Mosaics of Grecian History by Marcius Willson and Robert Pierpont Willson (page 10)

and the remorseless cruelties of the Turks, the Greeks struggled bravely on, and during the year 1823 the results of the contest were generally in their favor. They often proved themselves worthy sons of those who fell

“In bleak Thermopylæ’s strait,”

or on the plains of Marathon. Their patriotic determination to be free, or die in the attempt, is happily reflected in the following lines by the poet CAMPBELL, whose heart beat in sympathy with their efforts for liberty.

Song of the Greeks.

Again to the battle, Achaians!
Our hearts bid the tyrants defiance! Our land–the first garden of Liberty’s tree– It hath been, and shall yet be, the land of the free; For the Cross of our faith is replanted, The pale, dying crescent is daunted,
And we march that the footprints of Mahomet’s slaves May be washed out in blood from our forefathers’ graves. Their spirits are hovering o’er us,
And the sword shall to glory restore us.

Ah! what though no succor advances,
Nor Christendom’s chivalrous lances Are stretched in our aid? Be the combat our own! And we’ll perish or conquer more proudly alone! For we’ve sworn by our country’s assaulters, By the virgins they’ve dragged from our altars, By our massacred patriots, our children in chains, By our heroes of old, and their blood in our veins, That, living, we shall be victorious,
Or that, dying, our deaths shall be glorious!

A breath of submission we breathe not: The sword that we’ve drawn we will sheathe not; Its scabbard is left where our martyrs are laid, And the vengeance of ages has whetted its blade. Earth may hide, waves ingulf, fire consume us; But they shall not to slavery doom us.
If they rule, it shall be o’er our ashes and graves: But we’ve smote them already with fire on the waves, And new triumphs on land are before us– To the charge!–Heaven’s banner is o’er us.

This day shall ye blush for its story, Or brighten your lives with its glory.
Our women–oh say, shall they shriek in despair, Or embrace us from conquest, with wreaths in their hair? Accursed may his memory blacken,
If a coward there be who would slacken Till we’ve trampled the turban, and shown ourselves worth Being sprung from, and named for, the godlike of earth. Strike home! and the world shall revere us As heroes descended from heroes.

Old Greece lightens up with emotion! Her inlands, her isles of the ocean,
Fanes rebuilt, and fair towns, shall with jubilee ring, And the Nine shall new hallow their Helicon’s spring. Our hearths shall be kindled in gladness, That were cold and extinguished in sadness; While our maidens shall dance, with their white waving arms, Singing joy to the brave that delivered their charms, When the blood of yon Mussulman cravens Shall have crimsoned the beaks of our ravens!

AMERICAN SYMPATHY WITH GREECE.

The progress of events in 1822 and 1823 made friends for the Greeks wherever free principles were cherished; and from England and America large contributions of money, clothing, and provisions, were forwarded to relieve the sufferings inflicted by the wanton cruelties of the Turks. It was the United States, however, as the first American Minister to Greece, MR. TUCKERMAN, says, that first responded, “in the words of President Monroe, Webster, Clay, Everett, Dwight, and hosts of other lights,” to the appeal of the Greek senate at Kalamäta, made in 1821. When Congress assembled in December, 1823, President Monroe made the revolution in Greece the subject of a paragraph in his annual message, in which he expressed the hope of success to the Greeks and disaster to the Turks; and Mr. Webster subsequently introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives providing for the appointment of an agent or commissioner to Greece. These were the first official expressions favorable to the struggling country uttered by any government; and in speaking to his resolution in January, 1824, Mr. Webster began his remarks as follows:

“An occasion which calls the attention to a spot so distinguished, so connected with interesting recollections, as Greece, may naturally create something of warmth and enthusiasm. In a grave political discussion, however, it is necessary that those feelings should be chastened. I shall endeavor properly to repress them, although it is impossible that they should be altogether extinguished. We must, indeed, fly beyond the civilized world; we must pass the dominion of law and the boundaries of knowledge; we must, more especially, withdraw ourselves from this place, and the scenes and objects which here surround us, if we would separate ourselves entirely from the influence of all those memorials of herself which ancient Greece has transmitted for the admiration and the benefit of mankind. This free form of government, this popular assembly–the common council for the common good–where have we contemplated its earliest models? This practice of free debate and public discussion, the contest of mind with mind, and that popular eloquence which, if it were now here, on a subject like this, would move the stones of the Capitol–whose was the language in which all these were first exhibited? Even the edifice in which we assemble, these proportioned columns, this ornamented architecture, all remind us that Greece has existed, and that we, like the rest of mankind, are greatly her debtors.

“But I have not introduced this motion in the vain hope of discharging anything of this accumulated debt of centuries. I have not acted upon the expectation that we who have inherited this obligation from our ancestors should now attempt to pay it to those who may seem to have inherited from their ancestors a right to receive payment. My object is nearer and more immediate. I wish to take occasion of the struggle of an interesting and gallant people in the cause of liberty and Christianity, to draw the attention of the House to the circumstances which have accompanied that struggle, and to the principles which appear to have governed the conduct of the great states of Europe in regard to it, and to the effects and consequences of these principles upon the independence of nations, and especially upon the institutions of free governments. What I have to say of Greece, therefore, concerns the modern, not the ancient–the living, and not the dead. It regards her, not as she exists in history, triumphant over time, and tyranny, and ignorance, but as she now is, contending against fearful odds for being, and for the common privileges of human nature.”

In an argument of some length Mr. Webster forcibly condemns the then existing policy of the European Powers, who, holding that all changes in legislation and administration “ought to proceed from kings alone,” were therefore “wholly inexorable to the sufferings of the Greeks, and entirely hostile to their success.” He demands that the protest of this government shall be made against this policy, both as it is laid down in principle and as it is applied in practice; and he closes his address with the following references to the determination of the Greeks and the sympathy their struggle should receive:

“Constantinople and the northern provinces have sent forth thousands of troops; they have been defeated. Tripoli, and Algiers, and Egypt have contributed their marine contingents; they have not kept the ocean. Hordes of Tartars have crossed the Bosphorus; they have died where the Persians died. The powerful monarchies in the neighborhood have denounced the Greek cause, and admonished the Greeks to abandon it and submit to their fate. They have answered that, although two hundred thousand of their countrymen have offered up their lives, there yet remain lives to offer; and that it is the determination of all–‘yes, of ALL’–to persevere until they shall have established their liberty, or until the power of their oppressors shall have relieved them from the burden of existence. It may now be asked, perhaps, whether the expression of our own sympathy, and that of the country, may do them good? I hope it may. It may give them courage and spirit; it may assure them of public regard, teach them that they are not wholly forgotten by the civilized world, and inspire them with constancy in the pursuit of their great end. At any rate, it appears to me that the measure which I have proposed is due to our own character, and called for by our own duty. When we have discharged that duty we may leave the rest to the disposition of Providence. I am not of those who would, in the hour of utmost peril, withhold such encouragement as might be properly and lawfully given, and, when the crisis should be past, overwhelm the rescued sufferer with kindness and caresses. The Greeks address the civilized world with a pathos not easy to be resisted. They invoke our favor by more moving considerations than can well belong to the condition of any other people. They stretch out their arms to the Christian communities of the earth, beseeching them, by a generous recollection of their ancestors, by the consideration of their desolated and ruined cities and villages, by their wives and children sold into an accursed slavery, by their blood, which they seem willing to pour out like water, by the common faith and in the name which unites all Christians, that they would extend to them at least some token of compassionate regard.”

THE SORTIE AT MISSOLONGHI.

One of the noted exploits of the Greeks in 1823, and one that has been commemorated in many ways, occurred at Missolon’ghi, the capital of Acarnania and Ætolia, while that town was besieged by a Turkish army; and the name of Marco Boz-zar’is, the commander of the garrison, has ever since been classed with that of Leonidas and other heroes of ancient Greece who fell in the moment of victory. In his Crescent and the Cross; or, Romance and Realities of Eastern Travel, the English author WARBURTON thus tells the story of the well-known deed that saved Missolonghi to the Greeks and hastened the delivery of their country:

“When Missolonghi was beleaguered by the Turkish forces, Marco Bozzaris commanded a garrison of about twelve hundred men, who had barely fortifications enough to form breastworks. Intelligence reached him that an Egyptian army was about to form a junction with the formidable besieging host. A parade was ordered of the garrison, ‘faint and few, but fearless still.’ Bozzaris told them of the destruction that impended over Missolonghi, proposed a sortie, and announced that it should consist only of volunteers. Volunteers! The whole garrison stepped forward as one man, and demanded the post of honor and of death. ‘I will only take the Thermopylæ number,’ said their leader; and he selected the three hundred from his true and trusty Suliotes. In the dead of night this devoted band marched out in six divisions, which were placed, in profound silence, around the Turkish camp. Their orders were simply, ‘When you hear my bugle blow seek me in the pasha’s tent.’

