exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage
Terrain: islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk
Natural resources: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
meadows and pastures: NA%
forest and woodland: NA%
other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: typhoons (June to December) international agreements: party to – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note: four major island groups totaling 607 islands
@Micronesia, Federated States Of:People
Population: 122,950 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 3.35% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 28.12 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 36.52 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.81 years
male: 65.84 years
female: 69.81 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.98 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Micronesian(s)
adjective: Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese
Ethnic divisions: nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups
Religions: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, other and none 3%
Languages: English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 89%
male: 91%
female: 88%
Labor force: NA
by occupation: two-thirds are government employees note: 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65
@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Government
Names:
conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia conventional short form: none
former: Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
Abbreviation: FSM
Digraph: FM
Type: constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986
Capital: Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei) note: a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley
Administrative divisions: 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap
Independence: 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)
National holiday: Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979)
Constitution: 10 May 1979
Legal system: based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since 21 May 1991); election last held 11 May 1991 (next to be held 7 March 1995); results – Bailey OLTER elected president; Jacob NENA elected vice-president cabinet: Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral
Congress: elections last held 5 March 1991 (next to be held 7 March 1995); results – percent of vote NA; seats – (14 total) independents 14
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: no formal parties
Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU chancery: 1725 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4383
FAX: [1] (202) 223-4391
consulate(s) general: Honolulu and Tamuning (Guam)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador March Fong EU embassy: address NA, Kolonia
mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941
telephone: [691] 320-2187
FAX: [691] 320-2186
Flag: light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern
@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Economy
Overview: Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the 1990s. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.
National product: GDP – purchasing power parity – $160 million (1990 est.)
note: GDP was supplemented by approximately $100 million in grant aid in 1990
National product real growth rate: 4% (1994)
National product per capita: $1,500 (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 27% (1989)
Budget:
revenues: $45 million
expenditures: $31 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY94/95 est.)
Exports: $3.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: fish, copra, bananas, black pepper partners: Japan, US
Imports: $91.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: food, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, beverages
partners: US, Japan, Australia
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 18,000 kW
production: 40 million kWh
consumption per capita: 380 kWh (1990)
Industries: tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and pearls
Agriculture: mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens
Economic aid:
recipient: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October – 30 September
@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways:
total: 226 km
paved: 39 km (on major islands)
unpaved: stone, coral, laterite 187 km
Ports: Colonia (Yap), Kolonia (Pohnpei), Lele, Moen
Merchant marine: none
Airports:
total: 6
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 1
@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Communications
Telephone system: 960 telephones on Kolonia and Truk local: NA
intercity: islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes
international: 4 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth stations
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 1, shortwave 1 radios: 16,000
Television:
broadcast stations: 6
televisions: 1,125 (1987 est.)
@Micronesia, Federated States Of:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
MIDWAY ISLANDS
(territory of the US)
@Midway Islands:Geography
Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total area: 5.2 sq km
land area: 5.2 sq km
comparative area: about 9 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
note: includes Eastern Island and Sand Island
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 15 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Terrain: low, nearly level
Natural resources: fish, wildlife
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: NA
Note: a coral atoll; closed to the public
@Midway Islands:People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note – there are 453 US military personnel (July 1995 est.)
