country? What treaty was made with Spain? Algiers? What was the popular feeling toward France? Why was Genet recalled? What parties now arose? Who were the leaders of each? Their views? Tell something of Randolph.
154. Who was elected second President? Tell something of Adams’s life. What were the alien and sedition laws? Why were they passed?
155. How were they received? How did the French difficulty look during this administration? How was it terminated? What reply did Pinckney make to the base offer of the French Directory? State of party feeling? Who was elected third President? Why was not Adams re-elected? What was the important event of Jefferson’s administration? Why?
156. Tell something of Jefferson’s life and character. Tell how Hamilton was killed. What became of Burr?
157. Tell something of Fulton’s invention. Of the war with Tripoli, Of Lieutenant Decatur’s exploit.
158. What difficulty now arose with England and France? What is the American doctrine? Was the impressment of seamen general?
159. What was the issue of the next political campaign? Who was elected fourth President? Views of the federalists? Give an account of Madison’s life and character. Of the battle of Tippecanoe. Effect of this Indian war. State how the breach with England widened.
160. Difficulty between the President and Little Belt. When was war declared? How long did the war last? What was the opening event of the war of 1812? Describe the surrender of Detroit.
161. The battle of Queenstown Heights. How did the naval and the land warfare compare? Describe the fight between the Constitution and Guerriere.
162. Between the Frolic and Wasp. How many prizes were captured by privateers? What are privateers?
163. Effect of these victories? Name the battles of 1812 in order. Plan of the campaign of 1813. What did the armies of the centre and north do? What did the British do? What reverse happened to a part of General Harrison’s command? Describe this rout. Tell something of Proctor’s brutality.
164. Describe the three attacks made by Proctor. In which was he successful? Describe Perry’s victory on Lake Erie.
165. What gallant exploit was performed by Perry? What issues depended on this fight? Describe the battle of the Thames. What celebrated Indian was killed? Effect of these victories? Who gained great credit?
166. Describe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. What were Lawrence’s dying words? Who used them in battle? What Indian difficulties occurred? How did General Jackson avenge the massacre of Fort Minims? Story told of Jackson?
167. What ravages were committed by Admiral Cockburn? Why was New England spared? Name the principal battles of 1813 in order. What movement was made by General Brown? What general led the advance?
168. What battles ensued? Describe the battle of Lundy’s Lane. What story is told of Colonel Miller? What battle took place in New York State? How did that happen? Describe it.
169. Describe the ravages made by the British on the Atlantic coast. Attack on Washington. On Baltimore. Result of these events. The Hartford Convention. What put an end to these fears? Why was the battle of New Orleans unnecessary?
170. Describe this battle. How did it happen that raw militia defeated English veterans?
171. Results of this war? Effect upon the federalist party? Who was elected fifth President?
172. Was Monroe a popular man? Give some account of his life and character. What was the characteristic of his administration? What was the Missouri Compromise? Cause of it?
173. Give an account of La Fayette’s visit. What territory was gained by treaty? What famous doctrine advanced by Monroe? What political changes now took place? What party was arising? Its principles? Principles of the democratic party? Champions of each party? Which party absorbed most of the old federalists? Why? Who was elected sixth President? How?
174. Give some account of the life and character of John Quincy Adams. Of his administration. Was it popular? How was the protective tariff received? Who was elected seventh President?
175. Account of the life and character of Jackson. Contrast him with John Quincy Adams. What principle did he introduce? What was the nullification ordinance? How did Jackson act?
176. How did Clay pacify? What celebrated debate took place? What is said of Calhoun? Of Clay’s patriotism? What action did Jackson take concerning the United States bank? Its effect?
177. How did speculation become rife? Give an account of the Black Hawk war. The Seminole war. What is said of Osceola? His fate?
178. Difficulty with France? How was it settled? Who were the Presidential candidates? What were their principles? Who was elected eighth President? Give an account of the life and character of Van Buren. Of the crisis of 1837.
179. Its effect on trade. Of the patriot war. Of Van Buren’s Sub-Treasury Bill, Story of the steamer Caroline.
180. What was the northeast boundary question? How was it settled? What was the Ashburton treaty? Who was elected ninth President? Who was his opponent? Give an account of the life and character of Harrison. What was the cause of his sudden death? Who succeeded him?
181. Was Tyler’s administration successful? Did he remain true to his party? What course did he take with regard to the United States Bank? Give an account of Dorr’s rebellion.
182,183. Of the anti rent difficulties. Of the Mormons. Of the origin and early history of this sect. Of the annexation of Texas. Why was this measure warmly opposed? How was the northwestern boundary question settled?
184. Who were the Presidential candidates? Give an account of Clay. Who was elected eleventh President?
185. Give an account of the life of Polk, What war now broke out? Give an account of Taylor’s campaign on the Rio Grande.
186. Describe the capture of Monterey. The battle of Buena Vista.
187. What battles had Taylor fought? By what incident or peculiarity can you recollect each one? Stories told of Taylor? Account of Kearney’s expedition.
188. Describe the conquest of California. Who was the hero of this exploit? Give an account of Colonel Doniphan’s expedition. Capture of Vera Cruz. Battle of Cerro Gordo.