“Marco Bozzaris, disguised as an Albanian bearing dispatches to the pasha from the Egyptian army, passed unquestioned through the Turkish camp, and was only arrested by the sentinels around the pasha’s tent, who informed him that he must wait till morning. Then wildly through the stillness of the night that bugle blew; faithfully it was echoed from without; and the war-cry of the avenging Greek broke upon the Moslem’s ear. From every side that terrible storm seemed to break at once; shrieks of agony and terror swelled the tumult. The Turks fled in all directions, and the Grecian leader was soon surrounded by his comrades. Struck to the ground by a musket-ball, he had himself raised on the shoulders of two Greeks; and, thus supported, he pressed on the flying enemy. Another bullet pierced his brain in the hour of his triumph, and he was borne dead from the field of his glory.” But Missolonghi was saved, and under Constantine and Noto Bozzaris, brothers of the dead hero, it withstood repeated assaults of the Turks, until, in 1826, after having been besieged for over a year by a very large naval and military force, it was finally taken. Those left of the small garrison who were able to fight, placing the women in the center, sallied forth at midnight of the 22d of April, and cut their way through the Turkish camp; while those who were too feeble to attempt an escape assembled in a large mill that was used as a powder-magazine, and blew themselves and many of the incoming Turks to atoms.

Some fifteen years after the death of Marco Bozzaris, the American traveller and author, Mr. John L. Stephens, visited Greece, and, at Missolonghi, was presented to Constantine Bozzaris and the widow and children of his deceased brother. In the account which the author gives of this interview, in his Incidents of Travel in Greece, he describes Constantine Bozzaris, then a colonel in the service of King Otho, as a man of about fifty years of age, of middle height and spare build, who, immediately after the formal introduction, expressed his gratitude as a Greek for the services rendered his country by America; and added, “with sparkling eye and flushed cheek, that when the Greek revolutionary flag sailed into the port of Napoli di Romania, among hundreds of vessels of all nations, an American captain was the first to recognize and salute it.” Mr. Stephens thus describes the widow of the Greek hero: “She was under forty, tall and stately in person, and habited in deep black. She looked the widow of a hero; as one worthy of those Grecian mothers who gave their hair for bow-strings and their girdles for sword-belts, and, while their heartstrings were cracking, sent their husbands to fight and perish for their country. Perhaps it was she who led Marco Bozzaris from the wild guerilla warfare in which he had passed his early life, and fired him with the high and holy ambition of freeing his country. I am certain that no man could look her in the face without finding his wavering purposes fixed, and without treading more firmly in the path of high and honorable ambition.”

Mr. Stephens closes the account of his interview with the widow and family as follows: “At parting I told them that the name of Marco Bozzaris was as familiar in America as that of a hero of our own Revolution, and that it had been hallowed by the inspiration of an American poet. I added that, if it would not be unacceptable, on my return to my native country I would send the tribute referred to, as an evidence of the feeling existing in America toward the memory of Marco Bozzaris.” The promised tribute was the following Beautiful and stirring poem by FITZ-GREENE HALLECK:

Marco Bozzaris.

At midnight, in his guarded tent,
The Turk was dreaming of the hour When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, Should tremble at his power:
In dreams, through camp and court, he bore The trophies of a conqueror;
In dreams his song of triumph heard; Then wore his monarch’s signet-ring;
Then pressed that monarch’s throne–a king; As wild his thoughts, and gay of wing,
As Eden’s garden-bird.

At midnight, in the forest shades,
Bozzaris ranged his Suliote band, True as the steel of their tried blades, Heroes in heart and hand.
There had the Persian’s thousands stood, There had the glad earth drunk their blood On old Platæa’s day;
And now there breathed that haunted air The sons of sires who conquered there,
With arm to strike, and soul to dare, As quick, as far as they.

An hour passed on–the Turk awoke;
That bright dream was his last;
He woke to hear his sentries shriek “To arms! they come! the Greek! the Greek!” He woke, to die ‘mid flame and smoke,
And shout, and groan, and sabre-stroke, And death-shots falling thick and fast As lightnings from the mountain-cloud,
And heard, with voice as trumpet loud, Bozzaris cheer his band:
“Strike! till the last armed foe expires; Strike! for your altars and your fires; Strike! for the green graves of your sires, God, and your native land!”

They fought like brave men, long and well; They piled that ground with Moslem slain; They conquered; but Bozzaris fell,
Bleeding at every vein.
His few surviving comrades saw
His smile when rang their proud hurrah, And the red field was won,
Then saw in death his eyelids close, Calmly as to a night’s repose–
Like flowers at set of sun.

Come to the bridal chamber, Death!
Come to the mother, when she feels, For the first time, her first-born’s breath; Come when the blessed seals
That close the pestilence are broke, And crowded cities wail its stroke;
Come in consumption’s ghastly form, The earthquake shock, the ocean storm;
Come when the heart beats high and warm With banquet song, and dance, and wine; And thou art terrible: the tear,
The groan, the knell, the pall, the bier, And all we know, or dream, or fear
Of agony, are thine.

But to the hero, when his sword
Has won the battle for the free,
Thy voice sounds like a prophet’s word, And in its hollow tones are heard
Thanks of millions yet to be.
Come, when his task of fame is wrought; Come, with her laurel-leaf, blood-bought; Come, in her crowning hour–and then
Thy sunken eye’s unearthly light
To him is welcome as the sight
Of sky and stars to prisoned men; Thy grasp is welcome as the hand
Of brother in a foreign land;
Thy summons welcome as the cry
That told the Indian isles were nigh To the world-seeking Genoese,
When the land-wind, from woods of palm, And orange-groves, and fields of balm,
Blew o’er the Haytien seas.

Bozzaris! with the storied brave
Greece nurtured in her glory’s time, Rest thee–there is no prouder grave,
Even in her own proud clime.
She wore no funeral weeds for thee, Nor bade the dark hearse wave its plume, Like torn branch from death’s leafless tree, In sorrow’s pomp and pageantry,
The heartless luxury of the tomb; But she remembers thee as one
Long loved, and for a season gone: For thee her poet’s lyre is wreathed,
Her marble wrought, her music breathed; For thee she rings the birthday bells;
Of thee her babes’ first lisping tells; For thine her evening prayer is said
At palace couch and cottage bed;
Her soldier, closing with the foe, Gives for thy sake a deadlier blow;
His plighted maiden, when she fears For him, the joy of her young years,
Thinks of thy fate and checks her tears. And she, the mother of thy boys,
Though in her eye and faded cheek
Is read the grief she will not speak, The memory of her buried joys,
And even she who gave thee birth,
Will, by their pilgrim-circled hearth, Talk of thy doom without a sigh:
For thou art Freedom’s now, and Fame’s– One of the few, the immortal names
That were not born to die!

About the time of the exploit of Bozzaris, Lord Byron arrived in Greece, to take an active part in aid of Greek independence, and proceeded to Missolonghi in January, 1824. No warmer friend of the Greeks than Byron ever lived; but while he sympathized with, and was anxious to aid in every way possible, those who, in his own words, “suffered all the moral and physical ills that could afflict humanity,” it was evidently his honest belief that the only salvation for Greece lay in her becoming a British dependency. In his notes to Childe Harold, penned before the revolution broke out, but while all Greece was ablaze with the desire for liberty, he wrote as follows: “The Greeks will never be independent; they will never be sovereigns, as heretofore, and God forbid they ever should! but they may be subjects without being slaves. Our colonies are not independent, but they are free and industrious, and such may Greece be hereafter.” These words show that he considered Greece incapable of self-government, should she ever regain her liberty; and he therefore deprecated a return to her ancient sovereignty. That this was his view, and that he subsequently designed to give it effect in his own person, we are assured from the well-founded belief, derived from his own declarations, that when he joined the Greek cause he had a mind to place himself at its head, hoping and perhaps believing that he might become King of Hellas, under the protection of Great Britain. But whatever his plans may have been, they were cut short by his death, at Missolonghi, on the 19th of April following his arrival there.

INTERFERENCE OF THE GREAT POWERS.

In the campaign of 1824, while the Greeks lost Candia and the strongly fortified rocky isle of Ip’sara, a Turkish fleet was repulsed off Samos, and a large Egyptian fleet, sent to attack the Morea, was frustrated in all its designs. The campaign of 1825, however, was opened by the landing, in the Morea, of a large Egyptian army, under Ibrahim Päsha, son of the Viceroy of Egypt. Navarï’no soon fell into his power; and at the time of the fall of Missolonghi, in the following year, be was in possession of most of southern Greece, and many of the islands of the Archipelago. The foundation of an Egyptian military and slave-holding state now seemed to be laid in Europe; and this danger, combined with the noble defence and sufferings at Missolonghi and elsewhere, attracted the serious attention of the European governments and people; numerous philanthropic societies were formed to aid the Greeks, and finally three of the great European powers were moved to interfere in their behalf. On the 6th of July, 1827, a treaty was concluded at London between England, Russia, and France, stipulating that the Greeks should govern themselves, but that they should pay tribute to the Porte.

