Persian Literature, Volume 1Comprising The Shah Nameh, The Rubaiyat, The Divan, and The Gulistan (page 6)

yet been corrupted and debased by the savage example of the Turanians, requested that he might be spared, and given to him to send into Sistan; and his request was promptly complied with.

When the mother of Barzu, whose name was Shah-ru, heard that her son was a prisoner, she wept bitterly, and hastened to Iran, and from thence to Sistan. There happened to be in Rustem’s employ a singing-girl,[50] an old acquaintance of hers, to whom she was much attached, and to whom she made large presents, calling her by the most endearing epithets, in order that she might be brought to serve her in the important matter she had in contemplation. Her object was soon explained, and the preliminaries at once adjusted, and by the hands of this singing-girl she secretly sent some food to Barzu, in which she concealed a ring, to apprise him of her being near him. On finding the ring, he asked who had supplied him with the food, and her answer was: “A woman recently arrived from Ma-chin.” This was to him delightful intelligence, and he could not help exclaiming, “That woman is my mother, I am grateful for thy services, but another time bring me, if thou canst, a large file, that I may be able to free myself from these chains.” The singing-girl promised her assistance; and having told Shah-ru what her son required, conveyed to him a file, and resolved to accompany him in his flight. Barzu then requested that three fleet horses might be provided and kept ready under the walls, at a short distance; and this being also done, in the night, he and his mother, and the singing-girl, effected their escape, and pursued their course towards Turan.

It so happened that Rustem was at this time in progress between Iran and Sistan, hunting for his own pleasure the elk or wild ass, and he accidentally fell in with the refugees, who made an attempt to avoid him, but, unable to effect their purpose, thought proper to oppose him with all their might, and a sharp contest ensued. Both parties becoming fatigued, they rested awhile, when Rustem asked Barzu how he had obtained his liberty. “The Almighty freed me from the bondage I endured.” “And who are these two women?” “One of them,” replied Barzu, “is my mother, and that is a singing-girl of thy own house.” Rustem went aside, and called for breakfast, and thinking in his own mind that it would be expedient to poison Barzu, mixed up a deleterious substance in some food, and sent it to him to eat. He was just going to take it, when his mother cried, “My son, beware!” and he drew his hand from the dish. But the singing-girl did eat part of it, and died on the spot. Upon witnessing this appalling scene, Barzu sprang forward with indignation, and reproached Rustem for his treachery in the severest terms.

“Old man! hast thou mid warrior-chiefs a place, And dost thou practice that which brings disgrace? Hast thou no fear of a degraded name,
No fear of lasting obloquy and shame? O, thou canst have no hope in God, when thou Stand’st thus defiled–dishonoured, false, as now; Unfair, perfidious, art thou too, in strife, By any pretext thou wouldst take my life!”

He then in a menacing attitude exclaimed: “If thou art a man, rise and fight!” Rustem felt ashamed on being thus detected, and rose up frowning in scorn. They met, brandishing their battle-axes, and looking as black as the clouds of night. They then dismounted to wrestle, and fastening the bridles, each to his own girdle, furiously grasped each other’s loins and limbs, straining and struggling for the mastery. Whilst they were thus engaged, their horses betrayed equal animosity, and attacked each other with great violence. Rakush bit and kicked Barzu’s steed so severely that he strove to gallop away, dragging his master, who was at the same time under the excruciating grip of Rustem. “O, release me for a moment till I am disentangled from my horse,” exclaimed Barzu; but Rustem heeding him not, now pressed him down beneath him, and was preparing to give him the finishing blow by cutting off his head, when the mother seeing the fatal moment approach, shrieked, and cried out, “Forbear, Rustem! this youth is the son of Sohrab, and thy own grandchild! Forbear, and bring not on thyself the devouring anguish which followed the death of his unhappy father.

“Think of Sohrab! take not the precious life Of sire and son–unnatural is the strife; Restrain, for mercy’s sake, that furious mood, And pause before thou shedd’st a kinsman’s blood.”

“Ah!” rejoined Rustem, “can that be true?” upon which Shah-ru showed him Sohrab’s brilliant finger-ring and he was satisfied. He then pressed Barzu warmly and affectionately to his breast, and kissed his head and eyes, and took him along with him to Sistan, where he placed him in a station of honor, and introduced him to his great-grandfather Zal, who received and caressed him with becoming tenderness and regard.

SUSEN AND AFRASIYAB

Soon after Afrasiyab had returned defeated into Turan, grievously lamenting the misfortune which had deprived him of the assistance of Barzu, a woman named Susen, deeply versed in magic and sorcery, came to him, and promised by her potent art to put him in the way of destroying Rustem and his whole family.

“Fighting disappointment brings,
Sword and mace are useless things; If thou wouldst a conqueror be,
Monarch! put thy trust in me;
Soon the mighty chief shall bleed– Spells and charms will do the deed!”

Afrasiyab at first refused to avail himself of her power, but was presently induced, by a manifestation of her skill, to consent to what she proposed. She required that a distinguished warrior should be sent along with her, furnished with abundance of treasure, honorary tokens and presents, so that none might be aware that she was employed on the occasion. Afrasiyab appointed Pilsam, duly supplied with the requisites, and the warrior and the sorceress set off on their journey, people being stationed conveniently on the road to hasten the first tidings of their success to the king. Their course was towards Sistan, and arriving at a fort, they took possession of a commodious residence, in which they placed the wealth and property they had brought, and, establishing a house of entertainment, all travellers who passed that way were hospitably and sumptuously regaled by them.

For sparkling wine, and viands rare, And mellow fruit, abounded there.

It is recorded that Rustem had invited to a magnificent feast at his palace in Sistan a large company of the most celebrated heroes of the kingdom, and amongst them happened to be Tus, whom the king had deputed to the champion on some important state affairs. Gudarz was also present; and between him and Tus ever hostile to each other, a dispute as usual took place. The latter, always boasting of his ancestry, reviled the old warrior and said, “I am the son of Nauder, and the grandson of Feridun, whilst thou art but the son of Kavah, the blacksmith;–why then dost thou put thyself on a footing with me?” Gudarz, in reply, poured upon him reproaches equally irritating, accused him of ignorance and folly, and roused the anger of the prince to such a degree that he drew his dagger to punish the offender, when Reham started up and prevented the intended bloodshed. This interposition increased his rage, and in serious dudgeon he retired from the banquet, and set off on his return to Iran.

Rustem was not present at the time, but when he heard of the altercation and the result of it, he was very angry, saying that Gudarz was a relation of the family, and Tus his guest, and therefore wrong had been done, since a guest ought always to be protected. “A guest,” he said, “ought to be held as sacred as the king, and it is the custom of heroes to treat a guest with the most scrupulous respect and consideration–

“For a guest is the king of the feast.”

He then requested Gudarz to go after Tus, and by fair words and proper excuses bring him back to his festive board. Accordingly Gudarz departed. No sooner had he gone than Giw rose up, and said, “Tus is little better than a madman, and my father of a hasty temper; I should therefore wish to follow, to prevent the possibility of further disagreement.” To this Rustem consented. Byzun was now also anxious to go, and he too got permission. When all the three had departed, Rustem began to be apprehensive that something unpleasant would occur, and thought it prudent to send Feramurz to preserve the peace. Zal then came forward, and thinking that Tus, the descendant of the Kais and his revered guest, might not be easily prevailed upon to return either by Gudarz, Giw, Byzun, or Feramurz, resolved to go himself and soothe the temper which had been so injudiciously and rudely ruffled at the banquet.

When Tus, on his journey from Rustem’s palace, approached the residence of Susen the sorceress, he beheld numerous cooks and confectioners on every side, preparing all kinds of rich and rare dishes of food, and every species of sweetmeat; and enquiring to whom they belonged, he was told that the place was occupied by the wife of a merchant from Turan, who was extremely wealthy, and who entertained in the most sumptuous manner every traveller who passed that way. Hungry, and curious to see what was going on, Tus dismounted, and leaving his horse with the attendants, entered the principal apartment, where he saw a fascinating female, and was transported with joy.–She was

Tall as the graceful cypress, and as bright, As ever struck a lover’s ravished sight; Why of her musky locks or ringlets tell? Each silky hair itself contained a spell. Why of her face so beautifully fair?
Wondering he saw the moon’s refulgence there.

As soon as his transports had subsided he sat down before her, and asked her who she was, and upon what adventure she was engaged; and she answered that she was a singing-girl, that a wealthy merchant some time ago had fallen in love with and married her, and soon afterwards died; that Afrasiyab, the king, had since wished to take her into his harem, which alarmed her, and she had in consequence fled from his country; she was willing, however, she said, to become the handmaid of Kai-khosrau, he being a true king, and of a sweet and gentle temper.

“A persecuted damsel I,
Thus the detested tyrant fly,
And hastening from impending woes, In happy Persia seek repose;
For long as cherished life remains, Pleasure must smile where Khosrau reigns. Thence did I from my home depart,
To please and bless a Persian heart.”

The deception worked effectually on the mind of Tus, and he at once entered into the notion of escorting her to Kai-khosrau. But he was immediately supplied with charmed viands and goblets of rich wine, which he had not the power to resist, till his senses forsook him, and then Pilsam appeared, and, binding him with cords, conveyed him safely and secretly into the interior of the fort. In a short time Gudarz arrived, and he too was received and treated in the same manner. Then Giw and Byzun were seized and secured; and after them came Zal: but notwithstanding the enticements that were used, and the attractions that presented themselves, he would neither enter the enchanted apartment, nor taste the enchanted food or wine.

The bewitching cup was filled to the brim, But the magic draught had no charms for him.

A person whispered in his ear that the woman had already wickedly got into her power several warriors, and he felt assured that they were his own friends. To be revenged for this treachery he rushed forward, and would have seized hold of the sorceress, but she fled into the fort and fastened the gate. He instantly sent a messenger to Rustem, explaining the perplexity in which he was involved, and exerting all his strength, broke down the gate that had just been closed against him as soon as the passage was opened, out rushed Pilsam, who with his mace commenced a furious battle with Zal, in which he nearly overpowered him, when Feramurz reached the spot, and telling the venerable old warrior to stand aside, took his place, and fought with Pilsam without intermission all day, and till they were parted by the darkness of night.

Early in the morning Rustem, accompanied by Barzu, arrived from Sistan, and entering the fort, called aloud for Pilsam. He also sent Feramurz to Kai-khosrau to inform him of what had occurred. Pilsam at length issued forth, and attacked the champion. They first fought with bows and arrows, with javelins next, and then successively with maces, and swords, and daggers. The contest lasted the whole day; and when at night they parted, neither had gained the victory. The next morning immense clouds of dust were seen, and they were found to be occasioned by Afrasiyab and his army marching to the spot. Rustem appointed Barzu to proceed with his Zabul troops against him, whilst he himself encountered Pilsam. The strife between the two was dreadful. Rustem struck him several times furiously upon the head, and at length stretched him lifeless on the sand. He then impelled Rakush towards the Turanian army, and aided by Zal and Barzu, committed tremendous havoc among them.

So thick the arrows fell, helmet, and mail, And shield, pierced through, looked like a field of reeds.

In the meantime Susen, the sorceress, escaped from the fort, and fled to Afrasiyab.

Another cloud of dust spreading from earth to heaven, was observed in the direction of Persia, and the waving banners becoming more distinct, presently showed the approach of the king, Kai-khosrau.