189. What city now surrendered? Describe the battles before Mexico. The result.
190. When was peace concluded? What did the United States gain by the war? What was the Wilmot proviso? Give an account of the discovery of gold in California.
191. Of the vigilance committees. Of the political parties. Who was elected twelfth President? Give an account of the life and character of Taylor. How long was he President? Who succeeded him? What questions agitated the people?
192. Why were these now awakened? Effect? What course did Clay take? Webster? Give some account of Webster.
193. What was the Compromise of 1850? What did it propose? By what name is it commonly known? Give an account of the fillibusters. Of the political parties. Who was elected fourteenth President?
194. Give an account of the life of Pierce. Of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. What is squatter sovereignty? Tell how the public lands have threatened the peace of the country. How they have enhanced its prosperity.
195. How did the contest arise in Kansas? Its result? Cause of Brook’s assault on Sumner? What was the Gadsden purchase? Give an account of the treaty with Japan. What political parties now arose?
196. Who was elected fifteenth President? Give some account of Buchanan’s life. Of the Know-Nothing party. Of the Dred Scott decision.
197. How was this regarded at the North and at the South? Why was the Fugitive Slave law obnoxious? What were Personal Liberty bills? Give an account of the John Brown affair. What was the question of the elections? Who were nominated for the Presidency? Who was elected sixteenth President?
198. Give an account of the secession of the South on the election of Lincoln. Give a history of the gradual growth of this movement.
199. When and where was the Confederate government formed? Who were elected President and Vice-President? What action was taken? Condition of the country? Give an account of the condition of affairs at Fort Sumter.
200. Was any attempt made by the United States authorities to relieve it? For what did the nation wait?
No questions are given upon the new States admitted to the Union during this epoch, as each class will naturally commit only that which concerns its own State, and will wish to add to the facts given here those obtained from other sources.
215. Give an account of Lincoln’s inauguration. Of his early history. Of the condition of the country.
216. Was war a necessity? What precipitated this issue? When was the first gun of the Civil War fired? Give an account of the capture of Fort Sumter.
217. Effect of this event? What action did the North take? The South? When and where was the first blood shed? What valuable stores were seized? How did the war in Virginia open?
218. How was Fortress Monroe protected from capture? Give an account of the Big Bethel affair. Of the war in Western Virginia. Origin of the term “Contrabands.”
219. How did the battle of Bull Run take place? Describe it. By what peculiarity can you recollect it? Its date? How did Jackson receive the name of “Stonewall”?
220. Give an account of the retreat. Its effect. Of the battle at Ball’s Bluff. Who now took command of the Union troops?
221. Give an account of the war in Missouri. What battles were fought? What leaders on each side? What Union general who afterward became celebrated? Condition of affairs in the border States?
222. What step did Davis take? Number of vessels in the Union navy? What naval expeditions were made? What places captured? What was the peculiarity of the attack on the Port Royal forts? Describe the Trent affair.
223. Give a general review of the first year of the war. Describe the preservation of Fort Pickens. Situation at the opening of 1862. What was the plan of the campaign?
224. What was the Confederate line of defence at the West? Union plan of attack? Where was the first attack? Describe the capture of Fort Henry.
225. Fort Donelson. Story told of General Grant. Effect of these victories. What was the next movement? Describe the battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing.
226. By what peculiarity can you recollect it? How did the battle turn on the second day?
227. How was Corinth captured? Describe the taking of Island No. 10. What were the effects of the Shiloh battle?
228. What line was now held by the Union army? Where were the Confederates located? What movements did they make to break through the Union lines? Describe Bragg’s expedition. Was it successful? Cause of the battles of Iuka and Corinth? Result?
229. How was Bragg’s second expedition stopped? Describe the battle of Murfreesboro. What was its effect? What coincidence?
230. What was Grant’s plan for an expedition against Vicksburg? Was it successful? What event closed the Mississippi campaign? What battle was fought in Missouri? Condition of the State? What massacre occurred in Kansas?
231,232. Describe the capture of New Orleans by Farragut. Burnside’s expedition against Roanoke Island. What was the importance of Roanoke Island?
233,234. What places in Florida were captured? Describe the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. Its results.
235. Object of the war in the East? What campaign was undertaken? Who was the commanding general? Describe the siege of Yorktown.
236. The battle of Williamsburg. What checked McClellan’s advance? What battle ensued? Its result? What was now the expectation of the Union army?
237. How did General Joseph E. Johnston thwart General McClellan’s plan? Give an account of Jackson in the Shenandoah. Effect of this movement. Story told of Jackson.
238. Describe the battle of Fair Oaks. How was the Union advance on Richmond checked? Who now took command of the Confederate army? What plan did McClellan form?
239. Describe the seven-days battles. In what way was the retreat conducted? With what battle did it close?
240. Effect of this campaign? Feeling at the North? Why did Lee now march North? Who took command of the Union army before Washington? Describe Lee’s campaign against Pope.
241. Its effect. What plan did Lee now adopt? Who assumed command of the army of the Potomac? Describe McClellan’s movements in pursuit. On what expedition was Jackson sent?
242. Describe the battle of Antietam. Its effect.
243. The battle of Fredericksburg. Give a review of the second year of the war.
244. What Indian conflict at the West? What was the situation at the beginning of the year 1863? What movement did Grant make against Vicksburg?