To enforce this treaty a combined English, French, and Russian squadron sailed to the Grecian Archipelago; but the Turkish Sultan haughtily rejected the intervention of the three powers, and the troops of Ibrahim Pasha continued their devastations in the Morea. On the 20th of October the allied squadron, under the command of the English admiral, Edward Codrington, entered the harbor of Navarino, where the Turkish-Egyptian fleet lay at anchor; and a sanguinary naval battle followed, in which the allies nearly destroyed the fleet of the enemy. Although this action was spoken of by the British government as an “untoward event,” Admiral Codrington was rewarded both by England and Russia; and the poet CAMPBELL, in the following lines on the battle, naturally praises him for planning and striking this decisive blow for Grecian liberty:

The Battle of Nava’rino.

Hearts of Oak, that have bravely delivered the brave, And uplifted old Greece from the brink of the grave! ‘Twas the helpless to help, and the hopeless to save, That your thunderbolts swept o’er the brine; And as long as yon sun shall look down on the wave The light of your glory shall shine.

For the guerdon ye sought with your bloodshed and toil, Was it slaves, or dominion, or rapine, or spoil? No! your lofty emprise was to fetter and foil The uprooter of Greece’s domain,
When he tore the last remnant of food from her soil, Till her famished sank pale as the slain!

Yet, Navarï’no’s heroes! does Christendom breed The base hearts that will question the fame of your deed? Are they men?–let ineffable scorn be their meed, And oblivion shadow their graves!
Are they women?–to Turkish sérails let them speed, And be mothers of Mussulmen slaves!

Abettors of massacre! dare ye deplore That the death-shriek is silenced on Hellas’ shore? That the mother aghast sees her offspring no more By the hand of Infanticide grasped?
And that stretched on yon billows distained by their gore Missolonghi’s assassins have gasped?

Prouder scene never hallowed war’s pomp to the mind Than when Christendom’s pennons wooed social the wind, And the flower of her brave for the combat combined– Their watchword, humanity’s vow:
Not a sea-boy that fought in that cause but mankind Owes a garland to bon or his brow!
No grudge, by our side, that to conquer or fall Came the hardy, rude Russ, and the high-mettled Gaul: For whose was the genius that planned, at its call, When the whirlwind of battle should roll? All were brave! but the star of success over all Was the light of our Codrington’s soul.

That star of thy day-spring, regenerate Greek! Dimmed the Saracen’s moon, and struck pallid his cheek: In its fast flushing morning thy Muses shall speak, When their love and their lutes they reclaim; And the first of their songs from Parnassus’s peak Shall be “Glory to Codrington’s name!”

The result of the conflict at Navarino so enraged the Turks that they stopped all communication with the allied powers, and prepared for war. In the following year (1828) France and England sent an army to the Morea: Russia declared war for violations of treaties, and depredations upon her commerce; and on the 7th of May a Russian army of one hundred and fifteen thousand men, under Count Witt’genstein, crossed the Pruth, and by the 2d of July had taken seven fortresses from the Turks. In August a convention was concluded with Ibrahim Päsha, who agreed to evacuate the Morea, and set his Greek prisoners at liberty. In the mean time the Greeks continued the war, drove the Turks from the country north of the Corinthian Gulf, and fitted out numerous privateers to prey upon the commerce of their enemy. In January, 1829, the Sultan received a protocol from the three allied powers, declaring that they took the Morea and the Cyc’lades under their protection, and that the entry of any military force into Greece would be regarded as an attack upon themselves. The danger of open war with France and England, as well as the successes and alarming advances of the Russians, now commanded by Marshal Die’bitsch, who had meantime taken Adrianople, within one hundred and thirty miles of the Turkish capital, induced the Sultan to listen to overtures of peace; and on the 14th of September “the peace of Adrianople” was signed by Turkey and Russia, by which the former recognized the independence of Greece.

* * * * *

VI. GREECE UNDER A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.

Though freed from her Turkish oppressors, Greece was severely agitated by domestic discontents, jealousies, and even manifest turbulence. Count Cä’po d’Is’tria, a Greek in the service of Russia, who had been chosen, in 1828, president of the provisional government, aroused suspicions that he designed to establish a despotism in his own person, and he was assassinated in 1831. A period of anarchy followed. The great powers had previously determined to erect Greece into a monarchy, and had first offered the crown to Prince Leopold, afterward King of Belgium, who, having accepted the offer, soon after declined it on account of the unwillingness of the Greeks to receive him, and their dissatisfaction with the territorial boundaries prescribed for them. Finally, the boundaries of the kingdom having been more satisfactorily determined by a treaty between Turkey and the powers in 1832, the crown was conferred on Otho, a Bavarian prince, who arrived at Nauplia, the then capital of Greece, in 1833. Athens became the seat of government in 1835. Says a writer in the British Quarterly, “The Greeks neither elected their own sovereign nor chose their national polity. In a spirit of generous confidence they allowed the three protecting powers to name a king for them, and the powers rewarded them by making the worst selection they could. They gave the Greeks a boy of seventeen, with neither a character to form nor an intellect to develop.”

The treaty by which Otho was placed on the throne made no provision for a constitution, but one was expected; and, after ten years of oppressive subjection by the king and his Bavarian minions, both the people and a revolted soldiery surrounded the palace, and demanded a constitution. The king acquiesced, a national assembly was held, and a constitution was framed which received the king’s approval in March, 1844. In this bloodless revolution we have an instance both of the determination, and peaceable, orderly, and well-disposed tendencies of the Greek people. An eye-witness of the scene has thus described it:

“I well recollect the uprising of 1843. Exasperated by the miserable rule of Otho, a plot was hatched to wrench a constitution from him, and when everything was ripe the Athenians arose. At midnight the hoofs of horses were heard clanging on the pavements, and the flash of torches gleamed in the streets, as the populace and military hurried toward the palace; and when the amber-colored dawn lighted the Acropolis and the plain of Athens, the king found himself surrounded by his happy subjects, and discovered two field-pieces pointing into the entrance of the royal residence. A constitution was demanded in firm but respectful terms–it being suggested at the same time that, if the request were not granted by four o’clock in the afternoon, fire would be opened on the palace. In the mean while all Athens was gathered in the open space around the palace, chatting, cracking jokes, taking snuff, and smoking, as if they had assembled to witness a show or hear the reading of a will. Not a shot was fired; no violence was offered or received; and precisely as the limiting hour arrived, the obstinate king succumbed to his besiegers, and the multitude quietly dispersed to their homes.” [Footnote: B. G. W. Benjamin, in “The Turk and the Greek.”]

The Constitution which the Greeks secured contained no real guarantee for the legislative rights of the people, and the minor benefits it gave them were ignored by the government. A continuance of the severe contests between the national party and foreign intriguers materially interfered with the prosperity of the country. Other events, also, now occurred to disturb it. In 1847 a diplomatic difficulty with Turkey, and, in 1848, a difference with England, that arose from various claims of English subjects, and that continued for several years, assumed threatening proportions, and were only terminated by the submission of Greece to the demands made upon her. When the Crimean war broke out, Greece took a decided stand in favor of Russia; but England and France soon compelled her to assume and maintain a strictly neutral position. In 1859 the residents of the Ionian Islands, which were under the protectorate of England, sought annexation to Greece, and manifested their intentions in great popular demonstrations, and even insurrections; but Greece, though sympathizing with them, was too feeble to aid them, and no change was then made in their relations.

THE DEPOSITION OF KING OTHO.

While these events were transpiring, the feeling of hostility toward King Otho and the royal family was taking deeper root with the Greek people, and open demonstrations of violence were frequently made. The king promised more liberal measures of government; but these fell short of the popular demand, and the Greeks resolved to dethrone the dynasty. In October, 1862, after several violent demonstrations elsewhere, matters culminated in a successful revolution at Athens. A provisional government was established by the leaders of the popular party, who decreed the deposition of the king. Otho, who was absent from Athens at the time, on a visit to Napoli, finding himself without a throne did not return to Athens, but issued a proclamation taking leave of Greece, and sailed for Germany in an English frigate. He had occupied the throne just thirty years. MR. TUCKERMAN thus describes him: “An honest-hearted man, but without intellectual strength, dressed in the Greek fustinella, he endeavored to be Greek in spirit; but under his braided jacket his heart beat to foreign measures, and his ear inclined to foreign counsels. But for the quicker-witted Amelia, the queen, his follies would have worn out the patience of the people sooner than they did.” The condition of Greece under his government is thus described by the writer in the British Quarterly, who wrote immediately after the coup d’état: “To outward appearance, the Greece which the Philhel’lenists of the days of Canning declared to be re-animated and restored, has presented, during thirty years of settled government, the aspect of a country corrupt, intriguing, venal, and poor. The government has kept faith neither with its subjects nor with its creditors; it has endeavored, by all means in its power, to crush the constitutional liberties of its subjects; and by refusing, throughout this period, to pay a single drachma of its public debt, it has stamped itself either hopelessly bankrupt or scandalously fraudulent. The people, meanwhile, crushed by the incubus of a dishonest and extravagant foreign rule, remain in nearly the situation they held on the first establishment of their kingdom. In a word, Greece was thirty years ago transferred from one despotism to another. The Bavarian rule was no appreciable mitigation of the Turkish rule. If the Christian monarch hated his Hellenic subjects less than the Mussulman monarch, he was still more ignorant of the conditions of prosperous government.”

