor scēawian, _the princes came to see the wonder_, 840; fērdon forð, 1633.

ge-fēran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefēre lÄ«fgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. hæfde Ç£ghwæðer ende gefēred lÇ£nan lÄ«fes, _frail life’s end had both reached_, 2845.–2) _to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt …, 1222, 1856.–3) _to behave one’s self, to conduct one’s self_: pret. frēcne gefērdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692.

feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wæl-feal.

feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the ground_, 773; similarly, fēoll on foldan, 2976; fēoll on fēðan (dat. sg.), _fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu fēollon, 1043.

be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: frēondum befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm … fÇ£tum befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257.

ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. þæt se lÄ«c-homa … fÇ£ge gefealleð, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.–Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefēoll, 2101; hē eorðan gefēoll, 2835.

fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone flōd (_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe strÇ£te (with reference to 320, 917; acc. pl. lēton on geflÄ«t faran fealwe mēaras, 866.–Comp. æppel-fealo.

feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. wæs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles hēafod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him … swāt … sprong forð under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of his head_, 2968.–Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.

ge-fēa, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. þǣre fylle gefēan, _joy at the abundant repast_, 562; ic þæs ealles mæg … gefēan habban (_can rejoice at all this_), 2741.

fēa, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne fēaum ānum, _except some few_, 1082; gen. pl. fēara sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; fēara sumne, _one of a few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fēa worda cwæð, _spoke few words_, 2663, 2247.

fēa-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syððan Ç£rest wearð fēasceaft funden, 7; fēasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. fēasceaftum men, 2286; Ēadgilse … fēasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fēasceafte (the Gēatas robbed of their king, Hygelāc), 2374.

feoh, fēo, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property, treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde … feorh-bealo fēo þingian, _would not allay life’s evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, þā fÇ£hðe fēo þingode, 470; ic þē þā fÇ£hðe fēo lēanige, 1381.

ge-feohan, ge-fēon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one’s self, to rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah hē þǣre fÇ£hðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefÇ£gon, _enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast_, 1015; þēodnes gefēgon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of) _the ruler_, 1628.–b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mÇ£rðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sÇ£lāce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hæfde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_ (Grendel’s head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625.

feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg. þǣre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, _with rich gifts_, 21.

feoh-lēas, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. þæt wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442.

ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mēce þone þīn fader tō gefeohte bær, _the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049.

ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte … wÄ«g Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084.

feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.

feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis þæt feor heonon, 1362; næs him feor þanon tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is far, past_), 1702.

feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oððe) nēah, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.–b) of time: gē feor hafað fÇ£hðe gestÇ£led (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_), 1341.

Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fæstor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542.

feor-būend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. gē feor-būend, 254.