@Midway Islands:Government
Names:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Midway Islands
Digraph: MQ
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific Division; this facility has been operationally closed since 10 September 1993 and is currently being transferred from Pacific Fleet to Naval Facilities Engineering Command via a Memorandum of Understanding
Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC
Flag: the US flag is used
@Midway Islands:Economy
Overview: The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity: supplied by US Military
@Midway Islands:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways:
total: 32 km
paved: NA
Pipelines: 7.8 km
Ports: Sand Island
Airports:
total: 3
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Midway Islands:Communications
Telephone system:
local: NA
intercity: NA
international: NA
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA radios: NA
Television:
broadcast stations: NA
televisions: NA
@Midway Islands:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
MOLDOVA
@Moldova:Geography
Location: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States – European States
Area:
total area: 33,700 sq km
land area: 33,700 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii
Land boundaries: total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine – including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina – are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940
Climate: moderate winters, warm summers
Terrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum
Land use:
arable land: 50%
permanent crops: 13%
meadows and pastures: 9%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 28%
Irrigated land: 2,920 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues: heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods natural hazards: NA
international agreements: signed, but not ratified – Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note: landlocked
@Moldova:People
Population: 4,489,657 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 27% (female 588,155; male 609,372) 15-64 years: 64% (female 1,487,170; male 1,386,293) 65 years and over: 9% (female 258,958; male 159,709) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.36% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 15.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 29.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.22 years
male: 64.81 years
female: 71.8 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan
Ethnic divisions: Moldavian/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester region and Gagauz Turks in the south
Religions: Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) (1991)
note: the large majority of churchgoers are ethnic Moldavian
Languages: Moldovan (official; virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 96%
male: 99%
female: 94%
Labor force: 2.03 million (January 1994) by occupation: agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures)
@Moldova:Government
Names:
conventional long form: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova
local long form: Republica Moldova local short form: none
former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
Digraph: MD
Type: republic
Capital: Chisinau
Administrative divisions: previously divided into 40 rayons; new districts possible under new constitution in 1994
Independence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August 1991
Constitution: new constitution adopted NA July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979
Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and OSCE documents
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990); election last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results – Mircea SNEGUR ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote; note – President SNEGUR was named executive president by the Supreme Soviet on 3 September 1990 and was confirmed by popular election on 8 December 1991
head of government: Prime Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992; reappointed 5 April 1994 after elections for new legislature); First Deputy Prime Minister Ion GUTU (since NA) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament: elections last held 27 February 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results – percent by party NA; seats – (104 total) Agrarian-Democratic Party 56, Socialist/Yedinstvo Bloc 28, Peasants and Intellectual Bloc 11, Christian Democratic Popular Front 9
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Iurie ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, Vladimir SOLONARI, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Oazu NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian-Democratic Party, Dumitru MOTPAN, chairman; Democratic Party, Gheorghe GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman; Reform Party, Anatol SELARU; Republican Party, Victor PUSCAS; Socialist Party, Valeriu SENIC, cochairman; Communist Party, Vladimir VORONIN, cochairman; Peasants and Intellectuals Bloc
Other political or pressure groups: United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Congress of Intellectuals, Alexandru MOSANU; The Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for Greater Romania; Stefan the Great Movement; Liberal Convention of Moldova; Association of Victims of Repression; Christian Democratic Youth League
Member of: BSEC, CE (guest), CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Nicolae TAU chancery: Suites 329, 333, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 783-3012
FAX: [1] (202) 783-3342
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON embassy: Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [373] (2) 23-37-72
FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44
Flag: same color scheme as Romania – 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow
@Moldova:Economy
Overview: Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, Moldova’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, and energy shortages have contributed to sharp production declines since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Moldovan government is making steady progress on an ambitious economic reform agenda, and the IMF has called Moldova a model for the region. As part of its reform efforts, Chisinau has introduced a stable currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises and backed their steady privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. Chisinau appears strongly committed to continuing these reforms in 1995. Meanwhile, privatization of medium and large enterprises got underway in mid-1994 and is expected to pick up speed in 1995. To improve its precarious energy situation, Chisinau reached an agreement with Moscow in December 1994 on gas deliveries for 1995. Gazprom, Russia’s national gas company, has agreed to reduce prices for natural gas deliveries to Moldova from the world market price of $80/thousand cubic meters (tcm) to $58/tcm in return for part ownership of the Moldovan pipeline system.