245. Describe this campaign. Its result. The effect.
246. The movements of Rosecrans in Tennessee and Georgia. General Morgan’s raid.
247-249. The battle of Chickamauga. By what event can you recollect it? Describe the situation at Chattanooga. The battle of Lookout Mountain. Attack on Missionary Ridge. Its effect.
250. The siege of Knoxville. The battle of Chancellorsville.
251. Lee’s second invasion of the North.
252-254. The battle of Gettysburg–first day, second day, third day. Its effect. The attack on Charleston. What two contemporaneous events? What was the “swamp angel”? What do you say of the negro troops? Of their charge on Fort Wagner?
255. Give a general review of the third year of the war. State the situation at the beginning of the year 1864. Grant’s plan.
256, 257. Describe Johnston’s plan of defence. How did Sherman drive him from these positions? Name the battles. Who succeeded Johnston in command? What followed? How did Sherman capture Atlanta? The effect?
258. What prevented Sherman’s advance into Georgia? How was he relieved of this difficulty? Where did Hood go? What befell him. in Tennessee? Describe the battle of Nashville. Its effect.
259. Describe Shennan’s march to the sea. Its effect. Kilpatrick’s raid to Richmond.
260. Describe the battle of the Wilderness. By what peculiarity was it distinguished? Its result? Describe the battle of Spottsylvania Court House.
261. Its result. Describe the battle of Cold Harbor. What famous despatch did Grant send?
262. Describe the attack on Petersburg. The effect of this campaign. The three co-operative expeditions. The mine explosion.
263. The attack on the Weldon Railroad. Why did Lee send Early into the Shenandoah Valley? Describe Early’s raid.
264. What Union general was now sent to this region? Describe Sheridan’s campaign. His ride from Winchester. His devastation of the country.
265 The effect of his campaign. Describe the Red River expedition. The rescue of Porter’s fleet. The massacre at Fort Pillow.
266. The attack on Mobile by Farragut. First expedition against Fort Fisher.
267. The second expedition. Capture of the fort. Effectiveness of the blockade. Blockade runners.
268. Give an account of the Confederate cruisers. Of the battle between the Alabama and the Kearsarge.
269. Of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions. Of political affairs.
270. Who was elected President? Give a general review of the fourth year of the war.
271. Describe the situation at the opening of the year 1865. Sherman’s march through the Carolinas.
272. Its result. What was the situation at Richmond? Describe the attack on Fort Steadman. Why was it made?
273. Its effect? Describe the battle of Five Forks. Its effect. The capture of Petersburg and Richmond.
274. The pursuit of Lee. His surrender.
275, 276. The terms. Its effect. Fate of Davis. The cost of the war. The assassination of Lincoln.
277. What State was added during this epoch?
281. Who became President on the death of Lincoln? Give an account of the life of Johnson. What was the size of the two armies at the close of the war? What did their peaceful discharge prove?
282. What do you mean by “reconstruction”? What was the reconstruction policy of Johnson? What is the Thirteenth Amendment?
283. What was the condition of the public finances? What was the reconstruction policy of Congress? Result of this clashing between Congress and the President? On what conditions were the seceded States finally readmitted to their former position in the Union?
284. Why was Johnson impeached? Its result? What is the Fourteenth Amendment? What Indian war now arose? How was it terminated? Give an account of the French interference in Mexico. How did it end?
285. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable.
286. What territory was added to the United States? Of what value? Give an account of the Fenian excitement in 1866.
287. Of the treaty with China. What State was admitted soon after the close of the Civil War? Who were the Presidential candidates? Who was elected eighteenth President?
288. Give an account of the Pacific Railroad, and its value to the country. What new railroad is building? What is the climate in the far north along the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific coast? Extent of the public lands granted? What is the Fifteenth Amendment?
289-292. What was the population of the United States in 1870? Was the country recovering from the effects of the war? What great fires happened in ’71 and ’72? What difficulty arose with England? What was the High Commission? Give some account of Santo Domingo, and its application to be annexed to the United States. What difficulty occurred with Cuba? What candidates for the presidency were nominated in 1873? Who was chosen? Give some account of Horace Greeley.
293-295. Describe the contest with the Modoc Indians. What was the Credit Mobilier? What was the cause of the “Panic of ’73”? Name the Centennial observances of ’75. Describe the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. Give an account of the “Custer Massacre.” Who were nominated for the presidency in ’77?
296. What was the Joint Electoral Commission? What questions agitated the country at that time?
297,298. Name and describe the principal events of President Hayes’s administration.
1. In what battle was Molly Stark the watchword?
2. What battle occurred when both armies were marching to make a night attack upon each other?
3. What battles have resulted in the destruction or surrender of an entire army?
4. What general rushed into battle without orders and won it?
5. What trees are celebrated in our history?
6. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke the commanding-general, and himself rally the troops to battle?
7. What three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July?
8. What cities have undergone a siege?
9. Contrast the characters of Washington and Jefferson.
10. By whom and on what occasion were the words used, “Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute”?
11. Give the coincidences in the lives of the three great statesmen–Webster, Clay, and Calhoun.
12. After whom ought this continent to have been named?
13. What celebrated philosopher, when a boy, went without meat to buy books?
14. How did a half-witted boy once save a fort from capture?
15. Name the retreats famous in our history.
16. When did a fog save our army?
A rain?