THE ACCESSION OF KING GEORGE.

If it has ever had an existence, Greek independence may be properly dated from the deposition of the Bavarian dynasty. In December, 1862, a committee appointed by the provisional government ordered the election of a new king. The national assembly shortly after met at Athens, and, having first confirmed the deposition of Otho, of those proposed as candidates for the vacant throne by the European powers, Prince Alfred of England was elected by an immense majority on the first ballot. This choice of a scion of the freest and most stable of the constitutional monarchies of Europe, was an expression of the desire and the resolve of the Greek people to secure as full political and civil liberties as was possible for them under a monarchical government. But Prince Alfred was held ineligible in consequence of a clause in the protocol of the protecting powers, which declared that the government of Greece should not be confided to a prince chosen from the reigning families of those states. Thereupon, in March, 1863, Prince George of Denmark, the present king, was unanimously elected by the assembly, and his election was confirmed by the great powers in the following July. There is every reason to suppose that England assumed the honor of choosing Prince George. On the withdrawal of Prince Alfred she expressed her willingness to abandon her protectorate of the Ionian Islands, and cede them to Greece, provided a king were chosen to whom the English government could not object. The Ionian Islands were ceded to Greece within two months after the accession of King George; and Mr. Tuckerman relates that, “when Prince Christian, King of Denmark, was in London, attending the marriage of his daughter to the Prince of Wales, Lord John Russell discovered the second son of Prince Christian in the uniform of a midshipman, and suggested his name as the successor of Otho.”

King George took the constitutional oath in October, 1863. In 1866 the revolution in Crete, or Candia, broke out, and, owing to Greek sympathy with the insurrectionists, thousands of whom found an asylum in Greece, grave complications arose between Greece and Turkey, which were only settled by a conference of the great powers in 1869. By the treaty with the Porte in 1832 the boundary line of Greece had been settled in an arbitrary manner, by running it from the Gulf of Volo along the chain of the Othrys Mountains to the Gulf of Arta–by which Greece was deprived of the high fertile plains of Thessaly and Epirus, the largest and richest of classical Greece. At the close of the late Russian-Turkish war, however, the boundary line was changed by the powers so as to include within the kingdom a large portion of those ancient possessions; but this change occasioned serious conflicts between the government and the people of the annexed districts, and difficulties also arose with Turkey in consequence. But these were finally settled by an amendment to the treaty, passed in 1881.”

With the exceptions just noted, no important events have disturbed the peace of Greece since the accession of King George. In him the country has a ruler of capacity, who is in great measure his own adviser, and who comprehends the chief wish of his subjects, “that Greece shall govern Greece.” As MR. TUCKERMAN has said of him, “Unlike his predecessor, he is a Greek by sympathy of language and ideas. He feels the popular pulse and tries to keep time with it, not more as a matter of policy than from national sympathy; and his hands are comparatively free of the impediment of those foreign ministerial counselors who, each struggling for supremacy, united only in checking the political advancement of the kingdom.” It was no fault of the Greek people that, under King Otho, Greece failed to make the internal advancement that was expected of her on her escape from Moslem tyranny. It was the fault of the government; for, when a better government came, there was a corresponding change in the inner life of the people; and at the present time, with the freest of constitutional monarchies, and under the guidance of a ruler so sympathetic, competent, and popular, redeemed Greece is making rapid strides in intellectual and material progress. Of this progress we have the following account by a prominent American divine, a recent visitor to that country:

Progress in Modern Greece. [Footnote: Rev. Joseph Cook, in the New York Independent, February, 1883.]

“You lean over the parapet of the Acropolis, on the side toward the modern city, and look in vain for the print of that Venetian leprous scandal and that Turkish hoof which for six hundred years trod Greece into the slime. In the long bondage to the barbarian, the Hellenic spirit was weakened, but not broken. The Greek, with his fine texture, loathes the stolid, opaque temperament of the polygamistic Turk. Intermarriages between the races are very few. The Greek race is not extinct. In many rural populations in Greece the modern Hellenic blood is as pure as the ancient. Only Hellenic blood explains Hellenic countenances, yet easily found; the Hellenic language, yet wonderfully incorrupt; and the Hellenic spirit, omnipresent in liberated Greece. Fifty years ago not a book could be bought at Athens. To-day one in eighteen of the whole population of Greece is in school. In 1881 thirteen very tall factory chimney-stacks could be counted in the Piræ’us, not one of which was there in 1873. It is pathetic to find Greece at last opening, on the Acropolis and in the heart of Athens, national museums for the sacred remnants of her own ancient art, which have been pillaged hitherto for the enrichment of the museums of all Western Europe. During sixty years of independence the Hellenic spirit has doubled the population of Greece, increased her revenues five hundred per cent., extended telegraphic communication over the kingdom, enlarged the fleet from four hundred and forty to five thousand vessels, opened eight ports, founded eleven new cities, restored forty ruined towns, changed Athens from a hamlet of hovels to a city of seventy thousand inhabitants, and planted there a royal palace, a legislative chamber, ten type-foundries, forty printing establishments, twenty newspapers, an astronomical observatory, and a university with eighty professors and fifteen hundred students. After little more than half a century of independence, the Hellenic spirit devotes a larger percentage of public revenue to purposes of instruction than France, Italy, England, Germany, or even the United States. Modern Greece, sixty years ago a slave and a beggar, to-day, by the confession of the most merciless statisticians, stands at the head of the list of self-educated nations.”

INDEX.

[Names in CAPITALS denote authors to whom prominent reference is made, or from whom selections are taken.]