The steely javelins sparkled in the sun, Helmet and shield, and joyous seemed the sight. Banners, all gorgeous, floating on the breeze, And horns shrill echoing, and the tramp of steeds, Proclaimed to dazzled eye and half-stunned ear, The mighty preparation.

The hostile armies soon met, and there was a sanguinary conflict, but the Turanians were obliged to give way. Upon this common result, Piran-wisah declared to Afrasiyab that perseverance was as ridiculous as unprofitable. “Our army has no heart, nor confidence, when opposed to Rustem; how often have we been defeated by him–how often have we been scattered like sheep before that lion in battle! We have just lost the aid of Barzu, and now is it not deplorable to put any trust in the dreams of a singing-girl, to accelerate on her account the ruin of the country, and to hazard thy own personal safety.

“What! risk an empire on a woman’s word!”

Afrasiyab replied, “So it is;” and instantly urged his horse into the middle of the plain, where he loudly challenged Kai-khosrau to single combat, saying, “Why should we uselessly shed the blood of our warriors and people. Let us ourselves decide the day. God will give the triumph to him who merits it.” Kai-khosrau was ashamed to refuse this challenge, and descending from his elephant, mounted his horse and prepared for the onset. But his warriors seized the bridle, and would not allow him to fight. He declared, however, that he would himself take revenge for the blood of Saiawush, and struggled to overcome the friends who were opposing his progress. “Forbear awhile,” said Rustem, “Afrasiyab is expert in all the arts of the warrior, fighting with the sword, the dagger, in archery, and wrestling. When I wrestled with him, and held him down, he could not have escaped, excepting by the exercise of the most consummate dexterity. Allow thy warriors to fight for thee.” But the king was angry, and said, “The monarch who does not fight for himself, is unworthy of the crown.” Upon hearing this, Rustem wept tears of blood. Barzu now took hold of the king’s stirrup, and knocked his forehead against it, and drawing his dagger, threatened to put an end to himself, saying, “My blood will be upon thy neck, if thou goest;” and he continued in a strain so eloquent and persuasive that Khosrau relaxed in his determination, and observed to Rustem: “There can be no doubt that Barzu is descended from thee.” Barzu now respectfully kissed the ground before the king, and vaulting on his saddle with admirable agility, rushed onwards to the middle space where Afrasiyab was waiting, and roared aloud. Afrasiyab burned with indignation at the sight, and said in his heart: “It seems that I have nurtured and instructed this ingrate, to shed my own blood. Thou wretch of demon-birth, thou knowest not thy father’s name! and yet thou comest to wage war against me! Art thou not ashamed to look upon the king of Turan after what he has done for thee?” Barzu replied: “Although thou didst protect me, thou spilt the blood of Saiawush and Aghriras unjustly. When I ate thy salt, I served thee faithfully, and fought for thee. I now eat the salt of Kai-khosrau, and my allegiance is due to him.”

He spoke, and raised his battle-axe, and rushed, Swift as a demon of Mazinderan,
Against Afrasiyab, who, frowning, cried:– “Approach not like a furious elephant,
Heedless what may befall thee–nor provoke The wrath of him whose certain aim is death.” Then placed he on the string a pointed dart, And shot it from the bow; whizzing it flew, And pierced the armor of the wondering youth, Inflicting on his side a painful wound, Which made his heart with trepidation throb; High exultation marked the despot’s brow, Seeing the gush of blood his loins distain.

Barzu was now anxious to assail Afrasiyab with his mace, instead of arrows; but whenever he tried to get near enough, he was disappointed by the adroitness of his adversary, whom he could not reach. He was at last compelled to lay aside the battle-axe, and have recourse to his bow, but every arrow was dexterously received by Afrasiyab on his shield; and Barzu, on his part, became equally active and successful. Afrasiyab soon emptied his quiver, and then he grasped his mace with the intention of extinguishing his antagonist at once, but at the moment Human came up, and said: “O, king! do not bring thyself into jeopardy by contending against a person of no account; thy proper adversary is Kai-khosrau, and not him, for if thou gainest the victory, it can only be a victory over a fatherless soldier, and if thou art killed, the whole of Turan will be at the feet of Persia.” Both Piran and Human dissuaded the king from continuing the engagement singly, and directed the Turanians to commence a general attack. Afrasiyab told them that if Barzu was not slain, it would be a great misfortune to their country; in consequence, they surrounded him, and inflicted on him many severe wounds. But Rustem and Feramurz, beholding the dilemma into which Barzu was thrown, hastened to his support, and many of the enemy were killed by them, and great carnage followed the advance of the Persian army.

The noise of clashing swords, and ponderous maces Ringing upon the iron mail, seemed like The busy work-shop of an armorer;
Tumultuous as the sea the field appeared, All crimsoned with the blood of heroes slain.

Kai-khosrau himself hurried to the assistance of Barzu, and the powerful force which he brought along with him soon put the Turanians to flight. Afrasiyab too made his escape in the confusion that prevailed. The king wished to pursue the enemy, but Rustem observed that their defeat and dispersion was enough. The battle having ceased, and the army being in the neighborhood of Sistan, the champion solicited permission to return to his home; “for I am now,” said he, “four hundred years old, and require a little rest. In the meantime Feramurz and Barzu may take my place.” The king consented, and distributing his favors to each of his distinguished warriors for their prodigious exertions, left Zal and Rustem to proceed to Sistan, and returned to the capital of his kingdom.

THE EXPEDITION OF GUDARZ

The overthrow of the sovereign of Turan had only a temporary effect, as it was not long before he was enabled to collect further supplies, and another army for the defence of his kingdom; and Kai-khosrau’s ambition to reduce the power of his rival being animated by new hopes of success, another expedition was entrusted to the command of Gudarz. Rustem, he said, had done his duty in repeated campaigns against Afrasiyab, and the extraordinary gallantry and wisdom with which they were conducted, entitled him to the highest applause. “It is now, Gudarz, thy turn to vanquish the enemy.” Accordingly Gudarz, accompanied by Giw, and Tus, and Byzun, and an immense army, proceeded towards Turan. Feramurz was directed previously to invade and conquer Hindustan, and from thence to march to the borders of Chin and Ma-chin, for the purpose of uniting and co-operating with the army under Gudarz, and, finally, to capture Afrasiyab.

As soon as it was known in Turan that Gudarz was in motion to resume hostilities against the king, Human was appointed with a large force to resist his progress, and a second army of reserve was gathered together under the command of Piran. The first conflict which occurred was between the troops of Gudarz and Human. Gudarz directed Byzun to attack Human. The two chiefs joined in battle, when Human fell under the sword of his adversary, and his army, being defeated, retired, and united in the rear with the legions of Piran. The enemy thus became of formidable strength, and in consequence it was thought proper to communicate the inequality to Kai-khosrau, that reinforcements might be sent without loss of time. The king immediately complied, and also wrote to Sistan to request the aid of Rustem. The war lasted two years, the army on each side being continually recruited as necessity required, so that the numbers were regularly kept up, till a great battle took place, in which the venerable Piran was killed, and nearly the whole of his army destroyed. This victory was obtained without the assistance of Rustem, who, notwithstanding the message of the king, had still remained in Sistan. The loss of Piran, the counsellor and warrior, proved to be a great affliction to Afrasiyab: he felt as if his whole support was taken away, and deemed it the signal of approaching ruin to his cause.

“Thou wert my refuge, thou my friend and brother; Wise in thy counsel, gallant in the field, My monitor and guide–and thou art gone! The glory of my kingdom is eclipsed,
Since thou hast vanished from this world, and left me All wretched to myself. But food, nor sleep Nor rest will I indulge in, till just vengeance Has been inflicted on the cruel foe.”

When the news of Piran’s death reached Kai-khosrau, he rapidly marched forward, crossed the Jihun without delay, and passed through Samerkand and Bokhara, to encounter the Turanians. Afrasiyab, in the meantime, had not been neglectful. He had all his hidden treasure dug up, with which he assembled a prodigious army, and appointed his son Shydah-Poshang to the command of a hundred thousand horsemen. To oppose this force, Khosrau appointed his young relative, Lohurasp, with eight thousand horsemen, and passing through Sistan, desired Rustem, on account of Lohurasp’s tender age and inexperience, to afford him such good counsel as he required. When Afrasiyab heard this, he added to the force of Shydah another hundred thousand men, but first sent his son to Kai-khosrau in the character of an ambassador to offer terms of peace. “Tell him,” said he, “that to secure this object, I will deliver to him one of my sons as a hostage, and a number of troops for his service, with the sacred promise never to depart from my engagements again.–But, a word in thy ear, Shydah; if Khosrau is not disposed to accept these terms, say, to prevent unnecessary bloodshed, he and I must personally decide the day by single combat. If he refuses to fight with me, say that thou wilt meet him; and shouldst thou be slain in the strife, I will surrender to him the kingdom of Turan, and retire myself from the world.” He further commanded him to propound these terms with a gallant and fearless bearing, and not to betray the least apprehension. Shydah entered fully into the spirit of his father’s instructions, and declared that he would devote his life to the cause, that he would boldly before the whole assembly dare Kai-khosrau to battle; so that Afrasiyab was delighted with the valorous disposition he displayed.

Kai-khosrau smiled when he heard of what Afrasiyab intended, and viewed the proposal as a proof of his weakness. “But never,” said he, “will I consent to a peace till I have inflicted on him the death which Saiawush was made to suffer.” When Shydah arrived, and with proper ceremony and respect had delivered his message, Kai-khosrau invited him to retire to his chamber and go to rest, and he would send an answer by one of his people. Shydah accordingly retired, and the king proceeded to consult his warrior-friends on the offers that had been made. “Afrasiyab tells me,” said he, “that if I do not wish for peace, I must fight either him or his son. I have seen Shydah–his eyes are red and blood-shot, and he has a fierce expression of feature; if I do not accept his terms, I shall probably soon have a dagger lodged in my breast.” Saying this, he ordered his mail to be got ready; but Rustem and all the great men about him exclaimed, unanimously: “This must not be allowed; Afrasiyab is full of fraud, artifice, and sorcery, and notoriously faithless to his engagements. The sending of Shydah is all a trick, and his letter of proposal all deceit: his object is simply to induce thee to fight him alone.

“If them shouldst kill this Shydah–what of that! There would be one Turanian warrior less, To vex the world withal; would that be triumph? And to a Persian king? But if it chanced, That thou shouldst meet with an untimely death, By dart or javelin, at the stripling’s hands, What scathe and ruin would this realm befall!”

By the advice of Rustem, Kai-khosrau gave Shydah permission to depart, and said that he would send his answer to Afrasiyab by Karun. “But,” observed the youth, “I have come to fight thee!” which touched the honor of the king, and he replied: “Be it so, let us then meet to-morrow.”

In the meantime Khosrau prepared his letter to Afrasiyab, in which he said:–

“Our quarrel now is dark to view,
It bears the fiercest, gloomiest hue; And vain have speech and promise been
To change for peace the battle scene; For thou art still to treachery prone,
Though gentle now in word and tone; But that imperial crown thou wearest,
That mace which thou in battle bearest, Thy kingdom, all, thou must resign;
Thy army too–for all are mine!
Thou talk’st of strength, and might, and power, When revelling in a prosperous hour;
But know, that strength of nerve and limb We owe to God–it comes from Him!
And victory’s palm, and regal sway, Alike the will of Heaven obey.
Hence thy lost throne, no longer thine, Will soon, perfidious king! be mine!”