17. When did a stone house largely decide a battle? A stone wall?
18. What general was captured through his carelessness, and exchanged for another taken in a similar way?
19. What battles have been decided by an attack in the rear?
20. Who said, “I would rather be right than be President”?
21. When has an unnecessary delay cost a general a victory?
22. Name the events in our history which seem to you providential.
23. What general died at the moment of victory?
24. Name some defeats which had all the effect of victories.
25. Of what general was this said to be always true?
26. When was the Mississippi River the western boundary of the United States? The Rocky Mountains?
27. What territory has the United States acquired by purchase? By conquest? By annexation?
28. What Vice-Presidents were afterward elected Presidents?
29. What navigator shortened the voyage across the Atlantic?
30. What tea party is celebrated in our history?
31. Who was President from 1787 (the adoption of the Constitution) to 1789?
32. How many attacks have been made on Quebec?
33. Who said, “I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am the king of England is not rich enough to buy me”?
34. Which is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Railroad?
35. Why were the River St. Lawrence, Florida, St. Augustine, etc., so named?
36. What naval commander captured his antagonist as his own vessel was sinking?
37. How many expeditions have been made into Canada?
38. What battle was preceded by prayer?
39. What do the French names in the Mississippi valley indicate?
40. What do the names New York, New England, New Hampshire, Georgia, Carolina, etc., indicate?
41. When has the question of the public lands threatened the Union?
42. Who, in a frail canoe, on a stormy night, visited an Indian wigwam to save the lives of his enemies?
43. In what battle did the Continentals gain the victory by falling back and then suddenly facing about upon the enemy?
44. How many times has Fort Ticonderoga been captured?
45. Why were Davis’s Strait, Baffin’s Bay, Hudson River, Frobisher’s Strait, etc., so named?
46. What do the names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Vera Cruz, La Trinidad, etc., indicate?
47. In what battles had the opposing generals formed the same plan?
48. What Presidents died in office?
49. What father and son were Presidents?
50. What administrations have been most popular?
51. Who fired the first gun in the French and Indian war?
52. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding officer?
53. How many rebellions have occurred in our history?
54. Who was called the “Great Pacificator”? Why?
55. What was the “Nullification Act”?
56. How many of our Presidents have been military men?
57. Why did not Webster and Clay become Presidents?
58. Who was “Rough and Ready”?
59. Who was the “Sage of Monticello”?
60. What noted events occurred on April 19th?
61. In whose administration was the largest number of States admitted to the Union?
62. In which administrations were none?
63. By whom and under what circumstances was the expression used, “Give me liberty or give me death”?
64. What general arose from a sick-bed to lead his troops into a battle in which he was killed?
65. What five ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 1870?
66. Where is the “Cradle of Liberty”?
67. What historical memories cluster around Santo Domingo?
68. How long did each of our five great wars last– (1) the French and Indian war;
(2) the Revolutionary war;
(3) the war of 1812;
(4) the Mexican war; and
(5) the Civil war?
69. State the cause of each of these wars.
70. Name the prominent generals who acquired celebrity in each.
71. Name the principal battles of each.
73. What fort was carried by a midnight assault?
74. What general escaped by riding down a steep precipice?
75. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?
76. Who secured its adoption in the Convention?
77. Name the Presidents in chronological order.
78. How many of our Presidents were Virginians?
79. Who was the “bachelor President”?
80. State to what party each President belonged.
81. How many of our Presidents were poor boys?
82. What were the principles of the whigs? The democrats?
83. What party adopted the views of the old federalists on the United States Bank, etc.?
84. How many Presidents have served two terms?
85. What battle was fought after peace was declared?
86. On what issue was Polk elected President?
87. Contrast John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.
88. On what mountains have battles been fought?
89. Who used the expression, “We have met the enemy, and they are ours”?
90. Whose dying words were, “Don’t give up the ship”?
91. When was a general blown up by a magazine, in the moment of victory?
92. What Indian chiefs formed leagues against the whites?
93. What celebrated statesman was killed in a duel?
94. What States were named from mountain ranges?
95. What important contemporaneous events can you name? 96. Was Washington ever wounded in battle?
97. What was meant by saying that “Clay was in the succession”?
98. In what battle did Washington show the most brilliant generalship?
99. What officer lost his life because he neglected to open a note?
100. What army retreated at the moment of victory because the fog was so dense that it did not see how successful it was?
101. How many States were named from their principal rivers?
102. Name some celebrated foreigners who have fought for us.
103. What rendered Valley Forge memorable?
104. How did Harrison gain his popularity? Taylor?
105. Give some account of the United States Bank.
106. In what war was Lincoln a captain and Davis a lieutenant?
107. What colonel, when asked if he could take a battery, replied, “I’ll try, sir”?
108. Of what President was it said that “if his soul were turned inside out, not a spot could be found upon it”?
109. What town and army were surrendered without firing a shot?
110. For how many years was the Revolutionary War carried on mainly at the North? At the South?
112. Who were the “Green Mountain Boys”?
113. What colony was founded as a home for the poor?
114. What persecuted people settled the different colonies?
115. What colonies are named after a king or a queen?
116. What religious toleration was granted in the different colonies?
117. Which colonies early enjoyed the greatest liberty?
118. Which colony took the Bible as its guide?
119. In what battle was the left wing, when separated from the main body by a river, attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy? The right wing?
