Gambier.
Cutch.
_Germany and Austria_.
Oak bark.
Pine “
Willow bark.
Valonia.
Knoppern.
Myrabolams.
{ Oak bark and wood.
Extracts { Pine bark and wood.
_Russia._
Birch bark.
Willow “
Oak “
Pine “
Hemlock extract.
_Norway and Sweden_.
Birch bark.
Willow “
Oak “
WALTER J. SALOMON. –_Shoe and Leather Reporter_.
* * * * *
AN APPARATUS FOR HEATING SUBSTANCES IN GLASS TUBES UNDER PRESSURE.[1]
[Footnote 1: Read at the meeting of the Chemical Section of the Franklin Institute held March 17, 1891.]
By H. PEMBERTON, Jr.
Chemists who do not happen to have in their laboratories oil or air baths for heating closed tubes can make an air bath at short notice from materials furnished by all dealers in steam fittings.
_Order_:
(1) One four-inch wrought iron pipe, eighteen inches out to out, with usual thread on each end. At about nine inches from either end this pipe is drilled and tapped for a one-inch nipple, in such a manner that a pipe introduced would pass, not on a line with the radius, but about half way between the axis of the four-inch pipe and its walls; in other words, it would be on a line with a chord of the circle.
(2) One one-inch wrought iron nipple, two inches long, one-inch thread on one end.
(3) Two four-inch malleable iron caps, drilled and tapped for a one-inch pipe.
(4) One one-inch wrought iron pipe, twenty-four inches out to out, with a three-inch straight thread on each end.
(5) Two one-inch iron caps. A hole, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, is drilled in the end of one of these caps.
The above order can be given _literatim_, and will be understood by the dealer, who will furnish, at a trifling cost, the materials, cut and tapped as ordered.
Fig. 1 shows how the whole is put together. The numbers on the figure correspond also to the numbers of the paragraphs of the order as given above.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.]
[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
Fig. 2 is an end section. A cork is inserted in 2 and through it a thermometer, the bulb of which is on a level with the interior pipe. The whole is supported on a few bricks at either end, and is kept steady and in place by a couple of weights or half bricks. It is heated by one or two Bunsen burners, according to the temperature desired.–_Jour. Fr. Institute_.
* * * * *
TESTING CEMENT.
An improved method of testing Portland cement has been adopted by M. Deval, Chief Superintendent of Bridges and Roads, who has charge, under M. Saele, of the Public Works Laboratory of the City of Paris. The principal difference in M. Deval’s method consists in the use of hot water for the period of hardening. The briquettes are made in the usual way, and of the ordinary size; and the cement to be tested is gauged with three times its weight of normal sand, and the smallest quantity of water possible. After preparation, the briquettes are allowed to harden in air for a period ranging from 24 hours for Portland cement to 30 days for certain slow-setting hydraulic limes. After this period, the samples are immersed in water kept at a temperature of 80 deg. C., in which they remain for from two to seven days. The briquettes are then broken in the ordinary way. After careful comparisons of many varieties of cement hardened hot and cold, M. Deval finds that cold tests are fallacious, inasmuch as they may fail to detect bad material. Portland cement of good quality will not only stand water at 80 deg. C., but will attain in seven days about the same strength as is reached in the cold after 28 days. The hot test therefore saves time. The hot test is an unfailing proof for free lime; cements containing this constituent betraying weakness, and cracking, swelling, and disintegrating in a very significant manner. This last result is regarded as a valuable quality of the new method of testing cement, the general effect of which appears to be to enhance the test value of really good cements, while depreciating those of an inferior character.
* * * * *
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Architects and Builders Edition
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