National product: GDP – purchasing power parity – $11.9 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -30% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $2,670 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.6% per month (1994)
Unemployment rate: 1% (includes only officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workers)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA note: budget deficit for 1993 approximately 6% of GDP
Exports: $144 million to outside the FSU countries (1994); over 70% of exports go to FSU countries
commodities: foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals (1991)
partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania, Germany
Imports: $174 million from outside the FSU countries (1994); over 70% of imports are from FSU countries
commodities: oil, gas, coal, steel, machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer durables partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania, Germany
External debt: $300 million (as of 11 December 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate -30% (1994 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 3,000,000 kW
production: 8.2 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,830 kWh (1994)
Industries: key products are canned food, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, refined sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles
Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP; Moldova’s principal economic activity; products are vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, meat, milk, tobacco
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
recipient: joint EC-US loan (1993), $127 million; IMF STF credit (1993), $64 million; IMF stand-by loan (1993), $72 million; US commitments (1992-93), $61 million in humanitarian aid, $11 million in technical assistance; World Bank loan (1993), $60 million; Russia (1993), 50 billion ruble credit; Romania (1993), 20 billion lei credit
Currency: the leu (plural lei) was introduced in late 1993
Exchange rates: lei per US$1 – 4.277 (22 December 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Moldova:Transportation
Railroads:
total: 1,150 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines
broad gauge: 1,150 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:
total: 20,000 km
paved or graveled: 13,900 km
unpaved: earth 6,100 km (1990)
Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992)
Ports: none
Airports:
total: 26
with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 with paved runways under 914 m: 3
with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 8
@Moldova:Communications
Telephone system: 577,000 telephones; 134 telephones/1,000 persons; telecommunication system not well developed; 215,000 unsatisfied requests for telephone service (1991)
local: NA
intercity: NA
international: international connections to the other former Soviet republics by land line and microwave radio relay through Ukraine, and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; 1 EUTELSAT and 1 INTELSAT earth station
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA radios: NA
Television:
broadcast stations: NA
televisions: NA
@Moldova:Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,116,912; males fit for military service 881,642; males reach military age (18) annually 35,447 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, 2% of GDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
MONACO
@Monaco:Geography
Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
Map references: Europe
Area:
total area: 1.9 sq km
land area: 1.9 sq km
comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km
Coastline: 4.1 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
Natural resources: none
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified – Law of the Sea
Note: second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban
@Monaco:People
Population: 31,515 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (female 2,691; male 2,740) 15-64 years: 63% (female 10,233; male 9,645) 65 years and over: 20% (female 3,939; male 2,267) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.7% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 10.66 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.12 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 8.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.9 years
male: 74.18 years
female: 81.8 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s)
adjective: Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Religions: Roman Catholic 95%
Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA
@Monaco:Government
Names:
conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco
local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: Monaco
Digraph: MN
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular – quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)
National holiday: National Day, 19 November
Constitution: 17 December 1962
Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 25 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) head of government: Minister of State Paul DIJOUD (since NA) cabinet: Council of Government; under the authority of the Prince
Legislative branch: unicameral
National Council (Conseil National): elections last held 24 and 31 January 1993 (next to be held NA); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (18 total) Campora List 15, Medecin List 2, independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union (UND); Campora List, Anne-Marie CAMPORA; Medecin List, Jean-Louis MEDECIN
Member of: ACCT, ECE, IAEA, ICAO, ICRM, IFRCS, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US:
honorary consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) honorary consulate(s): Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC
US diplomatic representation: no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is accredited to Monaco
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
@Monaco:Economy
Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco’s annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan suburbs.
National product: GDP – purchasing power parity – $558 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $18,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NEGL%
Budget:
revenues: $424 million
expenditures: $376 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 10,000 kW standby; power imported from France production: NA kWh
consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993)
Agriculture: none
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 – 5.9243 (January 1995), 5.520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Monaco:Transportation
Railroads:
total: 1.7 km
standard gauge: 1.7 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: Monaco
Merchant marine: none
Airports: linked to airport in Nice, France, by helicopter service
@Monaco:Communications
Telephone system: 38,200 telephones; automatic telephone system local: NA
intercity: NA
international: no satellite links; served by cable into the French communications system
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television:
broadcast stations: 5
televisions: NA
@Monaco:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
________________________________________________________________________
MONGOLIA
@Mongolia:Geography
Location: Northern Asia, north of China
Map references: Asia
Area:
total area: 1.565 million sq km
land area: 1.565 million sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: none
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:
arable land: 1%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 79%
forest and woodland: 10%
other: 10%
Irrigated land: 770 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification
natural hazards: duststorms can occur in the spring international agreements: party to – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified – Desertification, Law of the Sea
Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
@Mongolia:People
Population: 2,493,615 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 40% (female 495,919; male 511,464) 15-64 years: 56% (female 693,037; male 693,776) 65 years and over: 4% (female 54,991; male 44,428) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.58% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 32.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.82 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.54 years
male: 64.28 years
female: 68.92 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.26 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA
by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
@Mongolia:Government
Names:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia
Digraph: MG
Type: republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular – aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular – hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results – Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% of the vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)
cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural
Legislative branch: unicameral
State Great Hural: elections held for the first time 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of Mongolia 4, MSDP 1 note: the People’s Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people’s and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general; Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman; Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman; United Party of Mongolia, leader NA
note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
Member of: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAAGIW chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address: c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606
FAX: [976] (1) 320776
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem (“soyombo” – a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
@Mongolia:Economy
Overview: Mongolia’s severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock. In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership has been gradually making the transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships, with one-fourth of the population below the poverty line.