120. In what battle did both generals mass their strength on the left wing, expecting to crush the enemy’s right?
121. How many invasions of the North did Lee make?
122. What victories induced him to attempt each of these invasions?
123. By what battle was each invasion checked?
124. How many invasions of Kentucky did Bragg make?
126. For how many years have the United States been involved in war?
127. What object did Penn, Lord Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have in founding a colony in the new world?
128. What President was impeached?
129. What ex-Vice-President was tried for treason?
130. Name the four prominent battles fought by General Taylor.
131. What noted expressions of General Taylor became favorite mottoes? Of General Grant?
132. What President vetoed the measures of the party which elected him to office?
133. Of what statesman was it said that “he was in the public service fifty years, and never attempted to deceive his countrymen”?
134. Who is said to have used the words, “A little more grape, Captain Bragg”?
135. From what States have Presidents been elected?
136. Give the number and names from each State.
137. What battle did General Gates win? What battle did he lose?
138. What battles did Washington win? What battles did he lose?
139. What President elect came to Washington in disguise?
140. Give a brief history of the slavery question.
141. When were slaves introduced into this country?
142. Name the generals who commanded the army of the Potomac.
143. Name the principal battles fought by McClellan–Rosecrans–Bragg–Lee–Hooker–Sheridan–Grant– Sherman–Beauregard–Meade–Pope–Buell–Taylor–Scott– Thomas–Johnston.
111. Describe the “March to the Sea.”
145. What two battles were fought in the “Wilderness”?
146. What was the “Missouri Compromise”? The “Compromise of 1850”?
147. What is “squatter sovereignty”? Who was its author?
148. Of whom was it said that “he touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprang upon its feet”?
149. What were the “alien and sedition laws”?
150. Who was the “old man eloquent”?
151. When was the first railroad constructed? The first steamboat? The first magnetic telegraph?
152. When was the Erie Canal opened? The Pacific Railroad?
153. What President introduced “rotation in office”?
154. Why, in the Missouri Compromise, was 36 degrees 30 minutes taken as the boundary between the slave and the free States?
155. What “is the Monroe Doctrine”?
156. Who was the inventor of the cotton-gin?
157. What is a “protective tariff”?
158. What is meant by “Reconstruction”?
159. What Presidents were not elected to that office by the people?
160. To what party did Henry Clay belong? J. Q. Adams? Thomas Jefferson? John C. Calhoun? Andrew Jackson? Daniel Webster? Stephen
A. Douglas? Alexander Hamilton? George Washington?
161. What President had not voted for forty years?
162. What two distinguished generals of the same name served in the Confederate army? Name the battles fought by each.
163. What was the “Dred Scott decision”?
164. What was the “Kansas-Nebraska Bill”?
165. Give an account of the principal parties which have arisen since the Constitutional Convention of 1787?
166. Who were the “Silver Greys”? The “Hunkers”? The “Barnburners”? The “Woolly-Heads”? The “Free Soilers”? The “Know-Nothings”? The “Anti-Renters”? The “Unionists”?
167. Give an account of the different attempts to lay the Atlantic cable.
168. Give a history of the difficulty between President Johnson and Congress.
169. What nations settled the different States?
170. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution?
171. What was the “Hartford Convention”?
173. What was the Secretary of State formerly called?
174. Tell some stories illustrating the patriotism of the women of the Revolution.
175. Give an account of the Public Lands.
176. What State was admitted to the Union first after the original thirteen?
178. For what is Ethan Allen noted?
179. What battles have been fought in Virginia? South Carolina? Louisiana? New York? Massachusetts? New Jersey? Maryland? Pennsylvania? Georgia? Michigan?
180. What was the “Fugitive Slave Law”?
181. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency.
182. For what is John Brown noted?
183. Who were the “Filibusters”?
184. Give an account of Farragut’s most celebrated exploits.
185. Why was “Stonewall” Jackson so called?
186. Give an account of Butler’s military career.
187. What was the most prominent event of Jefferson’s administration? Jackson’s? Monroe’s?
188. What treaties are celebrated in our history?
189. What President was once a tailor’s apprentice?
190. What was the object of the “American party”?
191. What was the “Gadsden purchase”?
192. Name the various difficulties which have arisen with England.
193. What was the “Wilmot Proviso”?
194. What President followed Washington–Taylor–Jefferson– Lincoln–J. Q. Adams–Pierce?
195. Who was President in 1812–1832–1846–1850–1861?
196. Describe the operations of the Confederate cruisers during the Civil War. Of the “blockade runners.”
197. What distinguished generals have been unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency? Successful candidates?
198. Why did the French in Canada extend their explorations westward to the Mississippi rather than southward into New York?
199. What was the “Trent affair”?
200. Name and describe some important naval engagements.
201. In what battle did the defeated general leave his wooden leg?
202. What was the “O grab me Act”?
THE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of Independence, accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day:
“_Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration; and, after some time, the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a Declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows:_”
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident–that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature–a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.
4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within.
7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures.
12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.