Aby’dos. Xerxes and his army at.
Acade’mla, or Ac-a-deme’. A public garden or grove, the resort of the philosophers at Athens.
Acarna’ni-a, description of; aids Athens. Achæ’ans, the; origin of.
Achæ’an League, the.
Achæ’us, son of Xuthus, and ancestor of the Achæans. Acha’ia, description of. Name given to Greece by the Romans. Achelo’us, the river, described.
Ach’eron, the river; described.
Acheru’sia (she-a), the lake, described. Achil’les, accompanies expedition to Troy; contends with Agamemnon, and withdrawn; refuses to enter the contest, puts his armor on Patroclus, and the armor is lost; description of his new armor; he enters the fight; encounters Æneas, who escapes; kills Hector; delivers the body to Priam; death of. Acri’si-us (she-us), King of Argos.
Acrop’olis, the Athenian; seizure of, by Cylon; by Pisistratus; by the Persians; famous structures of; its splendors in the time of Pericles; injury to, inflicted by the Venetians. Actæ’on, the fable of.
Adme’tus, King of Pheræ.
Æge’an Sea.
Ægi’na, island of; war of, with Athens. Æ’gos-pot’ami. Defeat of Athenians at.
Æmo’nia, same as Hæmonia, an early name of Thessaly. Æne’as, a Trojan hero, and subject of Virgil’s Æne’id; wounded, and put to flight by Diomed; fights for the body of Patroclus; encounters Achilles, and is preserved by Neptune; account of his escape from Troy.
Æne’id, the.
Æo’lians, the; colonies of.
Æ’olus, progenitor of the Æolians.
ÆS’CHI-NES, the orator; prosecutes Demosthenes; exile of; oratory of. Extracts from: The Death of Darius; Oration against Ctesiphon. ÆS’CHYLUS, poet and tragedian. Life and works of. Extracts from: Punishment of Prometheus; Retributive justice of the gods; The taking of an oath; The name “Helen”; Beacon fires from Troy to Argos; Battle of Salamis; Murder of Agamemnon. Æscula’pius, god of the healing art. Shrine of. Æ’son, King of Iolcus.
Æt’na, a city in Sicily, founded by Hiero. Æto’lia.
Agamem’non, King of Mycenæ; commands the expedition against Troy; contends with Achilles; demands restoration of Helen; return to Greece and is murdered.
Agamemnon, the. Extracts from.
Aganip’pe, fountain of.
Ag’athon, a tragedian.
Agesan’dros, a Rhodian sculptor.
Agesila’us, King of Sparta. Defeats the Persians at Sardis. A’gis, King of Sparta.
Agrigen’tum, in Sicily.
A’jax. Goes with the Greeks to Troy; fights for the body of Patroclus; his death.
AKENSIDE, MARK.–Character of Solon; of Pisistratus, and his usurpation; Alcræs; Anacreon; Melpomene. ALAMANNI, LUIGI.–Flight of Xerxes.
ALCÆ’US, a lyric poet.–Life and writings of. Extracts from: The spoils of war; Sappho.
ALCÆ’US, of Messene.–Epigrams of, on Philip V. Alcestis, the.
Alcibi’ades. Artifices of; retires to Sparta; intrigues of, against Athens; is condemned to death, but escapes; is recalled to Athens; is banished; death of.
Alcin’o-us, King. Gardens of.
“Al’ciphron, or the Minute Philosopher”. ALC’MAN, a lyric poet.–Life and writings of. Alexander the Great. Quells revolt of the Grecian states; invades Asia; defeats Darius; further conquests of; feast of, at Persepolis; invades India; dies at Babylon; career, character, and burial of; wars that followed his death. Alexandria, in Egypt. Founded by Alexander. Alex’is, a comic poet.
ALISON, ARCHIBALD.-Earthquake at Sparta, and Spartan heroism. Alphe’us, river. Legends of.
A’mor, son of Venus, and god of love. Amphic’tyon, Amphicty’ones, and Amphictyon’ic Council. Amphip’olis, in Thrace.
Amphis’sa, town of.
Amy’clæ, town of.
Anab’asis, the.
ANAC’REON, a lyric poet.–Life and writings of. An’akim, a giant of Palestine.
Anaxag’oras, the philosopher; attacks upon, at Athens; life, works, and death of.
Anaximan’der, the philosopher.
Anaxim’enes, the philosopher.
Anchi’ses, father of Æne’as.
Androm’a-che, wife of Hector. Lamentation of, over Hector’s body. An’gelo, Michael.
ANONYMOUS.–Tomb of Leonidas; Queen Archidamia. Antæ’us, son of Neptune and Terra. Encounter with Hercules. Antal’cidas, the peace of.
Anthe’la, village of.
ANTHON, CHARLES, LL.D.–Apelles and Protogenes. Antig’o-ne, the.
Antig’onus, one of Alexander’s generals; conquests and death of. Antig’onus II., a king of Macedon.–War of, with Phyrrus; becomes master of Greece, and death of.
Antil’ochus (in the Iliad).
Anti’ochus, King of Syria.
ANTIP’ATER, of Sidon.–Extracts from: The birthplace of Homer; Sappho; Desolation of Corinth; The painting of Venus rising from the sea.
Antip’ater, one of Alexander’s generals. Is given command of Macedon and Greece; suppresses a Spartan revolt; the Athenian revolt; is given part of Macedonia and Greece; death of. Antiph’anes, a comic poet.
An’tiphon, orator and rhetorician.
An’tium (an’she-um); a city of Italy. An’tonines, the. Treatment of Greece by. An’ytus, the accuser of Socrates.
Apel’les, an Ionian painter; anecdote of. Aphrodi’te. (See Venus.)
Apollo, the god of archery, etc.; aids the Trojans; character of; conflict of, with Python.
Apollo Bel’ve-dere, statue of.
Apollodo’rus, of Athens, a painter. Apollo’nia, town in Illyria.
Ap’pius Claudius, the Roman consul. Arach’ne, tower of.
Arbe’la. Battle of.
Arca’dia and Arcadians. Arcadians assist Messenia; assist Thebes in war with Sparta.
Archidami’a, Queen of Sparta.
Archela’us, King of Macedon.
Archida’mus, King of Sparta.
Archil’ochus, lyric poet.
Archime’des, the Syracusan; Cicero visits the tomb of. Architecture.–First period. Second period. Third period. Ar’chons. Institution of, in Athens.
Areop’agus, or Hill of Mars. Court of; changes in power of. A’res (same as Mars).
Arethu’sa, fountain of.
A’re-us, King of Sparta.
Ar’gives, the.
Ar’go, the ship.
Argol’ic Gulf.
Ar’golis.
Argonau’tic expedition, the.
Ar’gos, city of.
Ari’on, the poet.
Aristi’des, the Athenian general and statesman. At Marathon; rise of, in Athenian affairs; banishment of, and return to fight at Salamis; leadership and death of. Aristi’des, a painter.
Aristoc’rates, King of Arcadia.
Aristode’mus, one of the Heraclidæ. Aristogi’ton. Conspiracy of, against the Pisistratidæ, and death of; tribute to.
Aristom’enes, a Messenian leader.
ARISTOPH’ANES, the comic poet. Life and works of. Extracts from: The Wasps; Cleon the Demagogue; The Clouds; The Birds. Aristot’le, the philosopher. Life and works of. ARNOLD, EDWIN.–The Academia.
Ar’ta, Gulf of.
Artaba’nus, uncle of Xerxes.
Artapher’nes, Persian governor of Lydia. Artaxerx’es Longim’anus.
Artaxerxes Mne’mon.
Ar’temis. (See Diana.)
Artemis’ia (she-a), Queen of Carin. Artemis’ium. Naval conflict at.
Arts. (See Literature.)
As’cra. Birthplace of Hesiod.
A’sius (a’she-us). A marshy place near the river Ca-ys’ter, in Asia Minor.
Aso’pus, the river, in Boeotia.
Aspa’sia (she-a). Attacks upon.
Asty’anax, Hector’s son. Fate of.
A’te, goddess of revenge.
Athe’na. (See Minerva.)
Athenodo’rus, a Rhodian sculptor.
Athens, and the Athenians; founding of the city; early history of; legislation of Draco and Solon; usurpation of Pisistratus; birth of democracy at; battle of Marathon; affairs of, under Aristides and Themistocles; war of, with Ægina, and settlement of; abandonment of city; successes of, at Artemisium and Salamis; at Platæa; empire of Athens; Athens rebuilt; affairs of, under Cimon; at battle of Eurymedon; jealousy of Sparta against; affairs of, under Pericles; changes in Constitution of; war of, with Sparta; reverses of, in Egypt, decline of, and thirty years’ truce of, with Sparta; the “Age of Pericles”; war of, with Sparta; the plague at; violates the Peace of Nicias; Sicilian expedition of; war of, with Sparta, and revolt of allies; reverses and humiliation of; fall of Athens; the rule of the Tyrants; lead of, in intellectual progress; literature and art of; adornment of; glory of; alliance of, with Sparta; engages in the Sacred War; leads against Macedon; censured by Demosthenes; allies of, defeated by Philip; first open rupture with Macedon; alliance of, with Thebes, and defeat at Chæronea; revolt of, against Alexander; captured by Antigonus; late architecture, sculpture, and painting of; immortal influence of; the Duchy of Athens; captured by Turks and Venetians; revolution at, against Otho.
A’thos, Mount, in Macedonia.
Atos’sa, mother of Xerxes.
Atri’dæ, the. A term meaning “sons of Atreus,” and applied by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus.
Attica.
“Attic Wasp,” the.
Augustus, the Roman emperor.
Au’lis, on the Euripus.
Auso’nian, or Au’sones. An ancient race of Italy. Aver’nus, lake of.

Babylon.
Bacchus, god of vintage or wine; theatre of. Bel’i-des, a surname given to daughters of Belus. Beller’ophon, son of Glaucus.
BENJAMIN, S. G. W.–Revolution against Otho. Bes’sus, satrap of Bactria.
Bias, one of the Seven Sages.
Birds, the.
BLACKIE, J. STUART.–Value of Greek fables. Fancies of the Greek mind. Legend of Pandora. Prometheus. Story of Tantalus. The founding of Athens. Pythagoras. Legends of Marathon. Xerxes and the battle of Salamis.
Boeo’tla.
Boz-zar’ls, Marco.–Bravery and death of. Constantine Bozzaris, and Noto Bozzaris.
Bras’idas, the Spartan.
Brazen Age, the.
British Quarterly Review.–The choice of Otho; and Greece under his rule.
Bria’re-us (or Bri’a-reus).
BROUGHAM, LORD.–Demosthenes’ Oration on the Crown. The style of Demosthenes. The doctrine of Plato.
BROWNE, R. W.–Thucydides and Herodotus. Aristotle. BULWER, EDW. LYTTON.–Merits of a “Tyranny.” The battle of Platæa, and importance of. Xerxes at Sardis. Earthquake, and revolt of Helots at Sparta. Changes in Athenian Constitution, Oratory of Pericles. The Drama. Adornment of Athens. BURLINGAME, EDW. L.–Roman treatment of Greece. BYRON, LORD.–Dodona. Parnassus. Allusions to Attica. The Corinthian rock. The Isles of Greece. The dead at Thermopylæ. Xerxes at Salamis. Deathless renown of Greek heroes. The Athenian prisoners at Syracuse. The revenge of Orestes. Alexander’s career. Siege and fall of Corinth. Greece under Moslem rule. Views of Greek independence.
Byzan’tium (she-um).