National product: GDP – purchasing power parity – $4.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 2.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,800 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) note: deficit of $67 million
Exports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals partners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports: $361 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991)
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for about 42% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity: 900,000 kW
production: 3.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,267 kWh (1993)
Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture: accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops – wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
Economic aid: NA
Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 – 415.34 (January 1995), 412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990) note: the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and was in force to the end of 1992; beginning 27 May 1993 the exchange rate is the midpoint of the average buying and selling rates that are freely determined on the basis of market transactions between commercial banks and the nonbank public
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Mongolia:Transportation
Railroads:
total: 1,750 km
broad gauge: 1,750 km 1.524-m gauge (1988)
Highways:
total: 46,700 km
paved: 1,000 km
unpaved: 45,700 km (1988)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
Ports: none
Airports:
total: 34
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 with paved runways under 914 m: 1
with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 3 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5
@Mongolia:Communications
Telephone system: 63,000 telephones (1989) local: NA
intercity: NA
international: at least 1 satellite earth station
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0 radios: 220,000
Television:
broadcast stations: 1 (provincial repeaters – 18) televisions: 120,000
@Mongolia:Defense Forces
Branches: Mongolian People’s Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 605,633; males fit for military service 394,433; males reach military age (18) annually 25,862 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion – $22.8 million, 1% of GDP (1992)
________________________________________________________________________
MONTSERRAT
(dependent territory of the UK)
@Montserrat:Geography
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area: 100 sq km
land area: 100 sq km
comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Natural resources: negligible
Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 10%
forest and woodland: 40%
other: 30%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation
natural hazards: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (there are seven active volcanoes on the island) international agreements: NA
@Montserrat:People
Population: 12,738 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.3% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 15.5 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 9.81 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 11.69 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.69 years
male: 73.93 years
female: 77.49 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian
Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans
Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages: English
Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970) total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97%
Labor force: 5,100
by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)
@Montserrat:Government
Names:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat
Digraph: MH
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Plymouth
Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter’s
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)
Constitution: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Legal system: English common law and statute law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Frank SAVAGE (since NA February 1993) head of government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since NA October 1991)
cabinet: Executive Council; consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministries, the attorney-general, and the finance secretary
Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Council: elections last held 8 October 1991; results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People’s Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), OECS, WCL
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
@Montserrat:Economy
Overview: The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.
National product: GDP – purchasing power parity – $55.6 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: 1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita: $4,380 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1992)
Unemployment rate: NA
Budget:
revenues: $12.1 million
expenditures: $14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988 est.)
Exports: $2.8 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle
partners: NA
Imports: $80.6 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials partners: NA
External debt: $2.05 million (1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity: 5,271 kW
production: 17 million kWh
consumption per capita: 1,106 kWh (1993)
Industries: tourism; light manufacturing – rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops – tomatoes, onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products
Economic aid:
recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 million
Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 – 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April – 31 March
@Montserrat:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways:
total: 280 km
paved: 200 km
unpaved: gravel, earth 80 km
Ports: Plymouth
Merchant marine: none
Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Montserrat:Communications
Telephone system: 3,000 telephones
local: NA
intercity: NA
international: NA
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television:
broadcast stations: 1
televisions: NA
@Montserrat:Defense Forces
Branches: Police Force
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
________________________________________________________________________
MOROCCO
@Morocco:Geography
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 446,550 sq km
land area: 446,300 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries: total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km
Coastline: 1,835 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco – the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Terrain: northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areas of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Land use:
arable land: 18%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 28%
forest and woodland: 12%
other: 41%
Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters natural hazards: northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
international agreements: party to – Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
Note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
@Morocco:People
Population: 29,168,848 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (female 5,486,176; male 5,659,410) 15-64 years: 58% (female 8,456,525; male 8,327,560) 65 years and over: 4% (female 641,236; male 597,941) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.09% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 27.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 45.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.98 years
male: 67.03 years
female: 71.02 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.69 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Moroccan(s)
adjective: Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 50%
male: 61%
female: 38%
Labor force: 7.4 million
by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
@Morocco:Government
Names:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco conventional short form: Morocco
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah local short form: Al Maghrib
Digraph: MO
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Rabat