13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation:
14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;
16. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
17. For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offences;
20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;
21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments;
22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.
24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
25. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind–enemies in war; in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members:
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
JOSIAH BARTLETT,
WILLIAM WHIPPLE,
MATTHEW THORNTON.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
SAMUEL ADAMS,
JOHN ADAMS,
ROBERT TREAT PAINE,
ELBRIDGE GERRY.
RHODE ISLAND.
STEPHEN HOPKINS,
WILLIAM ELLERY.
CONNECTICUT.
ROGER SHERMAN,
SAMUEL HUNTINGTON,
WILLIAM WILLIAMS,
OLIVER WOLCOTT.
NEW YORK.
WILLIAM FLOYD,
PHILIP LIVINGSTON,
FRANCIS LEWIS,
LEWIS MORRIS.
NEW JERSEY.
RICHARD STOCKTON,
JOHN WITHERSPOON,
FRANCIS HOPKINSON,
JOHN HART,
ABRAHAM CLARK.
PENNSYLVANIA.
ROBERT MORRIS,
BENJAMIN RUSH,
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
JOHN MORTON,
GEORGE CLYMER,
JAMES SMITH,
GEORGE TAYLOR,
JAMES WILSON,
GEORGE ROSS.
DELAWARE.
CAESAR RODNEY,
GEORGE READ,
THOMAS M’KEAN.
MARYLAND.
SAMUEL CHASE,
WILLIAM PACA,
THOMAS STONE,
CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton.
VIRGINIA.
GEORGE WYTHE,
RICHARD HENRY LEE,
THOMAS JEFFERSON,
BENJAMIN HARRISON,
THOMAS NELSON, JUN.,
FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE,
CARTER BRAXTON.
NORTH CAROLINA.
WILLIAM HOOPER,
JOSEPH HEWES,
JOHN PENN.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
EDWARD RUTLEDGE,
THOMAS HEYWARD, JUN.,
THOMAS LYNCH, JUN.,
ARTHUR MIDDLETON.
GEORGIA.
BUTTON GWINNETT,
LYMAN HALL,
GEORGE WALTON.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I.–Legislative Department.
SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
CLAUSE 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.
CLAUSE 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
CLAUSE 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.
[Footnote: PREAMBLE.–Name the six objects of the Constitution. Who “ordained and established” this Constitution? Is the “union” one of states or of people? What branches of government are established under the first three articles of the Constitution?
ARTICLE I.–_Section_ 1. What body has the “power of legislation”? (_Note_.–The “power of legislation” is that of making laws.) Of what does Congress consist?
_Section_ 2. Who compose the House of Representatives? Who choose the representatives? What are the necessary qualifications of an elector (or voter) for a representative? How long is the term of a representative? Name the three qualifications necessary for a representative. Is a foreign-born person eligible to the office of representative? How are representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among the states? How was the representative population of the different states to be determined? What limit is there to the number of representatives? Is every state entitled to representation? How many members were there in the first House of Representatives? How often must the Census be taken? How are vacancies in the House to be filled? Who elect the officers of the House? What body has the sole power of impeachment?]
[Footnote: (_Notes_.–The first census was taken in 1790; the “ratio of representation” being one representative for 33,000 persons. The census of 1870 gave 1:3,533 persona as the “ratio of representation,” The number of representatives is fixed by Congress each decade: at present it is 292. In March of the odd year there is a new House of Representatives. Each organized territory has a delegate who can sit in the House, but not vote. The states are each divided, by its own laws, into congressional districts, as many as Ihe number of representatives to which it is entitled; and the electors in each one of these vote for their representative. The phrase “all other persons” meant “slaves”: but this has been amended by the XIVth Amendment. The speaker is always a member of the House; the clerk, sergeant-at-arms, chaplain, etc., are not members. To impeach an officer is to accuse him of official misconduct.)]
CLAUSE 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
CLAUSE 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
[Footnote: Section 3. Of how many members does the Senate of the United States consist? Who elect the senators? What is a senator’s term of office? Explain the classification originally made. What was the object? How are vacancies filled? State the three qualifications necessary for a senator. Who is the president of the Senate? When only can he vote? Who chooses the other officers of the Senate? When can the Senate choose a president _pro tempore_ (for the time being)? What “sole power” does the Senate possess? Who presides when the President of the United States is impeached? What number is needed to convict? What penalties can be inflicted in case of conviction? Is a person so convicted liable to a trial-at-law for the same offence?]
CLAUSE 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.
CLAUSE 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be, chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
CLAUSE 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
CLAUSE 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
CLAUSE 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president _pro tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
CLAUSE 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments: when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
CLAUSE 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.
[Footnote: Section 4. Who prescribes the “time, place and manner” of electing representatives and senators? What power has Congress over the state regulations? How often, and when, must Congress meet? (_Note_–Congress has prescribed that senators shall be chosen in the following manner. The Legislature elected last before the end of the senatorial term, on the second Tuesday after its first session, shall choose the next senator. The two branches of the Legislature shall meet separately and vote _viva voce_. They shall then assemble together, and if they agree on any person, he shall be considered duly elected; if they disagree, the joint meeting shall vote _viva voce_ from day to day, at 12 M., until a choice is made.)]
CLAUSE 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.