Cadmus, founder of Cadme’a.
Cadmea, citadel of Thebes.
Cal’amis, the sculptor.
Calaure’a, island of.
Callic’ra-tes, a Spartan soldier.
Callicrates, an architect.
Callicrat’i-das, a Spartan officer. Callim’achus, the Pol’emarch.
CALLI’NUS, a lyric poet.–Writings of. Calli’o-pe, the goddess of epic poetry.
CALLIS’TRATUS.–Tribute to Harmodius. Calyp’so, the nymph, island of.
Cambunian mountains.
CAMPBELL, THOMAS.–Music of the Spartans. Song of the Greeks. Battle of Navari’no.
Can’dla, island of (Crete).
Can’næ, in Apulia. Battle at.
CANNING, GEORGE.–The Slavery of Greece. CANTON, WILLIAM.–Death of Anaxagoras.
Capo d’Istria, Count.
Capys, a Trojan.
Carthaginians, the.
Caspian Gates, the.
Cassan’der, son of Antipater.–Master of Greece and Macedon; death of.
Cassan’dra, daughter of Priam.
Castalian Fount, the.
Cat’ana, in Sicily.
Cau’casus, Mount.
Ca-ys’ter, the river, in Asia Minor. Ce’crops.
Cecro’plan hill (Acropolis).
Celts, the.
Cephalo’nia, island of.
Cephis’sus, the river.
Ceraunian mountains.
Ce’res, goddess of grain, etc.
Chærone’a, in Boeotia; battle of.
Chal’cis, in Euboea.
Cha’os.
Cha’res, a Rhodian sculptor.
Cher’siphron, a Cretan architect. Story of. Chersone’sus. the Thracian.
Chi’lo, one of the Seven Sages.
Chion’i-des, a comic poet.
Chi’os, island of.
Choëph’oroe, the.
Christianity in Greece.
Chro’nos, or Saturn.
Cicero, the Roman orator. Visits tomb of Archime’des. Cili’cia (she-a).
Ci’mon (meaning Milti’a-des).
Cimon, son of Miltiades, and an Athenian general and statesman; successes and rise of, at Athens; wins battle of Eurym’edon; aids Sparta; the fall and banishment of; recall of, expedition to Cyprus, and death of.
Cithæ’ron, Mount.
Ci’tium (she-um), in Cyprus.
Clazom’enæ, on an island off the Dorian coast. CLE-AN’THES.–Hymn to Jupiter.
Cle-ar’chus, a Spartan general.
Cleo-bu’lus, one of the Seven Sages. Cle’on, the Athenian.–Causes the Mityleneans to be put to death; conduct and character of, and attacks upon, by Aristoph’anes. Cle’on of Lampsacus.
Cleon’ymus of Sparta.
Clouds, the.
Clis’thenes (eze), last despot of Si’çyon. Clisthenes, founder of democracy at Athens; reforms of. Clytemnes’tra, wife of Agamemnon.
Cocy’tus, the river.
Codrington, Admiral.
Co’drus, early King of Athens.
Col’chis.
COLERIDGE, HENRY N.–The poems of Homer. COLERIDGE, SAMUEL T.–Pythagore’an influences. COLLINS, MORTIMER.–Fable of Hercules and Antæ’us. Colonies, the Greek. In Asia Minor; history of, in Magna Groeca, etc.; in Sicily, Italy, Africa, etc.
Col’ophon, in Ionia.
Comedy. The Old; the New.
COOK, REV. JOSEPH.–Progress in Modern Greece. Corcy’ra, or Corfu, island of.
Corinna, a Boeotian poetess.
Corinth, and the Corinthians; conquest of; despotisms of; war of, with Corcyra; aids Syracuse; destruction of; capture of, by the Turks.
Corinthian Architecture.
Corinthian Gulf, the.
Corone’a, plains of. Athenian defeat at. Coumour’gi, Äl’i, the Turkish Grand Vizier. Successes of. Councils, the National.
CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER P.–Temples at Pæstum. Cran’non, battle of.
Crat’erus, one of Alexander’s generals. Crati’nus, a comic poet.
Creation, the. Account of.
Cre’on.
Cresphon’tes, of the Heraclidæ.
Crete, island of; conquered by the Turks; revolution in. Cris’sa, town of.
Crissæ’an plain.
Cri’ti-as (cri’she-as), chief of the Thirty Tyrants. Croe’sus, King of Lydia.
CROLY, GEORGE.–Pericles. Death of Pericles. Croto’na, in Italy.
Crusaders, the. Courts of, in Greece. Ctes’iphon, who proposed a crown for Demosthenes. Cu’mæ, in Italy.
Cumæ’an Sibyl, the. Myth of.
CURTIUS, ERNST.–The Oration of Pericles. Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Pelopidas and Epaminondas.
Cyc’la-des, the (islands).
Cyc’lic poets, the.
Cy’clops, or Cyclo’pes, the.
Cy’lon, the Athenian.
Cynoceph’alæ, In Thessaly. Battle of. Cyprian queen (Venus).
Cyprus, Island of.
Cyrena’ica, colony of.
Cy-re’ne, colony of.
Cyropoedi’a, the.
Cyrus the Elder. Conquers Lydia.
Cyrus the Younger.
Cys’icus, Island of. Victory of Alcibiades at. Cyth’era, island of.
Cytheræ’a, name given to Venus.

Damon and Pythias.
Dan’a-ë, Lamentation of.
Dan’a-i, the.
Dan’a-us, founder of Argos.
Dar’danus, son of Jupiter and Electra. Dari’us I. (Hystas’pes), King of Persia; dominion of; he suppresses the Ionic revolt; invades Greece; death of. Darius III., King of Persia. Defeated at Issus, and at Arbe’la; Flight and death of.
De-iph’obus, a Trojan hero.
De’lium, in Boeotia. Battle of.
Del’phi, or Delphos. City, temple, and oracle of. De’los, island of; Confederacy of States at. Deme’ter. (See Ceres.)
Deme’trius, son of Antigonus. Seizes the throne of Macedon. Demos’the-nes, the Athenian general. Captures Pylus; defeat and death of, at Syracuse.
DEMOS’THE’NES, the orator; pious fraud of; measures against, at Athens, and attack upon, by Æschines; death of; oratory of.–Extracts from: The First Philippic. Oration on the Crown. Deuca’lion, son of Prometheus. Deluge of. Diana, or Ar’temis, temple to, at Ephesus. Die’bitsch, Marshal.
Di’o-cles, of Syracuse.
Diodo’rus, the historian.
Diog’enes, the Cretan.
DIOG’ENES LAER’TIUS.–Xenophon.
Di’omed, a Greek hero in the Trojan war; valor of; fate of. Di’on, of Syracuse.
Dionysian Festivals, the.
Dionysius of Col’ophon, a painter.
Dionysius the Elder, of Syracuse.
Dionysius the Younger, of Syracuse. Dionysius, the Roman historian.
Diopl’thes, the general.
Dipoe’nus, the sculptor.
Dis, a name given to Pluto.
Dodo’na, city and temple of.
Do’rians, the, migrations and colonies of. Dor’ic architecture.
Do’ris.
Do’rus, progenitor of the Dorians.
Dra’co, the Athenian legislator.
Drama, the. Before Peloponnesian wars; characterization of; influence of; the drama after Peloponnesian war. Dry’ads, or Dry’a-des, the. Wood-nymph.
DRYDEN, JOHN.–Alexander’s feast at Persep’olis.

Edinburgh Review. Courts of Crusaders. Eges’ta, in Sicily.
E’lea, in Lucania. Eleatic philosophy. Elec’tra, the.
Eleu’sis, and the Eleusinian Mysteries. Eleu’therre, in Attica.
E’lis and E’leans.
Elo’ra, temple of. Elora is a town in south-western Hindostan, noted for its splendid cave-temples, cut from a hill of red granite, black basalt, and quartz rock. Of these, that called “Paradise,” to which reference is here made, is 100 feet high, 401 feet deep, and 185 feet in greatest breadth. It is “a perfect pantheon of the gods of India.” Elysium, the.
Ema’thia, or Macedon.
En’nius. The Fate of Ajax.
Eny’o, a war-goddess.
E’os, The same as Aurora, a term applied to the eastern parts of the world.
Epaminon’das, the Theban. Character of, and his successes against Sparta.
Eph’esus.
Ephi-al’tes.
Epichar’mus.
Epicu’rus, Life and works of.
Epidau’rus, in Argolis.
Epime’theus (thuse).
Epi’rus.
Er-ech’the-um, the.
Erech’theus (thuse).
Ere’tria.
Erin’nys. (See Furies.)
Euboe’a, island of.
Euboe’an Sea.
Eu’menes, Alexander’s general.
Eumen’i-des, the.
Euphra’nor, a sculptor.
Eu’polis, a comic poet.
Eupom’pus, a Siçyonian painter.
EURIP’IDES. Life and works of. Extracts from: The Greek Armament. Alcestis preparing for death.
Euri’pus, or Euboean Sea.
Euro’tas.
Eurybi’ades, a Spartan general.
Euryd’i-ce.
Eurym’edon, in Pamphylia.

Farnese Bull, the. Sculpture of.
Fates, the.
FELTON, C. C., D.D.–Ionian language and culture, Unity of the Iliad. Works of Hesiod. Christianity in Greece. The Duchy of Athens. The Klephts.
Festivals, the Grecian.
FINLAY, GEORGE, LL.D.–The Revolt against Rome. Flamin’ius, Titus, Roman consul.
Frogs, the.
Furies, the.
Future State, the. Greek views of.