In giving this letter to Karun, Kai-khosrau directed him, in the first place, to deliver a message from him to Shydah, to the following effect:–

“Driven art thou out from home and life, Doomed to engage in mortal strife,
For deeply lours misfortune’s cloud; That gay attire will be thy shroud;
Blood from thy father’s eyes will gush, As Kaus wept for Saiawush.”

In the morning Khosrau went to the appointed place, and when he approached Shydah, the latter said, “Thou hast come on foot, let our trial be in wrestling;” and the proposal being agreed to, both applied themselves fiercely to the encounter, at a distance from the troops.

The youth appeared with joyous mien, And bounding heart, for life was new;
By either host the strife was seen, And strong and fierce the combat grew.

Shydah exerted his utmost might, but was unable to move his antagonist from the ground; whilst Khosrau lifted him up without difficulty, and, dashing him on the plain,

He sprang upon him as the lion fierce Springs on the nimble gor, then quickly drew His deadly dagger, and with cruel aim,
Thrust the keen weapon through the stripling’s heart.

Khosrau, immediately after slaying him, ordered the body to be washed with musk and rose-water, and, after burial, a tomb to be raised to his memory.

When Karun reached the court of Afrasiyab with the answer to the offer of peace, intelligence had previously arrived that Shydah had fallen in the combat, which produced in the mind of the father the greatest anguish. He gave no reply to Karun, but ordered the drums and trumpets to be sounded, and instantly marched with a large army against the enemy. The two hosts were soon engaged, the anger of the Turanians being so much roused and sharpened by the death of the prince, that they were utterly regardless of their lives. The battle, therefore, was fought with unusual fury.

Two sovereigns in the field, in desperate strife, Each by a grievous cause of wrath, urged on To glut revenge; this, for a father’s life Wantonly sacrificed; that for a son
Slain in his prime.–The carnage has begun, And blood is seen to flow on every side; Thousands are slaughtered ere the day is done, And weltering swell the sanguinary tide; And why? To soothe man’s hate, his cruelty, and pride.

The battle terminated in the discomfiture and defeat of the Turanians, who fled from the conquerors in the utmost confusion. The people seized hold of the bridle of Afrasiyab’s horse, and obliged him to follow his scattered army.

Kai-khosrau having despatched an account of his victory to Kaus, went in pursuit of Afrasiyab, traversing various countries and provinces, till he arrived on the borders of Chin. The Khakan, or sovereign of that state, became in consequence greatly alarmed, and presented to him large presents to gain his favor, but the only object of Khosrau was to secure Afrasiyab, and he told the ambassador that if his master dared to afford him protection, he would lay waste the whole kingdom. The Khakan therefore withdrew his hospitable services, and the abandoned king was compelled to seek another place of refuge.

THE DEATH OF AFRASIYAB

Melancholy and afflicted, Afrasiyab penetrated through wood and desert, and entered the province of Mikran, whither he was followed by Kai-khosrau and his army. He then quitted Mikran, but his followers had fallen off to a small number and to whatever country or region he repaired for rest and protection, none was given, lest the vengeance of Kai-khosrau should be hurled upon the offender. Still pursued and hunted like a wild beast, and still flying from his enemies, the small retinue which remained with him at last left him, and he was left alone, dejected, destitute, and truly forlorn. In this state of desertion he retired into a cave, where he hoped to continue undiscovered and unseen.

It chanced, however, that a man named Hum, of the race of Feridun, dwelt hard by. He was remarkable for his strength and bravery, but had peacefully taken up his abode upon the neighboring mountain, and was passing a religious life without any communication with the busy world. His dwelling was a little way above the cave of Afrasiyab. One night he heard a voice of lamentation below, and anxious to ascertain from whom and whence it proceeded, he stole down to the spot and listened. The mourner spoke in the Turkish language, and said:–“O king of Turan and Chin, where is now thy pomp and power! How has Fortune cast away thy throne and thy treasure to the winds?” Hearing these words Hum conjectured that this must be Afrasiyab; and as he had suffered severely from the tyranny of that monarch, his feelings of vengeance were awakened, and he approached nearer to be certain that it was he. The same lamentations were repeated, and he felt assured that it was Afrasiyab himself. He waited patiently, however, till morning dawned, and then he called out at the mouth of the cave:–“O, king of the world! come out of thy cave, and obtain thy desires! I have left the invisible sphere to accomplish thy wishes. Appear!” Afrasiyab thinking this a spiritual call, went out of the cave and was instantly recognized by Hum, who at the same moment struck him a severe blow on the forehead, which felled him to the earth, and then secured his hands behind his back. When the monarch found himself in fetters and powerless, he complained of the cruelty inflicted upon him, and asked Hum why he had treated a stranger in that manner. Hum replied: “How many a prince of the race of Feridun hast thou sacrificed to thy ambition? How many a heart hast thou broken? I, too, am one who was compelled to fly from thy persecutions, and take refuge here on this desert mountain, and constantly have I prayed for thy ruin that I might be released from this miserable mode of existence, and be permitted to return to my paternal home. My prayer has been heard at last, and God has delivered thee into my hands. But how earnest thou hither, and by what strange vicissitudes art thou thus placed before me?” Afrasiyab communicated to him the story of his misfortunes, and begged of him rather to put him to death on the spot than convey him to Kai-khosrau. But Hum was too much delighted with having the tyrant under his feet to consider either his safety or his feelings, and was not long in bringing him to the Persian king. Kai-khosrau received the prisoner with exultation, and made Hum a magnificent present. He well recollected the basin and the dagger used in the murder of Saiawush, and commanded the presence of the treacherous Gersiwaz, that he and Afrasiyab might suffer, in every respect, the same fate together. The basin was brought, and the two victims were put to death, like two goats, their heads being chopped off from their bodies.

After this sanguinary catastrophe, Kai-khosrau returned to Iran, leaving Rustem to proceed to his own principality. Kai-kaus quitted his palace, according to his established custom, to welcome back the conqueror. He kissed his head and face, and showered upon him praises and blessings for the valor he had displayed, and the deeds he had done, and especially for having so signally revenged the cruel murder of his father Saiawush.

THE DEATH OF KAI-KHOSRAU

Kai-khosrau at last became inspired by an insurmountable attachment to a religious life, and thought only of devotion to God. Thus influenced by a disposition peculiar to ascetics, he abandoned the duties of sovereignty, and committed all state affairs to the care of his ministers. The chiefs and warriors remonstrated respectfully against this mode of government, and trusted that he would devote only a few hours in the day to the transactions of the kingdom, and the remainder to prayer and religious exercises; but this he refused, saying:–“One heart is not equal to both duties; my affections indeed are not for this transitory world, and I trust to be an inhabitant of the world to come.” The nobles were in great sorrow at this declaration, and anxiously applied to Zal and Rustem, in the hopes of working some change in the king’s disposition. On their arrival the people cried to them:–

“Some evil eye has smote the king;–Iblis By wicked wiles has led his soul astray, And withered all life’s pleasures. O release Our country from the sorrow, the dismay Which darkens every heart:–his ruin stay. Is it not mournful thus to see him cold And gloomy, casting pomp and joy away?
Restore him to himself; let us behold Again the victor-king, the generous, just and bold.”

Zal and Rustem went to the palace of the king in a melancholy mood, and Khosrau having heard of their approach, enquired of them why they had left Sistan. They replied that the news of his having relinquished all concern in the affairs of the kingdom had induced them to wait upon him. “I am weary of the troubles of this life,” said he composedly, “and anxious to prepare for a future state.” “But death,” observed Zal, “is a great evil. It is dreadful to die!” Upon this the king said:–“I cannot endure any longer the deceptions and the perfidy of mankind. My love of heaven is so great that I cannot exist one moment without devotion and prayer. Last night a mysterious voice whispered in my ear:–The time of thy departure is nigh, prepare the load for thy journey, and neglect not thy warning angel, or the opportunity will be lost.” When Zal and Rustem saw that Khosrau was resolved, and solemnly occupied in his devotions, they were for some time silent. But Zal was at length moved, and said:–“I will go into retirement and solitude with the king, and by continual prayer, and through his blessing, I too may be forgiven.” “This, indeed,” said the king, “is not the place for me. I must seek out a solitary cell, and there resign my soul to heaven.” Zal and Rustem wept, and quitted the palace, and all the warriors were in the deepest affliction.

The next day Kai-khosrau left his apartment, and called together his great men and warriors, and said to them:–

“That which I sought for, I have now obtained. Nothing remains of worldly wish, or hope, To disappoint or vex me. I resign
The pageantry of kings, and turn away From all the pomp of the Kaianian throne, Sated with human grandeur.–Now, farewell! Such is my destiny. To those brave friends, Who, ever faithful, have my power upheld, I will discharge the duty of a king,
Paying the pleasing debt of gratitude.”

He then ordered his tents to be pitched in the desert, and opened his treasury, and for seven days made a sumptuous feast, and distributed food and money among the indigent, the widows, and orphans, and every destitute person was abundantly supplied with the necessaries of life, so that there was no one left in a state of want throughout the empire. He also attended to the claims of his warriors. To Rustem he gave Zabul, and Kabul, and Nim-ruz. He appointed Lohurasp, the son-in-law of Kai-kaus, successor to his throne, and directed all his people to pay the same allegiance to him as they had done to himself; and they unanimously consented, declaring their firm attachment to his person and government. He appointed Gudarz the chief minister, and Giw to the chief command of the armies. To Tus he gave Khorassan; and he said to Friburz, the son of Kaus:–“Be thou obedient, I beseech thee, to the commands of Lohurasp, whom I have instructed, and brought up with paternal care; for I know of no one so well qualified in the art of governing a kingdom.” The warriors of Iran were surprised, and murmured together, that the son of Kai-kaus should be thus placed under the authority of Lohurasp. But Zal observed to them:–“If it be the king’s will, it is enough!” The murmurs of the warriors having reached Kai-khosrau, he sent for them, and addressed them thus:–“Friburz is well known to be unequal to the functions of sovereignty; but Lohurasp is enlightened, and fully comprehends all the duties of regal sway. He is a descendant of Husheng, wise and merciful, and God is my witness, I think him perfectly calculated to make a nation happy.” Hearing this eulogium on the character of the new king from Kai-khosrau, all the warriors expressed their satisfaction, and anticipated a glorious reign. Khosrau further said:–“I must now address you on another subject. In my dreams a fountain has been pointed out to me; and when I visit that fountain, my life will be resigned to its Creator.” He then bid farewell to all the people around him, and commenced his journey; and when he had accomplished one stage he pitched his tent. Next day he resumed his task, and took leave of Zal and Rustem; who wept bitterly as they parted from him.

“Alas!” they said, “that one on whom Heaven has bestowed a mind so great,
A heart so brave, should seek the tomb, And not his hour in patience wait.
The wise in wonder gaze, and say,
No mortal being ever trod
Before, the dim supernal way,
And living, saw the face of God!”

After Zal and Rustem, then Khosrau took leave of Gudarz and Giw and Tus, and Gustahem, but unwilling to go back, they continued with him. He soon arrived at the promised fountain, in which he bathed. He then said to his followers:–“Now is the time for our separation;–you must go;” but they still remained. Again he said:–“You must go quickly; for presently heavy showers of snow will fall, and a tempestuous wind will arise, and you will perish in the storm.” Saying this, he went into the fountain, and vanished!

And not a trace was left behind,
And not a dimple on the wave;
All sought, but sought in vain, to find The spot which proved Kai-khosrau’s grave!