Administrative divisions: 36 provinces and 5 wilayas*; Agadir, Al Hoceima, Assa-Zag, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Sraghna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Es Smara, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech*, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit
Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II’s accession to the throne)
Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) head of government: Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May 1994)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the King
Legislative branch: unicameral
Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab): two-thirds elected by direct, universal suffrage and one-third by an electoral college of government, professional, and labor representatives; direct, popular elections last held 15 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats (333 total, 222 directly elected) USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS 6, PDI 3, SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect, special interest elections last held 17 September 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (333 total, 111 indirectly elected) UC 27, MP 18, RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura and Istiqlal 6, USFP 4, PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
opposition: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Mohammad al-YAZGHI; Istiqlal Party (IP), M’Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA; Organization of Democratic and Popular Action (OADP), leader NA
pro-government: Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement (MNP), Mahjoubi AHARDANE
independents: National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; Democracy and Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA), Abdullah SENHAJI; Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NA labor unions and community organizations (indirect elections) only): Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), Nabir AMAOUI; General Union of Moroccan Workers (UGTM), Abderrazzak AFILAL; Moroccan Union of Workers (UTM), leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA
Member of: ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSA chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982 FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161
consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
mailing address: PSC 74, Box 003, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (7) 76 22 65
FAX: [212] (7) 76 56 61
consulate(s) general: Casablanca
Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon’s seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
@Morocco:Economy
Overview: Morocco faces the typical problems of developing countries – restraining government spending, reducing constraints on private activity and foreign trade, and keeping inflation within bounds. Since the early 1980s the government has pursued an economic program toward these objectives with the support of the IMF, the World Bank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The economy has substantial assets to draw on: the world’s largest phosphate reserves, diverse agricultural and fishing resources, a sizable tourist industry, a growing manufacturing sector, and remittances from Moroccans working abroad. A severe drought in 1992-93 depressed economic activity and held down exports. Real GDP contracted by 4.4% in 1992 and 1.1% in 1993. Despite these setbacks, initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the banking sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993-94. Favorable rainfall in 1994 boosted agricultural production by 40%. Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and vulnerability to external economic forces remain long-term problems for Morocco.
National product: GDP – purchasing power parity – $87.5 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,060 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1994)
Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $8.1 billion
expenditures: $8.9 billion (1994 est.)
Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%
partners: EU 70%, Japan 5%, US 4%, Libya 3%, India 2% (1993)
Imports: $7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%
partners: EC 59%, US 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 3%, Russia 2% (1993)
External debt: $20.5 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 0.1% accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity: 2,620,000 kW
production: 9.9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 361 kWh (1993)
Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe
Economic aid:
recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $123.6 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion
note: $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)
Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 – 2.892 (January 1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Morocco:Transportation
Railroads:
total: 1,893 km
standard gauge: 1,893 km 1.435-m gauge (974 km electrified; 246 km double track)
Highways:
total: 59,474 km
paved: 29,440 km
unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, unimproved earth 30,034 km
Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km
Ports: Agadir, Al Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla
Merchant marine:
total: 38 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 183,951 GRT/273,057 DWT ships by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 9, container 2, oil tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea passenger 1
Airports:
total: 74
with paved runways over 3,047 m: 11 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 13 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 24
@Morocco:Communications
Telephone system: 280,000 telephones; 10.5 telephones/1,000 persons local: NA
intercity: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan international: 5 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 ARABSAT earth station; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 0 radios: NA
Television:
broadcast stations: 26 (repeaters 26) televisions: NA
@Morocco:Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,307,076; males fit for military service 4,637,453; males reach military age (18) annually 323,921 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion – $1.3 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1994)
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MOZAMBIQUE
@Mozambique:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 801,590 sq km
land area: 784,090 sq km
comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries: total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline: 2,470 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical to subtropical
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west
Natural resources: coal, titanium
Land use:
arable land: 4%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 56%
forest and woodland: 20%
other: 20%
Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: civil strife and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have resulted in increased migration to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters
natural hazards: severe droughts and floods occur in central and southern provinces; devastating cyclones international agreements: party to – Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified – Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
@Mozambique:People
Population: 18,115,250 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 45% (female 4,069,117; male 4,078,429) 15-64 years: 53% (female 4,882,292; male 4,630,193) 65 years and over: 2% (female 260,057; male 195,162) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.87% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 44.6 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 15.94 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) note: by the end of 1994, an estimated 1.6 million Mozambican refugees, who fled to Malawi, Zimbabwa, and South Africa in earlier years from the civil war, had returned; an estimated 100,000 refugees remain to be repatriated from those countries
Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.95 years
male: 47.04 years
female: 50.92 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000
Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%