CLAUSE 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
[Footnote: _Section 5_. Who decides upon the “elections, returns and qualifications” of the representatives and of the senators? What number of the members is necessary for a quorum (needed to do business)? What business can a minority transact? What power is given each House of Congress of making and enforcing rules? What is the law with regard to keeping and publishing a journal of the proceedings? When must the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? What restriction is there upon the time and place of adjournment?]
CLAUSE 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide.
CLAUSE 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.
CLAUSE 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
CLAUSE 4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
[Footnote: _Section 6_. Who fixes and pays the salaries of members of Congress? What special privileges are granted to members of Congress? To what offices are members of Congress ineligible? Can a Congressman hold another office at the same time?]
CLAUSE 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
CLAUSE 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.
[Footnote: _Section 7_. What bills must originate in the House of Representatives? What authority is given the Senate with regard to such bills? Describe the three ways in which a bill may become a law–(1) With the President’s concurrence, (2) over his veto (I forbid); and (3) by non-return within ten dayss? What “orders, resolutions and votes” must be submitted to the President? What is the object of this provision? (_Notes_.–In case a vacancy occurs in the senatorial representation of any state, the governor of the state can appoint a senator to fill the place, who can hold office only until the next session of the Legislature. The method of representation in the Senate gives in that body perfect equality to all the states, Rhode Island having the same power as Virginia. A senator is chosen by the Legislature, a representative by the people; a senator serves for six years, a representative for two. The Senate tries an officer for misconduct, but he must be impeached by the House of Representatives. The salary of a Congressman is now $5,000 per year, and mileage (20 cents per mile for every mile of travel by the usual route in coming and going). The speaker of the House has double a member’s salary, and the president of the Senate has a salary of $8,000. One-third of the Senate retire from office every two years. By the term “a Congress” is meant the body of senators and representatives holding office during any one representative term of two years; the Congress which began its term March 4, 1879, is the 46th. Each Congress “ends at noon of the 4th of March next succeeding the beginning of its second regular session.” The committees in the House are appointed by the Speaker; those in the Senate by itself. The classification of the Senate makes it a more efficient and conservative body than the House, since in the former there are always two thirds of the number old members, while the House is all new every two years. If the president of the Senate were a senator, it would give extra power to one state, which would be contrary to the plan of that body.)]
CLAUSE 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.
CLAUSE 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
CLAUSE 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
[Footnote: _Section 8_. Eighteen clauses now follow which enumerate the _powers granted to Congress_. What power has Congress with regard to taxes? Duties (taxes on imported or exported articles)? Imports (taxes on imported articles)? Excises (taxes on articles produced in the country)? Borrowing money? Regulating commerce? Naturalization? Bankruptcies? Coining money? Counterfeiting? Post-offices and post-roads? Authors and inventors? Inferior courts? Piracies? Declaring war? Raising and supporting armies? A navy? Government of the land and naval forces? Calling forth the militia? Organizing the militia? Over what places has Congress exclusive legislation? What power is finally given to Congress to enable it to enforce its authority? What four restrictions upon the Congressional powers are made in this section? (See clauses 1, 2,16 and 17.) (_Notes. _–Taxes may be either direct or indirect; the former are laid directly upon the person; the latter upon articles exported, imported or consumed. Naturalization is the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen. The process of naturalization is as follows (1.) The person declares, on oath before the proper authority, his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States. (2.) Two years, at least, having elapsed, the person takes the oath of allegiance, when he must prove by witness that he has resided in the United States five years and in the state where he seeks to be naturalized one year; that he has borne a good moral character, and has been well-disposed toward the government. The copyright, or exclusive right of publishing a book, is given to an author for 28 years, with the privilege of extension 14 years longer. It is issued only to a citizen or resident of the United States. A patent is now granted to an inventor for 17 years, without the privilege of extension. Any crime punishable with death is a felony. “Letters of marque and reprisal” are commissions given to persons authorizing them to seize the property of another nation By the term “high seas” is meant the open sea, the highway of nations.)]
CLAUSE 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
CLAUSE 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
CLAUSE 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;
CLAUSE 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
CLAUSE 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;
CLAUSE 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;
CLAUSE 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;
CLAUSE 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
CLAUSE 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
CLAUSE 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations;
CLAUSE 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
CLAUSE 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
CLAUSE 13. To provide and maintain a navy;
CLAUSE 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
CLAUSE 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
CLAUSE 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
CLAUSE 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection efforts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;–And
CLAUSE 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
[Footnote: _Section 9_. Eight clauses now follow, enumerating the _powers denied to Congress._ What prohibition was made concerning the slave trade? Writ of habeas corpus? Bill of attainder? Ex-post-facto law? Direct tax? Exports from any state? Trade between the United States? Payments from the Treasury? Titles of nobility? United States office-holder receiving presents from a foreign power? (_Notes._–The object of the first clause was to destroy the foreign slave trade or the importation of negroes from Africa for the purpose of enslaving them. In 1808, a law was passed prohibiting the trade, and in 1820 it was declared to be piracy. A writ of habeas corpus is a written order from a magistrate directing that a certain person shall be brought before him; its object is to guard against false imprisonment or trial in a prejudiced court. A bill of attainder is an English term, meaning an act which without trial inflicts death for treason: attainder of treason cannot in the United States work “corruption of blood” so as to prevent a person from transmitting lands to his descendants. An ex-post-facto law makes an act criminal or penal which was not so at the time it was committed. A United States office-holder, wishing to accept a present or distinction offered him by any foreign power, must ask permission of Congress before he can receive it.)]