The king having disappeared in this extraordinary manner, a loud lamentation ascended from his followers; and when the paroxysm of amazement and sorrow had ceased, Friburz said:–“Let us now refresh ourselves with food, and rest awhile.” Accordingly those that remained ate a little, and were soon afterwards overcome with sleep. Suddenly a great wind arose, and the snow fell and clothed the earth in white, and all the warriors and soldiers who accompanied Kai-khosrau to the mysterious fountain, and amongst them Tus and Friburz, and Giw, were while asleep overwhelmed in the drifts of snow. Not a man survived. Gudarz had returned when about half-way on the road; and not hearing for a long time any tidings of his companions, sent a person to ascertain the cause of their delay. Upon proceeding to the fatal place, the messenger, to his amazement and horror, found them all stiff and lifeless under the snow!

LOHURASP

The reputation of Lohurasp was of the highest order, and it is said that his administration of the affairs of his kingdom was more just and paternal than even that of Kai-khosrau. “The counsel which Khosrau gave me,” said he, “was wise and admirable; but I find that I must go beyond him in moderation and clemency to the poor.” Lohurasp had four sons, two by the daughter of Kai-kaus, one named Ardshir, and the other Shydasp; and two by another woman, and they were named Gushtasp and Zarir. But Gushtasp was intrepid, acute, and apparently marked out for sovereignty, and on account of his independent conduct, no favorite with his father; in defiance of whom, with a rebellious spirit, he collected together a hundred thousand horsemen, and proceeded with them towards Hindustan of his own accord. Lohurasp sent after him his brother Zarir, with a thousand horsemen, in the hopes of influencing him to return; but when Zarir overtook him and endeavored to persuade him not to proceed any further, he said to him, with an animated look:–

“Proceed no farther!–Well thou know’st We’ve no Kaianian blood to boast,
And, therefore, but a minor part
In Lohurasp’s paternal heart.
Nor thou, nor I, can ever own
From him the diadem or throne.
The brothers of Kaus’s race
By birth command the brightest place, Then what remains for us? We must
To other means our fortunes trust. We cannot linger here, and bear
A life of discontent–despair.”

Zarir, however, reasoned with him so winningly and effectually, that at last he consented to return; but only upon the condition that he should be nominated heir to the throne, and treated with becoming respect and ceremony. Zarir agreed to interpose his efforts to this end, and brought him back to his father; but it was soon apparent that Lohurasp had no inclination to promote the elevation of Gushtasp in preference to the claims of his other sons; and indeed shortly afterwards manifested to what quarter his determination on this subject was directed. It was indeed enough that his determination was unfavorable to the views of Gushtasp, who now, in disgust, fled from his father’s house, but without any attendants, and shaped his course towards Rum. Lohurasp again sent Zarir in quest of him; but the youth, after a tedious search, returned without success. Upon his arrival in Rum, Gushtasp chose a solitary retirement, where he remained some time, and was at length compelled by poverty and want, to ask for employment in the establishment of the sovereign of that country, stating that he was an accomplished scribe, and wrote a beautiful hand. He was told to wait a few days, as at that time there was no vacancy. But hunger was pressing, and he could not suffer delay; he therefore went to the master of the camel-drivers and asked for service, but he too had no vacancy. However, commiserating the distressed condition of the applicant, he generously supplied him with a hearty meal. After that, Gushtasp went into a blacksmith’s shop, and asked for work, and his services were accepted. The blacksmith put the hammer into his hands, and the first blow he struck was given with such force, that he broke the anvil to pieces. The blacksmith was amazed and angry, and indignantly turned him out of his shop, uttering upon him a thousand violent reproaches.

Wounded in spirit, broken-hearted,
Misfortune darkening o’er his head, To other lands he then departed,
To seek another home for bread.

Disconsolate and wretched, he proceeded on his journey, and observing a husbandman standing in a field of corn, he approached the spot and sat down. The husbandman seeing a strong muscular youth, apparently a Turanian, sitting in sorrow and tears, went up to him and asked him the cause of his grief, and he soon became acquainted with all the circumstances of the stranger’s life. Pitying his distress, he took him home and gave him some food.

After having partaken sufficiently of the refreshments placed before him, Gushtasp inquired of his host to what tribe he belonged, and from whom he was descended. “I am descended from Feridun,” rejoined he, “and I belong to the Kaianian tribe. My occupation in this retired spot is, as thou seest, the cultivation of the ground, and the customs and duties of husbandry.” Gushtasp said, “I am myself descended from Husheng, who was the ancestor of Feridun; we are, therefore, of the same origin.” In consequence of this connection, Gushtasp and the husbandman lived together on the most friendly footing for a considerable time. At length the star of his fortune began to illumine his path, and the favor of Heaven became manifest.

It was the custom of the king of Rum, when his daughters came of age, to give a splendid banquet, and to invite to it all the youths of illustrious birth in the kingdom, in order that each might select one of them most suited to her taste, for her future husband. His daughter Kitabun was now of age, and in conformity with the established practice, the feast was prepared, and the youths of royal descent invited; but it so happened that not one of them was sufficiently attractive for her choice, and the day passed over unprofitably. She had been told in a dream that a youth of a certain figure and aspect had arrived in the kingdom from Iran, and that to him she was destined to be married. But there was not one at her father’s banquet who answered to the description of the man she had seen in her dream, and in consequence she was disappointed. On the following day the feast was resumed. She had again dreamt of the youth to whom she was to be united. She had presented to him a bunch of roses, and he had given her a rose-branch, and each regarded the other with smiles of mutual satisfaction. In the morning Kitabun issued a proclamation, inviting all the young men of royal extraction, whether natives of the kingdom or strangers, to her father’s feast. On that day Gushtasp and the husbandman had come into the city from the country, and hearing the proclamation the latter said: “Let us go, for in this lottery the prize may be drawn in thy name.” They accordingly went. Kitabun’s handmaid was in waiting at the door, and kept every young man standing awhile, that her mistress might mark him well before she allowed him to pass into the banquet. The keen eyes of Kitabun soon saw Gushtasp, and her heart instantly acknowledged him as her promised lord, for he was the same person she had seen in her dream.

As near the graceful stripling drew, She cried:–“My dream, my dream is true! Fortune from visions of the night
Has brought him to my longing sight. Truth has portrayed his form divine;
He lives–he lives–and he is mine!”

She presently descended from her balcony, and gave him a bunch of roses, the token by which her choice was made known, and then retired. The king, when he heard of what she had done, was exceedingly irritated, thinking that her affections were placed on a beggar, or some nameless stranger of no birth or fortune, and his first impulse was to have her put to death. But his people assembled around him, and said:–“What can be the use of killing her?–It is in vain to resist the flood of destiny, for what will be, will be.

“The world itself is governed still by Fate, Fate rules the warrior’s and the monarch’s state; And woman’s heart, the passions of her soul, Own the same power, obey the same control; For what can love’s impetuous force restrain? Blood may be shed, but what will be thy gain?”

After this remonstrance he desired enquiries to be made into the character and parentage of his proposed son-in-law, and was told his name, the name of his father, and of his ancestors, and the causes which led to his present condition. But he would not believe a word of the narration. He was then informed of his daughter’s dream, and other particulars: and he so far relented as to sanction the marriage; but indignantly drove her from his house, with her husband, without a dowry, or any money to supply themselves with food.

Gushtasp and his wife took refuge in a miserable cell, which they inhabited, and when necessity pressed, he used to cross the river, and bring in an elk or wild ass from the forest, give half of it to the ferryman for his trouble, and keep the remainder for his own board, so that he and the ferryman became great friends by these mutual obligations. It is related that a person of distinction, named Mabrin, solicited the king’s second daughter in marriage; and Ahrun, another man of rank, was anxious to be espoused to the third, or youngest; but the king was unwilling to part with either of them, and openly declared his sentiments to that effect. Mabrin, however, was most assiduous and persevering in his attentions, and at last made some impression on the father, who consented to permit the marriage of the second daughter, but only on the following conditions: “There is,” said he, “a monstrous wolf in the neighboring forest, extremely ferocious, and destructive to my property. I have frequently endeavored to hunt him down, but without success. If Mabrin can destroy the animal, I will give him my daughter.” When these conditions were communicated to Mabrin, he considered it impossible that they could be fulfilled, and looked upon the proposal as an evasion of the question. One day, however, the ferryman having heard of Mabrin’s disappointment, told him that there was no reason to despair, for he knew a young man, married to one of the king’s daughters, who crossed the river every day, and though only a pedestrian, brought home regularly an elk-deer on his back. “He is truly,” added he, “a wonderful youth, and if you can by any means secure his assistance, I have no doubt but that his activity and strength will soon put an end to the wolfs depredations, by depriving him of life.”

This intelligence was received with great pleasure by Mabrin, who hastened to Gushtasp, and described to him his situation, and the conditions required. Gushtasp in reply said, that he would be glad to accomplish for him the object of his desires, and at an appointed time proceeded towards the forest, accompanied by Mabrin and the ferryman. When the party arrived at the borders of the wilderness which the wolf frequented, Gushtasp left his companions behind, and advanced alone into the interior, where he soon found the dreadful monster, in size larger than an elephant, and howling terribly, ready to spring upon him. But the hand and eye of Gushtasp were too active to allow of his being surprised, and in an instant he shot two arrows at once into the foaming beast, which, irritated by the deep wound, now rushed furiously upon him, without, however, doing him any serious injury; then with the rapidity of lightning, Gushtasp drew his sharp sword, and with one tremendous stroke cut the wolf in two, deluging the ground with bubbling blood. Having performed this prodigious exploit, he called Mabrin and the ferryman to see what he had done, and they were amazed at his extraordinary intrepidity and muscular power, but requested, in order that the special object of the lover might be obtained, that he would conceal his name, for a time at least. Mabrin, satisfied on this point, then repaired to the emperor, and claimed his promised bride, as the reward for his labor. The king of Rum little expected this result, and to assure himself of the truth of what he had heard, bent his way to the forest, where he was convinced, seeing with astonishment and delight that the wolf was really killed. He had now no further pretext, and therefore fulfilled his engagement, by giving his daughter to Mabrin.

It was now Ahrun’s turn to repeat his solicitations for the youngest daughter. The king of Rum had another evil to root out, so that he was prepared to propose another condition. This was to destroy a hideous dragon that had taken possession of a neighboring mountain. Ahrun, on hearing the condition was in as deep distress as Mabrin had been, until he accidentally became acquainted with the ferryman, who described to him the generosity and fearless bravery of Gushtasp. He immediately applied to him, and the youth readily undertook the enterprise, saying:–“No doubt the monster’s teeth are long and sharp, bring me therefore a dagger, and fasten round it a number of knives.” Ahrun did so accordingly, and Gushtasp proceeded to the mountain. As soon as the dragon smelt the approach of a human being, flames issued from his nostrils, and he darted forward to devour the intruder, but was driven back by a number of arrows, rapidly discharged into his head and mouth. Again he advanced, but Gushtasp dodged round him, and continued driving arrows into him to the extent of forty, which subdued his strength, and made him writhe in agony. He then fixed the dagger, which was armed at right angles with knives, upon his spear, and going nearer, thrust it down his gasping throat.

Dreadful the weapon each two-edged blade Cut deep into the jaws on either side,
And the fierce monster, thinking to dislodge it, Crushed it between his teeth with all his strength, Which pressed it deeper in the flesh, when blood And poison issued from the gaping wounds; Then, as he floundered on the earth exhausted, Seizing the fragment of a flinty rock,
Gushtasp beat out the brains, and soon the beast In terrible struggles died. Two deadly fangs Then wrenched he from the jaws, to testify The wonderful exploit he had performed.