Gan-y-me’de, Jove’s cup-bearer.
Gedro’sia (she-a), in Persia.
Ge’la, in Sicily.
Ge’lon, despot of Gela. Becomes despot of Syracuse; dynasty of, extinguished.
GEM’INUS, TULLIUS.–Themistocles.
George, Prince of Denmark. Is chosen King of Greece; progress of Greece under.
Giants, the; battle with Jupiter.
GILLIES, JOHN, LL.D.–Memorial to Miltiades. Aristophanes and Cleon. The works of Phidias.
Gladiator, the Dying.
GLADSTONE, WM. EWART.–The humanity of the gods. Glau’cus, a Trojan hero.
Glaucus, a sculptor.
Gods, the. Personifications and deifications of; moral characteristics of; deceptions of.
Golden Age, the.
Gor’gias, the Sophist.
Gorgo’pis, lake, near Corinth.
Goths, the. Overrun Greece.
Government, forms of, and changes in. Graces, the.
Grani’cus, the river. Battle at.
GRAY, THOMAS.–Pindar.
GROTE, GEORGE.–The Trojan war. The Cumæan Sibyl. Increase of power among Sicilian Greeks. The Seven Sages. Lesson from the fate of Miltiades. Transitions of tragedy. Aristophanes. The Sophists and Socrates. Demosthenes’ first Philippic. The Influence of Phocion. Conquests of Alexander. The Oration on the Crown.
Guiscard (ges-kar’), Robert. Conquests of. Gy’ges, the.
Gylip’pus, a Spartan general.
Gyth’e-um (or Gy-the’-nm), port of Sparta.

Ha’des.
Ha’drian, the Roman emperor.
Hæ’mus, mountain chain of.
Halicarnas’sus, in Caria.
HALLECK, FITZ-GREENE.–Marco Bozzaris. Hamil’car, a Carthaginian general.
Hannibal, a Carthaginian general.
Harmo’dius, an Athenian.
Harpies, the. Winged monsters with female faces and the bodies, claws, and wings of birds.
HAYGARTH, WILLIAM.–Acheron and Acherusia. Ancient Corinth. Sparta’s invincibility. Battle of Thermopylæ. Athens in time of peace. Temple of Theseus. The Academia. Immortality of Grecian genius.
He’be, goddess of youth.
Hecatæ’us, the historian.
Hec’tor, eldest son of Priam, King of Troy; parting of, with Androma-che; exploits of; encounters Achilles, is slain, and his body given up to Priam; lamentation over, by Andromache and Helen.
HEE’REN (ha’ren).–Authority of Homer. Freedom in colonies. Character of a “tyranny”.
He-ge’sias (she-as), the sculptor.
Helen of Troy. Abduction of; the name of; laments Hectors death; supposed career of, after the Trojan war. Hel’icon, Mount, in Boeotia.
Hel’las, or Greece; survival.
Hellas, the.
Helle’nes, and Hellen’ic (Hellen). Spirit of, in modern Greece. Hellen’ica, the.
Hellen’ics, the.
Hel’lespont, the.
He’lots, the. The revolt of.
HEMANS, FELICIA.–Mount Olympus, 2. Vale of Tempe, 3. City and temple of Delphi, T. Mycenæ. Spartan march to battle. Legend of Marathon. The Parthenon. The Turkish invasion. Hephæs’tus, or Vulcan, M.
He’ra. (See Juno.)
Her-a-cli’dæ, the return of the.
Heracli’tus, the philosopher.
Hercules, frees Prometheus; twelve labors, &c., of; fable of; encounter of, with Antæ’ns; sails with Argonautic expedition; legends of, at Marathon; statue of.
Hermes. (See Mercury.)
Hermi’o-ne.
HEROD’OTUS, the historian. Life and writings of; compared with Thucydides.–Extracts from: Xerxes at Abydos. Introduction to history.
Heroic Age, the. Some events of; arts and civilization in. Heros’tratus.
Hertha, goddess of the earth.
HE’SI-OD. Life and works of.–Extracts from: Battle of the Giants. Origin of Evil, etc. The justice of the gods. Winter. Hi’ero I. Despot of Gela; becomes despot of Syracuse. Hiero II. Despot of Syracuse.
Him’era, in Sicily.
Hippar’chus.
Hip’pias, son and successor of Pisistratus. Is driven from Athens; leads the Persians against Greece.
Hippocre’ne (or crene’ in poetry), fountain of. Hippopla’çia (also Hypopla’kia). Same as The’be, in Mysia, and so called because supposed to lie at the foot of or under Mount Plakos.
History. To close of Peloponnesian wars; subsequent period of. HOLLAND. J. G.-The La-oc’o-on.
HOMER. Life and works of.–Extracts from: The gardens of Alcin’o-us, Prayer to the gods. The taking of an oath. The Future State. The descent of Orpheus. The Elysium. Punishment of Ate. Ulysses and Thersites. Parting of Hector and Andromache. Death of Patroclus. The shield of Achilles. Death of Hector. Priam begging for Hector’s body. Lamentation of Andromache; of Helen. Artifice of Ulysses. The Raft of Ulysses. Similes of Homer. Jupiter grants the request of Thetis.
HORACE.–Description of Pindar. Greece the conqueror of Rome. Horolo’gium, the, at Athens.
HOUGHTON, LORD.–The Cyclopean walls. HUME, DAVID.–The style of Demosthenes.
Huns, the. Overrun Greece.
Hy’las, legend of.
Hymet’tus, Mount.
Hype’ria’s Spring, in Thessaly.

Ib’rahim Pä’sha (or pa-shä’).
Ica’ria, island of.
Ictinus, the architect.
I’da, Mount.
Idalian queen (same as Venus).
Il’iad.
Il’i-um, or Troy. Grecian expedition against; the fate of; fall of, announced to the Greeks; discoveries on site of. Illyr’ia.
Im’bros, island of.
In’achus, son of Oceanus.
In’arus, a Libyan prince.
Iol’cus, in Thessaly.
I’on, son of Xuthus.
ION, of Chios. The power or Sparta. Io’nla, and Ionians; language and culture of. Colonies of. Ionian Sea.
Ion’ic Architecture.
Ionic Revolt, the.
I’os, island of.
Ip’sara, isle of.
I’ra, fortress of, in Messenia.
I’ris, the rainbow goddess.
Isag’oras, the Athenian.
Isles of Greece, the.
Isoc’ra-tes, an Athenian orator.
Is’sus, in Cilicia. Battle of.
Isthmian Games, the.
Italy, Greek colonies in.
Ithaca, island of.
Itho’me, fortress of.
Ixi’on. The punishment of.

Jason.
Jove. (See Jupiter.)
Julian, the Roman emperor.
Juno, or Hera, temple of, at Samos; temple of, near Platæa. Jupiter, Jove, or Zeus. Court of; temple of, and games sacred to; hymn to; divides dominion of the universe; statue of, at Tarentum.
Justin, the Latin historian.
JUVENAL.–Stories about Xerxes. Flight of Xerxes from Salamis. Alexander’s tomb.

Kalamä’ta.
KENDRICK, A. C., LL.D.–Plato and his writings. Klephts, the.
Knights, the.
Kot’tos.

Laç-e-dæ’mon, or Sparta.
Laco’nia.
Lævi’nus, M. Valerius.
Lam’achus, an Athenian general.
Lamp’sacus, on the Hellespont.
LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE.–Reconciliation of Helen and Menelaus. LANG, A.–Venus visits Helen of Troy. Reconciliation of Helen and Menelaus.
La-oc’o-on, a priest of Apollo. Statuary group of the Laocoon. Lap’ithæ, a people of Thessaly.
LAWRENCE, EUGENE.–The murder of Agamemnon. Herodotus. Menander. Aristotle.
Lebade’a, temple and oracle of.
LEGARÉ (le-gre’), HUGH S.–Character of a Greek democracy. The eloquence of Æschines. The eloquence of Demosthenes. Lem’nian (relating to Vulcan).
Lem’nos, island of.
Leon’idas, a Spartan king. Bravery and death of, at Thermopylæ; the tomb of.
Leotych’i-des.
Lepan’to.
Lernæ’an Lake.
Les’bos, island of.
Le’the.
Leu’cas, or Leucadia.
Leu’ce, in the Euxine Sea.
Leuc’tra, in Boeotia. Battle of.
LIDDELL, HENRY G., D.D.–Legends of the Greeks. Literature and the Arts. In the Ionian colonies; the poems of Homer. 1. Progress of, before the Persian wars; poems of Hesiod; lyric poetry; philosophy; early architecture; early sculpture. 2. Progress of, from the Persian to close of Peloponnesian wars; lyric poetry; the Drama-tragedy; old comedy; early history; philosophy; sculpture and painting; architecture. 3. Progress of, after Peloponnesian wars; the drama; oratory; philosophy; history; architecture and sculpture; painting.
Livy, the Roman historian.
Lo’cris, and Locrians.
LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL.–A Pythagorean fantasy. LÜB’KE, WILHELM.–Art at Athene. Phidias and his work. The Dying Gladiator.
LU’CAN.–The Delphic oracle. Alexander’s career and character. LUCRE’TIUS (she-us).–The plague at Athens. Epicurus. Lyce’um, the, at Athens.
Lycur’gus, the Spartan law-giver; legislation of. Lyric Poetry. Before the Persian wars; from Persian to close of Peloponnesian wars.
Lysan’der, a Spartan general. Acts of. Ly’si-as (she-as), an Athenian orator.
Lysic’rates, monument to.
Lysim’achus, Alexander’s general.
Lysip’pus, of Sicyon. Works of.