CLAUSE 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
CLAUSE 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
CLAUSE 3. No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed.
CLAUSE 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.
CLAUSE 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
CLAUSE 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
CLAUSE 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law: and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.
CLAUSE 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
SECTION X.–CLAUSE 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
CLAUSE 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
CLAUSE 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II.–Executive Department.
CLAUSE 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:
CLAUSE 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
CLAUSE 3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
CLAUSE 4. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within the United States.
CLAUSE 5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
[Footnote: Section 10. Three clauses now follow enumerating the _powers denied to the several States_. What prohibition was made with regard to treaties? Letters of marque and reprisal? Coinage of money? Issuing bills of credit (bills to circulate as money)? Making any other legal tender than gold or silver? A bill of attainder? An ex-post-facto law? The impairing of contracts? Titles of nobility? Imposts? Keeping troops? Making peace or war?
ARTICLE II.-SECTION 1. In whom is the executive power vested? (_Note_–The executive power is that of executing the laws.) How long is the President’s term of office? The Vice President’s? Who are the presidential electors? How many are there from each state? Who are ineligible to the office? Describe the method of electing a President, as originally directed by the Constitution. (_Note_.–This has been superseded by the XIIth Amendment.) What power has Congress over the electors? What are the necessary qualifications for the office of President? In case of a vacancy, who would become President? (_Note_.–In case of a vacancy in the office of both President and Vice-President, the president _pro tempore_ of the Senate, and in case of a vacancy in that office, then the speaker of the House would act as President. The electors are now chosen on “the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the last November” of each presidential term of office. The electors meet to cast their ballots, generally at the capital of each state, on “the first Wednesday in the last December” of each presidential term of office. When the plan of choosing electors was originally adopted it was intended to choose good men who should themselves select the President, but it soon came about that the electors were pledged to their respective candidates before their own election. The President’s salary is $50,000 per year, together with the use of the White House.) Can the salary of a President be changed during his term of office? Can he receive any other emolument from the national or any state government? Repeat the President’s oath of office.]
CLAUSE 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
CLAUSE 7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:–“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
CLAUSE 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
CLAUSE 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
CLAUSE 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
[Footnote: _Section 2_. Three clauses now follow enumerating the powers granted to the President. What authority has the President over the United States army and navy? State militia? The chief officers of the different executive departments? (See note, p. 151.) Reprieves and pardons? The making of treaties? Appointment of ambassadors? Judges of the Supreme Court, etc.? Filling vacancies?]
SECTION III.–He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
[Footnote: _Section 3_. Defines the duties of the President, Name these duties with regard (1) to Congress, (2) to ambassadors, and (3) to United States officers? (_Note_.–Washington and Adams in person read their messages to Congress; the present plan of sending the message by a private secretary was commenced by Jefferson.)]
SECTION IV.–The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
[Footnote: _Section 4_. For what crimes and in what way may any United States officer be removed from office?]
ARTICLE III.–JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
SECTION I.–The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
[Footnote: ARTICLE III.–Section 1. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? (_Note_.–The judicial power is that of interpreting and applying the laws.) How long do the judges hold office? Can their salary be changed during their term of office?]
[Footnote: Section 2 defines the _jurisdiction of the United States Courts_. Name the cases to which the judicial power of the United States extends. In what cases does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction? Appellate jurisdiction? What is the law with regard to trial by jury? Where must such a trial be held? Where may a crime be committed “not within a state”? (_Notes_. –The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. The salary of the chief-justice is $10,500 and that of an associate $10,000 per annum. This court meets at Washington annually on the first Wednesday in December. A citizen of the District of Columbia, within the meaning of the Constitution as above, is not a citizen of a state. By original jurisdiction is meant the court in which the case begins; by appellate, is indicated a trial after an appeal from a lower court.)]
CLAUSE 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;–to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls;–to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;–to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;–to controversies between two or more States;–between a State and citizens of another State;–between citizens of different States;–between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.
CLAUSE 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
CLAUSE 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
CLAUSE 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.
[Footnote: Section 3. In what does treason consist? What proof is required? Who fixes the punishment? What limit is assigned?]
CLAUSE 2. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
CLAUSE 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV.–General Provisions.
SECTION I.–Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
[Footnote: ARTICLE IV.–Section 1. What is the law with regard to state records, judicial proceedings, etc.?]
CLAUSE 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
CLAUSE 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.
CLAUSE 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
[Footnote: Section 2. What privileges has the citizen of one state in all the others? Can a criminal or an apprentice escape by fleeing into another state? (Note.-Clause 3 originally included fugitive slaves, but that application was annulled by the XIIIth Amendment.)]
CLAUSE 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
[Footnote: State the law with regard to the formation and admission of new states. What power has Congress over the territory and propeity of the United States?]
CLAUSE 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
SECTION IV.-The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
[Footnote: What must Congress guarantee to every state? When must Congress protect the states?]
ARTICLE V.–Power of Amendment.
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the