When he descended from the mountain, these two teeth were delivered to Ahrun, and they were afterwards conveyed to the king, who could not believe his own eyes, but ascended the mountain himself to ascertain the fact, and there he beheld with amazement the dragon lifeless, and covered with blood. “And didst thou thyself kill this terrific dragon?” said he. “Yes,” replied Ahrun. “And wilt thou swear to God that this is thy own achievement? It must be either the exploit of a demon, or of a certain Kaianian, who resides in this neighborhood.” But there was no one to disprove his assertion, and therefore the king could no longer refuse to surrender to him his youngest daughter.

And now between Gushtasp, and Mabrin, and Ahrun, the warmest friendship subsisted. Indeed they were seldom parted; and the three sisters remained together with equal affection. One day Kitabun, the wife of Gushtasp, in conversation with some of her female acquaintance, let out the secret that her husband was the person who killed the wolf and the dragon.

No sooner was this story told, than it spread, and in the end reached the ears of the queen, who immediately communicated it to the king, saying:–“This is the work of Gushtasp, thy son-in-law, of him thou hast banished from thy presence–of him who nobly would not disclose his name, before Mabrin and Ahrun had attained the object of their wishes.” The king said in reply that it was just as he had suspected; and sending for Gushtasp, conferred upon him great honor, and appointed him to the chief command of his army.

Having thus possessed himself of a leader of such skill and intrepidity, he thought it necessary to turn his attention to external conquest, and accordingly addressed a letter to Alias, the ruler of Khuz, in which he said:–“Thou hast hitherto enjoyed thy kingdom in peace and tranquillity; but thou must now resign it to me, or prepare for war.” Alias on receiving this imperious and haughty menace collected his forces together, and advanced to the contest, and the king of Rum assembled his own troops with equal expedition, under the direction of Gushtasp. The battle was fought with great valor on both sides, and blood flowed in torrents. Gushtasp challenged Alias to single combat, and the warriors met; but in a short time the enemy was thrown from his horse, and dragged by the young conqueror, in fetters, before the king. The troops witnessing the prowess of Gushtasp, quickly fled; and the king commencing a hot pursuit, soon entered their city victoriously, subdued the whole kingdom, and plundered it of all its property and wealth. He also gained over the army, and with this powerful addition to his own forces, and with the booty he had secured, returned triumphantly to Rum.

In consequence of this brilliant success, the king conferred additional honors on Gushtasp, who now began to display the ambition which he had long cherished. Aspiring to the sovereignty of Iran, he spoke to the Rumi warriors on the subject of an invasion of that country, but they refused to enter into his schemes, conceiving that there was no chance of success. At this Gushtasp took fire, and declared that he knew the power and resources of his father perfectly, and that the conquest would be attended with no difficulty. He then went to the king, and said: “Thy chiefs are afraid to fight against Lohurasp; I will myself undertake the task with even an inconsiderable army.” The king was overjoyed, and kissed his head and face, and loaded him with presents, and ordered his secretary to write to Lohurasp in the following terms: “I am anxious to meet thee in battle, but if thou art not disposed to fight, I will permit thee to remain at peace, on condition of surrendering to me half thy kingdom. Should this be refused, I will myself deprive thee of thy whole sovereignty.” When this letter was conveyed by the hands of Kabus to Iran, Lohurasp, upon reading it, was moved to laughter, and exclaimed, “What is all this? The king of Rum has happened to obtain possession of the little kingdom of Khuz, and he has become insane with pride!” He then asked Kabus by what means he accomplished the capture of Khuz, and how he managed to kill Alias. The messenger replied, that his success was owing to a youth of noble aspect and invincible courage, who had first destroyed a ferocious wolf, then a dragon, and had afterwards dragged Alias from his horse, with as much ease as if he had been a chicken, and laid him prostrate at the feet of the king of Rum. Lohurasp enquired his name, and he answered, Gushtasp. “Does he resemble in feature any person in this assembly?” Kabus looked round about him, and pointed to Zarir, from which Lohurasp concluded that it must be his own son, and sat silent. But he soon determined on what answer to send, and it was contained in the following words: “Do not take me for an Alias, nor think that one hero of thine is competent to oppose me. I have a hundred equal to him. Continue, therefore, to pay me tribute, or I will lay waste thy whole country.” With this letter he dismissed Kabus; and as soon as the messenger had departed, addressed himself to Zarir, saying: “Thou must go in the character of an ambassador from me to the king of Rum, and represent to him the justice and propriety of preserving peace. After thy conference with him repair to the house of Gushtasp, and in my name ask his forgiveness for what I have done. I was not before aware of his merit, and day and night I think of him with repentance and sorrow. Tell him to pardon his old father’s infirmities, and come back to Iran, to his own country and home, that I may resign to him my crown and throne, and like Kai-khosrau, take leave of the world. It is my desire to deliver myself up to prayer and devotion, and to appoint Gushtasp my successor, for he appears to be eminently worthy of that honor.” Zarir acted scrupulously, in conformity with his instructions; and having first had an interview with the king, hastened to the house of his brother, by whom he was received with affection and gladness. After the usual interchange of congratulations and enquiry, he stated to him the views and the resolutions of his father, who on the faith of his royal word promised to appoint him his successor, and thought of him with the most cordial attachment. Gushtasp was as much astonished as delighted with this information, and his anxiety being great to return to his own country, he that very night, accompanied by his wife Kitabun, and Zarir, set out for Iran. Approaching the city, he was met by an istakbal, or honorary deputation of warriors, sent by the king; and when he arrived at court, Lohurasp descended from his throne and embraced him with paternal affection, shedding tears of contrition for having previously treated him not only with neglect but severity. However he now made him ample atonement, and ordering a golden chair of royalty to be constructed and placed close to his own, they both sat together, and the people by command tendered to him unanimously their respect and allegiance. Lohurasp repeatedly said to him:–

“What has been done was Fate’s decree, Man cannot strive with destiny.
To be unfeeling once was mine,
At length to be a sovereign thine.”

Thus spoke the king, and kissed the crown, And gave it to his valiant son.

Soon afterwards he relinquished all authority in the empire, assumed the coarse habit of a recluse, retired to a celebrated place of pilgrimage, near Balkh. There, in a solitary cell, he devoted the remainder of his life to prayer and the worship of God. The period of Lohurasp’s government lasted one hundred and twenty years.

GUSHTASP, AND THE FAITH OF ZERDUSHT

I’ve said preceding sovereigns worshipped God, By whom their crowns were given to protect The people from oppressors; Him they served, Acknowledging His goodness–for to Him, The pure, unchangeable, the Holy One!
They owed their greatness and their earthly power. But after times produced idolatry,
And Pagan faith, and then His name was lost In adoration of created things.

Gushtasp had by his wife Kitabun, the daughter of the king of Rum, two sons named Isfendiyar and Bashutan, who were remarkable for their piety and devotion to the Almighty. Being the great king, all the minor sovereigns paid him tribute, excepting Arjasp, the ruler of Chin and Ma-chin, whose army consisted of Diws, and Peris, and men; for considering him of superior importance, he sent him yearly the usual tributary present. In those days lived Zerdusht, the Guber, who was highly accomplished in the knowledge of divine things; and having waited upon Gushtasp, the king became greatly pleased with his learning and piety, and took him into his confidence. The philosopher explained to him the doctrines of the fire-worshippers, and by his art he reared a tree before the house of Gushtasp, beautiful in its foliage and branches, and whoever ate of the leaves of that tree became learned and accomplished in the mysteries of the future world, and those who ate of the fruit thereof became perfect in wisdom and holiness.

In consequence of the illness of Lohurasp, who was nearly at the point of death, Zerdusht went to Balkh for the purpose of administering relief to him, and he happily succeeded in restoring him to health. On his return he was received with additional favor by Gushtasp, who immediately afterwards became his disciple. Zerdusht then told him that he was the prophet of God, and promised to show him miracles. He said he had been to heaven and to hell. He could send anyone, by prayer, to heaven; and whomsoever he was angry with he could send to hell. He had seen the seven mansions of the celestial regions, and the thrones of sapphires, and all the secrets of heaven were made known to him by his attendant angel. He said that the sacred book, called Zendavesta, descended from above expressly for him, and that if Gushtasp followed the precepts in that blessed volume, he would attain celestial felicity. Gushtasp readily became a convert to his principles, forsaking the pure adoration of God for the religion of the fire-worshippers.

The philosopher further said that he had prepared a ladder, by which he had ascended into heaven and had seen the Almighty. This made the disciple still more obedient to Zerdusht. One day he asked Gushtasp why he condescended to pay tribute to Arjasp; “God is on thy side,” said he, “and if thou desirest an extension of territory, the whole country of Chin may be easily conquered.” Gushtasp felt ashamed at this reproof, and to restore his character, sent a dispatch to Arjasp, in which he said, “Former kings who paid thee tribute did so from terror only, but now the empire is mine; and it is my will, and I have the power, to resist the payment of it in future.” This letter gave great offence to Arjasp; who at once suspected that the fire-worshipper, Zerdusht, had poisoned his mind, and seduced him from his pure and ancient religion, and was attempting to circumvent and lead him to his ruin. He answered him thus: “It is well known that thou hast now forsaken the right path, and involved thyself in darkness. Thou hast chosen a guide possessed of the attributes of Iblis, who with the art of a magician has seduced thee from the worship of the true God, from that God who gave thee thy kingdom and thy grandeur. Thy father feared God, and became a holy Dirvesh, whilst thou hast lost thy way in wickedness and impiety. It will therefore be a meritorious action in me to vindicate the true worship and oppose thy blasphemous career with all my demons. In a month or two I will enter thy kingdom with fire and sword, and destroy thy authority and thee. I would give thee good advice; do not be influenced by a wicked counsellor, but return to thy former religious practices. Weigh well, therefore, what I say.” Arjasp sent this letter by two of his demons, familiar with sorcery; and when it was delivered into the hands of Gushtasp, a council was held to consider its contents, to which Zerdusht was immediately summoned. Jamasp, the minister, said that the subject required deep thought, and great prudence was necessary in framing a reply; but Zerdusht observed, that the only reply was obvious–nothing but war could be thought of. At this moment Isfendiyar gallantly offered to lead the army, but Zarir, his uncle, objected to him on account of his extreme youth, and proposed to take the command himself, which Gushtasp agreed to, and the two demon-envoys were dismissed. The answer was briefly as follows:–

“Thy boast is that thou wilt in two short months Ravage my country, scathe with fire and sword The empire of Iran; but on thyself
Heap not destruction; pause before thy pride Hurries thee to thy ruin. I will open
The countless treasures of the realm; my warriors, A thousand thousand, armed with shining steel, Shall overrun thy kingdom; I myself
Will crush that head of thine beneath my feet.”

The result of these menaces was the immediate prosecution of the war, and no time was lost by Arjasp in hastening into Iran.

Plunder and devastation marked his course, The villages were all involved in flames, Palace of pride, low cot, and lofty tower; The trees dug up, and root and branch destroyed. Gushtasp then hastened to repel his foes; But to his legions they seemed wild and strange, And terrible in aspect, and no light
Could struggle through the gloom they had diffused, To hide their progress.

Zerdusht said to Gushtasp, “Ask thy vizir, Jamasp, what is written in thy horoscope, that he may relate to thee the dispensations of heaven.” Jamasp, in reply to the inquiry, took the king aside and whispered softly to him: “A great number of thy brethren, thy relations, and warriors will be slain in the conflict, but in the end thou wilt be victorious.” Gushtasp deeply lamented the coming event, which involved the destruction of his kinsmen, but did not shrink from the battle, for he exulted in the anticipation of obtaining the victory. The contest was begun with indescribable eagerness and impetuosity.

Approaching, each a prayer addrest
To Heaven, and thundering forward prest; Thick showers of arrows gloomed the sky, The battle-storm raged long and high;
Above, black clouds their darkness spread, Below, the earth with blood was red.

Ardshir, the son of Lohurasp, and descended from Kai-kaus, was one of the first to engage; he killed many, and was at last killed himself. After him, his brother Shydasp was killed. Then Bishu, the son of Jamasp, urged on his steed, and with consummate bravery destroyed a great number of warriors. Zarir, equally bold and intrepid, also rushed amidst the host, and whether demons or men opposed him, they were all laid lifeless on the field. He then rode up towards Arjasp, scattered the ranks, and penetrated the headquarters, which put the king into great alarm: for he exclaimed:–“What, have ye no courage, no shame! whoever kills Zarir shall have a magnificent reward.” Bai-derafsh, one of the demons, animated by this offer, came forward, and with remorseless fury attacked Zarir. The onset was irresistible, and the young prince was soon overthrown and bathed in his own blood. The news of the unfortunate catastrophe deeply affected Gushtasp, who cried, in great grief: “Is there no one to take vengeance for this?” when Isfendiyar presented himself, kissed the ground before his father, and anxiously asked permission to engage the demon. Gushtasp assented, and told him that if he killed the demon and defeated the enemy, he would surrender to him his crown and throne.

“When we from this destructive field return, Isfendiyar, my son, shall wear the crown, And be the glorious leader of my armies.”

Saying this, he dismounted from his famous black horse, called Behzad, the gift of Kai-khosrau, and presented it to Isfendiyar. The greatest clamor and lamentation had arisen among the Persian army, for they thought that Bai-derafsh had committed such dreadful slaughter, the moment of utter defeat was at hand, when Isfendiyar galloped forward, mounted on Behzad, and turned the fortunes of the day. He saw the demon with the mail of Zarir on his breast, foaming at the mouth with rage, and called aloud to him, “Stand, thou murderer!” The stern voice, the valor, and majesty of Isfendiyar, made the demon tremble, but he immediately discharged a blow with his dagger at his new opponent, who however seized the weapon with his left hand, and with his right plunged a spear into the monster’s breast, and drove it through his body. Isfendiyar then cut off his head, remounted his horse, and that instant was by the side of Bishu, the son of the vizir, into whose charge he gave the severed head of Bai-derafsh, and the armor of Zarir. Bishu now attired himself in his father’s mail, and fastening the head on his horse, declared that he would take his post close by Isfendiyar, whatever might betide. Firshaid, another Iranian warrior, came to the spot at the same moment, and expressed the same resolution, so that all three, thus accidentally met, determined to encounter Arjasp and capture him. Isfendiyar led the way, and the other two followed. Arjasp, seeing that he was singled out by three warriors, and that the enemy’s force was also advancing to the attack in great numbers, gave up the struggle, and was the first to retreat. His troops soon threw away their arms and begged for quarter, and many of them were taken prisoners by the Iranians. Gushtasp now approached the dead body of Zarir, and lamenting deeply over his unhappy fate, placed him in a coffin, and built over him a lofty monument, around which lights were ever afterwards kept burning, night and day; and he also taught the people the worship of fire, and was anxious to establish everywhere the religion of Zerdusht.

Jamasp appointed officers to ascertain the number of killed in the battle. Of Iranians there were thirty thousand, among whom were eight hundred chiefs; and the enemy’s loss amounted to nine hundred thousand, and also eleven hundred and sixty-three chiefs. Gushtasp rejoiced at the glorious result, and ordered the drums to be sounded to celebrate the victory, and he increased his favor upon Zerdusht, who originated the war, and told him to call his triumphant son, Isfendiyar, near him.

The gallant youth the summons hears, And midst the royal court appears,
Close by his father’s side,
The mace, cow-headed, in his hand; His air and glance express command,
And military pride.

Gushtasp beholds with heart elate.
The conqueror so young, so great,
And places round his brows the crown, The promised crown, the high reward,
Proud token of a mighty king’s regard, Conferred upon his own.

After Gushtasp had crowned his son as his successor, he told him that he must not now waste his time in peace and private gratification, but proceed to the conquest of other countries. Zerdusht was also deeply interested in his further operations, and recommended him to subdue kingdoms for the purpose of diffusing everywhere the new religion, that the whole world might be enlightened and edified. Isfendiyar instantly complied, and the first kingdom he invaded was Rum. The sovereign of that country having no power nor means to resist the incursions of the enemy, readily adopted the faith of Zerdusht, and accepted the sacred book named Zendavesta, as his spiritual instructor. Isfendiyar afterwards invaded Hindustan and Arabia, and several other countries, and successfully established the religion of the fire-worshippers in them all.

Where’er he went he was received
With welcome, all the world believed, And all with grateful feelings took
The Holy Zendavesta-book,
Proud their new worship to declare, The worship of Isfendiyar.

The young conqueror communicated by letters to his father the success with which he had disseminated the religion of Zerdusht, and requested to know what other enterprises required his aid. Gushtasp rejoiced exceedingly, and commanded a grand banquet to be prepared. It happened that Gurzam a warrior, was particularly befriended by the king, but retaining secretly in his heart a bitter enmity to Isfendiyar, now took an opportunity to gratify his malice, and privately told Gushtasp that he had heard something highly atrocious in the disposition of the prince. Gushtasp was anxious to know what it was; and he said, “Isfendiyar has subdued almost every country in the world: he is a dangerous person at the head of an immense army, and at this very moment meditates taking Balkh, and making even thee his prisoner!

“Thou know’st not that thy son Isfendiyar Is hated by the army. It is said
Ambition fires his brain, and to secure The empire to himself, his wicked aim
Is to rebel against his generous father. This is the sum of my intelligence;
But thou’rt the king, I speak but what I hear.”

These malicious accusations by Gurzam insidiously made, produced great vexation in the mind of Gushtasp. The banquet went on, and for three days he drank wine incessantly, without sleep or rest because his sorrow was extreme. On the fourth day he said to his minister: “Go with this letter to Isfendiyar, and accompany him hither to me.” Jamasp, the minister, went accordingly on the mission, and when he arrived, the prince said to him, “I have dreamt that my father is angry with me.”–“Then thy dream is true,” replied Jamasp, “thy father is indeed angry with thee.”–“What crime, what fault have I committed?

“Is it because I have with ceaseless toil Spread wide the Zendavesta, and converted Whole kingdoms to that faith? Is it because For him I conquered those far-distant kingdoms, With this good sword of mine? Why clouds his brow Upon his son–some demon must have changed His temper, once affectionate and kind, Calling me to him thus in anger! Thou
Hast ever been my friend, my valued friend Say, must I go? Thy counsel I require.”

“The son does wrong who disobeys his father, Despising his command,” Jamasp replied.

“Yet,” said Isfendiyar, “why should I go? He is in wrath, it cannot be for good.”

“Know’st thou not that a father’s wrath is kindness? The anger of a father to his child
Is far more precious than the love and fondness Felt by that child for him. ‘Tis good to go, Whatever the result, he is the king,
And more–he is thy father!”

Isfendiyar immediately consented, and appointed Bahman, his eldest son, to fill his place in the army during his absence. He had four sons: the name of the second was Mihrbus; of the third, Avir; and of the fourth, Nushahder; and these three he took along with him on his journey.

Before he had arrived at Balkh, Gushtasp had concerted measures to secure him as a prisoner, with an appearance of justice and impartiality. On his arrival, he waited on the king respectfully, and was thus received: “Thou hast become the great king! Thou hast conquered many countries, but why am I unworthy in thy sight? Thy ambition is indeed excessive.” Isfendiyar replied: “However great I may be, I am still thy servant, and wholly at thy command.” Upon hearing this, Gushtasp turned towards his courtiers, and said, “What ought to be done with that son, who in the lifetime of his father usurps his authority, and even attempts to eclipse him in grandeur? What! I ask, should be done with such a son!”

“Such a son should either be
Broken on the felon tree,
Or in prison bound with chains,
Whilst his wicked life remains,
Else thyself, this kingdom, all
Will be ruined by his thrall!”

To this heavy denunciation Isfendiyar replied: “I have received all my honors from the king, by whom I am appointed to succeed to the throne; but at his pleasure I willingly resign them.” However, concession and remonstrance were equally fruitless, and he was straightway ordered to be confined in the tower-prison of the fort situated on the adjacent mountain, and secured with chains.

Dreadful the sentence: all who saw him wept; And sternly they conveyed him to the tower, Where to four columns, deeply fixed in earth, And reaching to the skies, of iron formed, They bound him; merciless they were to him Who had given splendour to a mighty throne. Mournful vicissitude! Thus pain and pleasure Successive charm and tear the heart of man; And many a day in that drear solitude,
He lingered, shedding tears of blood, till times Of happier omen dawned upon his fortunes.

Having thus made Isfendiyar secure in the mountain-prison, and being entirely at ease about the internal safety of the empire, Gushtasp was anxious to pay a visit to Zal and Rustem at Sistan, and to convert them to the religion of Zerdusht. On his approach to Sistan he was met and respectfully welcomed by Rustem. who afterwards in open assembly received the Zendavesta and adopted the new faith, which he propagated throughout his own territory; but, according to common report it was fear of Gushtasp alone which induced him to pursue this course. Gushtasp remained two years his guest, enjoying all kinds of recreation, and particularly the sports of the field and the forests.

When Bahman, the son of Isfendiyar, heard of the imprisonment of his father, he, in grief and alarm, abandoned his trust, dismissed the army, and proceeded to Balkh, where he joined his two brothers, and wept over the fate of their unhappy father.

In the meantime the news of the confinement of Isfendiyar, and the absence of Gushtasp at Sistan, and the unprotected state of Balkh, stimulated Arjasp to a further effort, and he despatched his son Kahram with a large army towards the capital of the enemy, to carry into effect his purpose of revenge. Lohurasp was still in religious retirement at Balkh. The people were under great apprehension, and being without a leader, anxiously solicited the old king to command them, but he said that he had abandoned all earthly concerns, and had devoted himself to God, and therefore could not comply with their entreaties. But they would hear no denial, and, as it were, tore him from his place of refuge and prayer. There were assembled only about one thousand horsemen, and with these he advanced to battle; but what were they compared to the hundred thousand whom they met, and by whom they were soon surrounded. Their bravery was useless. They were at once overpowered and defeated, and Lohurasp himself was unfortunately among the slain.

Upon the achievement of his victory, Kahram entered Balkh in triumph, made the people prisoners, and destroyed all the places of worship belonging to the Gubers. He also killed the keeper of the altar, and burnt the Zendavesta, which contained the formulary of their doctrines and belief.

One of the women of Gushtasp’s household happened to elude the grasp of the invader, and hastened to Sistan to inform the king of the disaster that had occurred. “Thy father is killed, the city is taken, and thy women and daughters in the power of the conqueror.” Gushtasp received the news with consternation, and prepared with the utmost expedition for his departure. He invited Rustem to accompany him, but the champion excused himself at the time, and afterwards declined altogether on the plea of sickness. Before he had yet arrived at Balkh, Kahram hearing of his approach, went out to meet him with his whole army, and was joined on the same day by Arjasp and his demon-legions.

Great was the uproar, loud the brazen drums And trumpets rung, the earth shook, and seemed rent By that tremendous conflict, javelins flew Like hail on every side, and the warm blood Streamed from the wounded and the dying men. The claim of kindred did not check the arm Lifted in battle–mercy there was none, For all resigned themselves to chance or fate, Or what the ruling Heavens might decree.

At last the battle terminated in the defeat of Gushtasp, who was pursued till he was obliged to take refuge in a mountain-fort. He again consulted Jamasp to know what the stars foretold, and Jamasp replied that he would recover from the defeat through the exertions of Isfendiyar alone. Pleased with this interpretation, he on that very day sent Jamasp to the prison with a letter to Isfendiyar, in which he hoped to be pardoned for the cruelty he had been guilty of towards him, in consequence, he said, of being deceived by the arts and treachery of those who were only anxious to effect his ruin. He declared too that he would put those enemies to death in his presence, and replace the royal crown upon his head. At the same time he confined in chains Gurzam, the wretch who first practised upon his feelings. Jamasp rode immediately to the prison, and delivering the letter, urged the prince to comply with his father’s entreaties, but Isfendiyar was incredulous and not so easily to be moved.

“Has he not at heart disdained me?
Has he not in prison chained me?
Am I not his son, that he
Treats me ignominiously?

“Why should Gurzam’s scorn and hate
Rouse a loving father’s wrath?
Why should he, the foul ingrate,
Cast destruction in my path?”

Jamasp, however, persevered in his anxious solicitations, describing to him how many of his brethren and kindred had fallen, and also the perilous situation of his own father if he refused his assistance. By a thousand various efforts he at length effected his purpose, and the blacksmith was called to take off his chains; but in removing them, the anguish of the wounds they had inflicted was so great that Isfendiyar fainted away. Upon his recovery he was escorted to the presence of his father, who received him with open arms, and the strongest expressions of delight. He begged to be forgiven for his unnatural conduct to him, again resigned to him the throne of the empire, and appointed him to the command of the imperial armies. He then directed Gurzam, upon whose malicious counsel he had acted, to be brought before him, and the wicked minister was punished with death on the spot, and in the presence of the injured prince.

Wretch! more relentless even than wolf or pard, Thou hast at length received thy just reward!

When Arjasp heard that Isfendiyar had been reconciled to his father, and was approaching at the head of an immense army, he was affected with the deepest concern, and forthwith sent his son Kahram to endeavor to resist the progress of the enemy. At the same time Kurugsar, a gladiator of the demon race, requested that he might be allowed to oppose Isfendiyar; and permission being granted, he was the very first on the field, where instantly wielding his bow, he shot an arrow at Isfendiyar, which pierced through the mail, but fortunately for him did no serious harm. The prince drew his sword with the intention of attacking him, but seeing him furious with rage, and being doubtful of the issue, thought it more prudent and safe to try his success with the noose. Accordingly he took the kamund from his saddle-strap, and dexterously flung it round the neck of his arrogant foe, who was pulled headlong from his horse: and, as soon as his arms were bound behind his back, dragged a prisoner in front of the Persian ranks. Isfendiyar then returned to the battle, attacked a body of the enemy’s auxiliaries, killed a hundred and sixty of their warriors, and made the division of which Kahram was the leader fly in all directions. His next feat was to attack another force, which had confederated against him.

With slackened rein he galloped o’er the field; Blood gushed from every stroke of his sharp sword, And reddened all the plain; a hundred warriors Eighty and five, in treasure rich and mail, Sunk underneath him, such his mighty power.

His remaining object was to assail the centre, where Arjasp himself was stationed; and thither he rapidly hastened. Arjasp, angry and alarmed at this success, cried out, “What! is one man allowed to scathe all my ranks, cannot my whole army put an end to his dreadful career?” The soldiers replied, “No! he has a body of brass, and the vigor of an elephant: our swords make no impression upon him, whilst with his sword he can cut the body of a warrior, cased in mail, in two, with the greatest ease. Against such a foe, what can we do?” Isfendiyar rushed on; and after an overwhelming attack, Arjasp was compelled to quit his ground and effect his escape. The Iranian troops were then ordered to pursue the fugitives, and in revenge for the death of Lohurasp, not to leave a man alive. The carnage was in consequence terrible, and the remaining Turanians were in such despair that they flung themselves from their exhausted horses, and placing straw in their mouths to show the extremity of their misfortune, called aloud for quarter. Isfendiyar was moved at last to compassion, and put an end to the fight; and when he came before Gushtasp, the mail on his body, from the number of arrows sticking in it, looked like a field of reeds; about a thousand arrows were taken out of its folds. Gushtasp kissed his head and face, and blessed him, and prepared a grand banquet, and the city of Balkh resounded with rejoicings on account of the great victory.

Many days had not elapsed before a further enterprise was to be undertaken. The sisters of Isfendiyar were still in confinement, and required to be released. The prince readily complied with the wishes of Gushtasp, who now repeated to him his desire to relinquish the cares of sovereignty, and place the reins of government in his hands, that he might devote himself entirely to the service of God.

“To thee I yield the crown and throne, Fit to be held by thee alone;
From worldly care and trouble free, A hermit’s cell is enough for me,”

But Isfendiyar replied, that he had no desire to be possessed of the power; he rather wished for the prosperity of the king, and no change.

“O, may thy life be long and blessed, And ever by the good caressed;
For ’tis my duty still to be
Devoted faithfully to thee!
I want no throne, nor diadem;
My soul has no delight in them.
I only seek to give thee joy,
And gloriously my sword employ.
I thirst for vengeance on Arjasp:
To crush him in my iron grasp,
That from his thrall I may restore My sisters to their home again,
Who now their heavy fate deplore,
And toiling drag a slavish chain.” “Then go!” the smiling monarch said,
Invoking blessings on his head,
“And may kind Heaven thy refuge be, And lead thee on to victory.”

Isfendiyar now told his father that his prisoner Kurugsar was continually requesting him to represent his condition in the royal ear, saying, “Of what use will it be to put me to death? No benefit can arise from such a punishment. Spare my life, and you will see how largely I am able to contribute to your assistance.” Gushtasp expressed his willingness to be merciful, but demanded a guarantee on oath from the petitioner that he would heart and soul be true and faithful to his benefactor. The oath was sworn, after which his bonds were taken from his hands and feet, and he was set at liberty. The king then called him, and pressed him with goblets of wine, which made him merry. “I have pardoned thee,” said Gushtasp, “at the special entreaty of Isfendiyar–be grateful to him, and be attentive to his commands.” After that, Isfendiyar took and conveyed him to his own house, that he might have an opportunity of experiencing and proving the promised fidelity of his new ally.

THE HEFT-KHAN OF ISFENDIYAR

Rustem had seven great labours, wondrous power Nerved his strong arm in danger’s needful hour; And now Firdusi’s legend-strains declare The seven great labours of Isfendiyar.

The prince, who had determined to undertake the new expedition, and appeared confident of success, now addressed himself to Kurugsar, and said, “If I conquer the kingdom of Arjasp, and restore my sisters to liberty, thou shalt have for thyself any principality thou may’st choose within the boundaries of Iran and Turan, and thy name shall be exalted; but beware of treachery or fraud, for falsehood shall certainly be punished with death.” To this Kurugsar replied, “I have already sworn a solemn oath to the king, and at thy intercession he has spared my life–why then should I depart from the truth, and betray my benefactor?”

“Then tell me the road to the brazen fortress, and how far it is distant from this place?” said Isfendiyar.

“There are three different routes,” replied Kurugsar. “One will occupy three months; it leads through a beautiful country, adorned with cities, and gardens, and pastures, and is pleasant to the traveller. The second is less attractive, the prospects less agreeable, and will only employ two months; the third, however, may be accomplished in seven days, and is thence called the Heft-khan, or seven stages; but at every stage some monster, or terrible difficulty, must be overcome. No monarch, even supported by a large army, has ever yet ventured to proceed by this route; and if it is ever attempted, the whole party will be assuredly lost.

“Nor strength, nor juggling, nor the sorcerer’s art Can help him safely through that awful path, Beset with wolves and dragons, wild and fierce, From whom the fleetest have no power to fly. There an enchantress, doubly armed with spells, The most accomplished of that magic brood. Spreads wide her snares to charm and to destroy, And ills of every shape, and horrid aspect, Cross the tired traveller at every step.”

At this description of the terrors of the Heft-khan, Isfendiyar became thoughtful for awhile, and then, resigning himself to the providence of God, resolved to take the shortest route. “No man can die before his time,” said he; “heaven is my protector, and I will fearlessly encounter every difficulty on the road.” “It is full of perils,” replied Kurugsar, and endeavored to dissuade him from the enterprise. “But with the blessing of God,” rejoined Isfendiyar, “it will be easy.” The prince then ordered a sumptuous banquet to be served, at which he gave Kurugsar abundant draughts of wine, and even in a state of intoxication the demon-guide still warned him against his proposed journey. “Go by the route which takes two months,” said he, “for that will be convenient and safe;” but Isfendiyar replied:–“I neither fear the difficulties of the route, nor the perils thou hast described.”

And though destruction spoke in every word, Enough to terrify the stoutest heart,
Still he adhered to what he first resolved. “Thou wilt attend me,” said the dauntless prince; And thus Kurugsar, without a pause, replied: “Undoubtedly, if by the two months’ way, And do thee ample service; but if this
Heft-khan be thy election; if thy choice Be fixed on that which leads to certain death, My presence must be useless. Can I go
Where bird has never dared to wing its flight?”

Isfendiyar, upon hearing these words, began to suspect the fidelity of Kurugsar, and thought it safe to bind him in chains. The next day as he was going to take leave of his father, Kurugsar called out to him, and said: “After my promises of allegiance, and my solemn oath, why am I thus kept in chains?” “Not out of anger assuredly; but out of compassion and kindness, in order that I may take thee along with me on the enterprise of the Heft-khan; for wert thou not bound, thy faint heart might induce thee to run away.

“Safe thou art when bound in chains, Fettered foot can never fly.
Whilst thy body here remains,
We may on thy faith rely.
Terror will in vain assail thee;
For these bonds shall never fail thee. Guarded by a potent charm,
They will keep thee free from harm.”

Isfendiyar having received the parting benediction of Gushtasp, was supplied with a force consisting of twelve thousand chosen horsemen, and abundance of treasure, to enable him to proceed on his enterprise, and conquer the kingdom of Arjasp.

First Stage.–Isfendiyar placed Kurugsar in bonds among his retinue, and took with him his brother Bashutan. But the demon-guide complained that he was unable to walk, and in consequence he was mounted on a horse, still bound, and the bridle given into the hands of one of the warriors. In this manner they proceeded, directed from time to time by Kurugsar, till they arrived at the uttermost limits of the kingdom, and entered a desert wilderness. Isfendiyar now asked what they would meet with, and the guide answered, “Two monstrous wolves are in this quarter, as large as elephants, and whose teeth are of immense length.” The prince told his people, that as soon as they saw the wolves, they must at once attack them with arrows. The day passed away, and in the evening they came to a forest and a murmuring stream, when suddenly the two enormous wolves appeared, and rushed towards the legions of Isfendiyar. The people seeing them advance, poured upon them a shower of arrows. Several, however, were wounded, but the wolves were much exhausted by the arrows which had penetrated their bodies. At this moment Bashutan attacked one of them, and Isfendiyar the other; and so vigorous was their charge, that both the monsters were soon laid lifeless in the dust. After this signal overthrow, Isfendiyar turned to Kurugsar, and exclaimed: “Thus, through the favor of Heaven, the first obstacle has been easily extinguished!” The guide regarded him with amazement, and said:–“I am indeed astonished at the intrepidity and valor that has been displayed.”

Seeing the bravery of Isfendiyar,
Amazement filled the soul of Kurugsar.

The warriors and the party now dismounted, and regaled themselves with feasting and wine. They then reposed till the following morning.

Second Stage.–Proceeding on the second journey, Isfendiyar inquired what might now be expected to oppose their progress, and Kurugsar replied: “This stage is infested by lions.” “Then,” rejoined Isfendiyar, “thou shalt see with what facility I can destroy them.” At about the close of the day they met with a lion and a lioness. Bashutan said: “Take one and I will engage the other.” But Isfendiyar observed, that the animals seemed very wild and ferocious, and he preferred attacking them both himself, that his brother might not be exposed to any harm. He first sallied forth against the lion, and with one mighty stroke put an end to his life. He then approached the lioness, which pounced upon him with great fury, but was soon compelled to desist, and the prince, rapidly wielding his sword, in a moment cut off her head. Having thus successfully accomplished the second day’s task, he alighted from his horse, and refreshments being spread out, the warriors and the troops enjoyed themselves with great satisfaction, exhilarated by plenteous draughts of ruby wine. Again Isfendiyar addressed Kurugsar, and said: “Thou seest with what facility all opposition is removed, when I am assisted by the favor of Heaven!” “But there are other and more terrible difficulties to surmount, and amazing as thy achievements certainly have been, thou wilt have still greater exertions to make before thy enterprise is complete.” “What is the next evil I have to subdue?” “An enormous dragon,

“With power to fascinate, and from the deep To lure the finny tribe, his daily food. Fire sparkles round him; his stupendous bulk Looks like a mountain. When incensed, his roar Makes the surrounding country shake with fear. White poison-foam drops from his hideous jaws, Which yawning wide, display a dismal gulf, The grave of many a hapless being, lost Wandering amidst that trackless wilderness.”

Kurugsar described or magnified the ferocity of the animal in such a way, that Isfendiyar thought it necessary to be cautious, and with that view he ordered a curious apparatus to be constructed on wheels, something like a carriage, to which he fastened a large quantity of pointed instruments, and harnessed horses to it to drag it on the road. He then tried its motion, and found it admirably calculated for his purpose. The people were astonished at the ingenuity of the invention, and lauded him to the skies.

Third Stage–Away went the prince, and having travelled a considerable distance, Kurugsar suddenly exclaimed: “I now begin to smell the stench of the dragon.” Hearing this, Isfendiyar dismounted, ascended the machine, and shutting the door fast, took his seat and drove off. Bashutan and all the warriors upon witnessing this extraordinary act, began to weep and lament, thinking that he was hurrying himself to certain destruction, and begged that for his own sake, as well as theirs, he would come out of the machine. But he replied: “Peace, peace! what know ye of the matter;” and as the warlike apparatus was so excellently contrived, that he could direct the movements of the horses himself, he drove on with increased velocity, till he arrived in the vicinity of the monster.

The dragon from a distance heard
The rumbling of the wain,
And snuffing every breeze that stirred Across the neighbouring plain,

Smelt something human in his power,
A welcome scent to him;
For he was eager to devour
Hot reeking blood, or limb.

And darkness now is spread around,
No pathway can be traced;
The fiery horses plunge and bound
Amid the dismal waste.

And now the dragon stretches far
His cavern throat, and soon
Licks in the horses and the car,
And tries to gulp them down.

But sword and javelin, sharp and keen, Wound deep each sinewy jaw;
Midway, remains the huge machine,
And chokes the monster’s maw.

In agony he breathes, a dire
Convulsion fires his blood,
And struggling, ready to expire,
Ejects a poison-flood!

And then disgorges wain and steeds,
And swords and javelins bright;
Then, as the dreadful dragon bleeds, Up starts the warrior-knight,
And from his place of ambush leaps, And, brandishing his blade,
The weapon in the brain he steeps, And splits the monster’s head.

But the foul venom issuing thence,
Is so o’erpowering found,
Isfendiyar, deprived of sense,
Falls staggering to the ground!

Upon seeing this result, and his brother in so deplorable a situation, Bashutan and the troops also were in great alarm, apprehending the most fatal consequences. They sprinkled rose-water over his face, and administered other remedies, so that after some time he recovered; then he bathed, purifying himself from the filth of the monster, and poured out prayers of thankfulness to the merciful Creator for the protection and victory he had given him. But it was matter of great grief to Kurugsar that Isfendiyar had succeeded in his exploit, because under present circumstances, he would have to follow him in the remaining arduous enterprises; whereas, if the prince had been slain, his obligations would have ceased forever.

“What may be expected to-morrow?” inquired Isfendiyar. “To-morrow,” replied the demon-guide, “thou wilt meet with an enchantress, who can convert the stormy sea into dry land, and the dry land again into the ocean. She is attended by a gigantic ghoul, or apparition.” “Then thou shalt see how easily this enchantress and her mysterious attendant can be vanquished.”

Fourth Stage.–On the fourth day Isfendiyar and his companions proceeded on the destined journey, and coming to a pleasant meadow, watered by a transparent rivulet, the party alighted, and they all refreshed themselves heartily with various kinds of food and wine. In a short space of time the enchantress appeared, most beautiful in feature and elegant in attire, and approaching our hero with a sad but fascinating expression of countenance, said to him (the ghoul, her pretended paramour, being at a little distance):–

“I am a poor unhappy thing,
The daughter of a distant king.
This monster with deceit and fraud, By a fond parent’s power unawed,
Seduced me from my royal home,
Through wood and desert wild to roam; And surely Heaven has brought thee now
To cheer my heart, and smooth my brow, And free me from his loathed embrace,
And bear me to a fitter place,
Where, in thy circling arms more softly prest, I may at last be truly loved, and blest.”

Isfendiyar immediately called her to him, and requested her to sit down. The enchantress readily complied, anticipating a successful issue to her artful stratagems; but the intended victim of her sorcery was too cunning to be imposed upon. He soon perceived what she was, and forthwith cast his kamund over her, and in spite of all her entreaties, bound her too fast to escape. In this extremity, she successively assumed the shape of a cat, a wolf, and a decrepit old man: and so perfect were her transformations, that any other person would have been deceived, but Isfendiyar detected her in every variety of appearance; and, vexed by her continual attempts to cheat him, at last took out his sword and cut her in pieces. As soon as this was done, a thick dark cloud of dust and vapor arose, and when it subsided, a black apparition of a demon burst upon his sight, with flames issuing from its mouth. Determined to destroy this fresh antagonist, he rushed forward, sword in hand, and though the flames, in the attack, burnt his cloth-armor and dress, he succeeded in cutting off the threatening monster’s head. “Now,” said he to Kurugsar, “thou hast seen that with the favor of Heaven, both enchantress and ghoul are exterminated, as well as the wolves, the lions, and the dragon.” “Very well,” replied Kurugsar, “thou hast achieved this prodigious labor, but to-morrow will be a heavy day, and thou canst hardly escape with life. To-morrow thou wilt be opposed by the Simurgh, whose nest is situated upon a lofty mountain. She has two young ones, each the size of an elephant, which she conveys in her beak and claws from place to place.” “Be under no alarm,” said Isfendiyar, “God will make the labor easy.”

Fifth Stage.–On the fifth day, Isfendiyar resumed his journey, travelling with his little army over desert, plain, mountain, and wilderness, until he reached the neighborhood of the Simurgh. He then adopted the same stratagem which he had employed before, and the machine supplied with swords and spears, and drawn by horses, was soon in readiness for the new adventure. The Simurgh, seeing with surprise an immense vehicle, drawn by two horses, approach at a furious rate, and followed by a large company of horsemen, descended from the mountain, and endeavored to take up the whole apparatus in her claws to carry it away to her own nest; but her claws were lacerated by the sharp weapons, and she was then obliged to try her beak. Both beak and claws were injured in the effort, and the animal became extremely weakened by the loss of blood. Isfendiyar seizing the happy moment, sprang out of the carriage, and with his trenchant sword divided the Simurgh in two parts; and the young ones, after witnessing the death of their parent, precipitately fled from the fatal scene. When Bashutan, with the army, came to the spot, they were amazed at the prodigious size of the Simurgh, and the valor by which it had been subdued. Kurugsar turned pale with astonishment and sorrow. “What will be our next adventure?” said Isfendiyar to him. “To-morrow more pressing ills will surround thee. Heavy snow will fall, and there will be a violent tempest of wind, and it will be wonderful if even one man of thy legions remains alive. That will not be like fighting against lions, a dragon, or the Simurgh, but against the elements, against the Almighty, which never can be successful. Thou hadst better therefore, return unhurt.” The people on hearing this warning were alarmed, and proposed to go back; “for if the advice of Kurugsar is not taken, we shall all perish like the companions of Kai-khosrau, and lie buried under drifts of snow.

“Let us return then, whilst we may;
Why should we throw our lives away?”

But Isfendiyar replied that he had already overcome five of the perils of the road, and had no fear about the remaining two. The people, however, were still discontented, and still murmured aloud; upon which the prince said, “Return then, and I will go alone.

“I never can require the aid
Of men so easily dismayed.”

Finding their leader immovable, the people now changed their tone, and expressed their devotion to his cause; declaring that whilst life remained, they would never forsake him, no never.

Sixth Stage.–On the following morning, the sixth, Isfendiyar continued his labors, and hurried on with great speed. Towards evening he arrived on the skirts of a mountain, where there was a running stream, and upon that spot, he pitched his tents.

Presently from the mountain there rushed down A furious storm of wind, then heavy showers Of snow fell, covering all the earth with whiteness, And making desolate the prospect round. Keen blew the blast, and pinching was the cold; And to escape the elemental wrath,
Leader and soldier, in the caverned rock Scooped out by mouldering time, took shelter, there Continuing three long days. Three lingering days Still fell the snow, and still the tempest raged, And man and beast grew faint for want of food.

Isfendiyar and his warriors, with heads exposed, now prostrated themselves in solemn prayer to the Almighty, and implored his favor and protection from the calamity which had befallen them. Happily their prayers were heard, Heaven was compassionate, and in a short space the snow and the mighty wind entirely ceased. By this fortunate interference of Providence, the army was enabled to quit the caves of the mountain; and then Isfendiyar again addressed Kurugsar triumphantly: “Thus the sixth labor is accomplished. What have we now to fear?” The demon-guide answered him and said: “From hence to the Brazen Fortress it is forty farsangs. That fortress is the residence of Arjasp; but the road is full of peril. For three farsangs the sand on the ground is as hot as fire, and there is no water to be found during the whole journey.” This information made a serious impression upon the mind of Isfendiyar; who said to him sternly: “If I find thee guilty of falsehood, I will assuredly put thee to death.” Kurugsar replied: “What! after six trials? Thou hast no reason to question my veracity. I shall never depart from the truth, and my advice is, that thou hadst better return; for the seventh stage is not to be ventured upon by human strength.

“Along those plains of burning sand
No bird can move, nor ant, nor fly; No water slakes the fiery land,
Intensely glows the flaming sky.