Maca’ria, plain of.
MACAULAY, LORD.–Herodotus. Literature of Athens, and her immortal influence.
Maç’edon, or Maçedo’nia. Invasion of, by the Persians; by Xerxes; Athenian colonies in; supremacy of; sketch of; interference of, in affairs of Greece; war of, with Greece; with Persia; revolt of Sparta against; invasion of, by Celts, and war with Pyrrhus; conquest of, by Rome.
Macis’tus, Mount, in Euboea, near Eretria. Mæ-o’tis, same as Sea of Azof.
MAHAFFY, J. P.–The society of Olympus. Political life of the Greeks. Domestic life in the Heroic Age. Hesiod’s description of the Styx. Archilochus. Stesich’orus. Barbarities in the Peloponnesian wars. Simonides. Æschylus. The “Alcestis” of Euripides. Thucydides. The Sophists. Socrates. Late Greek tragedy. Aristotle.
Magne’sia (she-a).
Mah’moud, the Sultan.
Mantine’a, in Arcadia.
Mar’athon, the plains of; battle of, and legends connected with. Mardo’nius, Persian general. First invasion of Greece; his second Invasion and defeat at Marathon; defeated at Platæa, and is slain.
Mars.
Mavrocordä’to, Alexander.
Mede’a.
Medea, the.
Meg’ara.
Me’llan nymphs. They watched over gardens and flocks of sheep. Me’los, island of.
Melpom’e-ne, inventress of tragedy. Memno’nian Palace. So called because said to have been founded by the father of Memnon.
Memorabil’ia, the.
MENAN’DER, the comic poet. Life and works of. Fragment from. Men-e-la’us.
Men’tor, a friend of Ulysses.
Mercury, or Her’mes.
Messa’na, in Sicily.
Messa’pion, Mount, in Boeotia.
Messe’nia, and Messe’nians, wars of, with Sparta. Messenian Gulf.
Messenian wars, the.
Metamorphoses, the.
Mi’con, a painter.
Mile’tus, in Ionia.
Milti’a-des, the Athenian general, etc. Commands at Marathon; disgrace and death of; lesson of.
MILTON, JOHN.–Cocytus and Acheron. Heroic times foretold. Xerxes crosses the Hellespont. Reference to Alcestis. Socrates. Oratory. Mi’mas, a mountain-range of Ionia.
Minerva, temple of; statue of, at Athens. Mi’nos, Cretan law-giver.
Minot’ti. Story of.
Missolon’ghi. The sortie at.
MITCHELL, THOMAS.–The Old Comedy. Style of Plato. Xenophon. MITFORD, WILLIAM.–Æschylus’s account of Salamis. Character of Pericles.
Mityle’ne.
Mnemos’y-ne, mother of the Nine Muses. Mnes’icles, a sculptor.
Mnes’theus.–A great-grandson of Erechtheus, who deprived Theseus of the throne of Athens, and led the Athenians in the Trojan war. Molda’via.
Monembasï’a. On the south-east coast of Laconia. More’a.
Morosi’ni, a Venetian admiral.
Mum’mius, a Roman consul.
MURE, WILLIAM.–The “Works and Days” of Hesiod. Alcman. Muses, the Nine.
Mye’a-le. Defeat of Persians at.
Myce’næ.
My’ron, a painter.
Myr’tis, a poetess.
Mys’la (she-a).
Mythology, Grecian.

Na-i’a-des, or Nai’ads, the.
Nap’oli di Roma’nia.
Naupac’tus.
Nau’pli-a.
Navarï’no; battle of.
Nax’os, in Sicily.
Ne-ap’olis, in Italy.
Ne’mea, city of.
Ne’mean games.
Ne’mean lion.
Nem’esis, a female avenging deity.
Neptune or Posei’don; temple of.
Ner-e’i-des, or Ner’e-ids.
Nestor, a Greek hero and sage.
Niçi-as (she-as), the Peace of.
Niçi-as, the Athenian general.
Niçi-as, a painter.
Ni’o-be, and her children.

Oaths, of the gods, etc.
O-ce-an’i-des, the.–Ocean-nymphs and sisters of the rivers; supposed personifications of the various qualities and appearances of water.
O-ce’anus, god of the ocean.
O-de’um, the.
Qdy’ssey, the.
OEd’ipus Tyran’nus, the.
OE’ta, Mount.
Olym’pia, in E’lis; statue of Jupiter at. Olym’piad.
Olym’pian Jove. Temple of; statue of. Olym’pus, Mount; society of.
Olyn’thus, in Macedonia.
Oratory.
O’re-ads, the.
Ores’tes, son of Agamemnon.
Or’pheus (pheus), the musician.
Orthag’oras of Sicyon.
Ortyg’ia, in Sicily.
Os’sa, Mount.
Otho, King of Greece; revolution against and deposition of. O’thrys Mountains.
OV’ID.–Apollo. The Creation. Deluge of Deucalion. The Descent of Orpheus. Apollo’s Conflict with Python.

Pæs’tum. Ruins of temples at.
Pagasæ, Gulf of.
Painting.
Palame’des, a Greek hero.
Pal’las (same as Minerva).
Pami’sus, the river.
Pam’philus, a painter.
Pan; legend of.–The god of shepherds, in form both man and beast, having a horned head and the thighs, legs, and feet of a goat. Pan’darus, a Trojan hero.
Pando’ra, legend of.
Paradise Lost, the.
Par’çæ, or Fates.
Paris, of Troy. Abducts Helen; combat of, with Menelaus; kills Achilles.
Parmen’ides.
Parnas’sus, Mount.
Par’nes, mountains of.
Par’non, mountains of.
Pa’ros an island of the Cyclades group. Parrha’sius (she-us). Anecdotes of.
Par’thenon, the; glories of; destruction of. Passä’rowitz, in Servia. The peace of. Concluded between Austria And Venice on the one side, and Turkey on the other. Pa’træ.
Patro’cius, a Greek hero.
Pausa’nias, a Spartan general. At Platæa; treason, punishment, and death of.
Pax’os, island of.
Pegasus, the winged horse.
Pelas’gians, the.
Pe’leus.
Pe’li-as.
Pe’li-on, Mount.
Pelle’ne, or Cassandra, in Achaia.
Pelop’idas, the Theban.
Peloponne’sus, the.
Peloponnesian wars, the; the first war; the second war. Pe’lops.
Penel’o-pe, wife of Odysseus.
Pene’us, the river.
Pentel’icus, or Mende’li, Mount.
Pen’theus, King of Thebes.
Perdic’cas, Alexander’s general.
Perian’der, despot of Corinth; one of the Seven Sages. Per’icles, the Athenian general, etc. Accedes to power in place of Cimon; constitutional changes made by, at Athens; measures of, for war with Sparta; defeat of, at Tanagra; recalls Cimon; progress under his rule; attacks upon, at Athens; declares war against Sparta; oration of; death and character of. Persep’olis. Alexander’s feast at.
Per’seus (or se’us).
Per’seus, King of Macedon.
Persians, the.
Persian wars, the. Account of.
Phoe’do, the.
Phale’rum, bay of.
Phe’ræ, in Thessaly.
Phid’ias, the sculptor; the work and masterpieces of. PHILE’MON, the comic poet. Life and works or. Philip of Macedon; interference of, in Grecian affairs; invades Thessaly; attacks of Demosthenes against; captures Olynthus; reveals his designs against Greece, and defeats Athens and Thebes at Chæronea; is invested with supreme command, and declares war against Persia; death of.
Philip V. of Macedon; defeat of, at Apollonia and Cynocephalæ. Philippics, the.
Phil’ocles, bravery of.
Philopoe’men.
Philosophy. Before the Persian wars; to close of Peloponnesian wars; subsequent to Peloponnesian wars. Phleg’ethon, or Pyr-iphleg’ethon.
Pho’cion (she-on), Athenian statesman. Opposes the policy of Demosthenes.
Pho’cis and Phocians, sacrilege of, and war with. Phoe’bus, the sun-god (Apollo).
Phoe’nix, warrior and sage.
PHRYN’ICHUS. Tribute to Sophocles.
Phy’le. A fortress in a pass of Mount Parnes, north-west from Athens. This was the point seized by Thrasybulus in the revolt against the Thirty Tyrants.
Pi-e’ri-an fount.
Pi-er’i-des, name given to the Muses. Pi’e-rus, or Pl-e’ri-a, Mount.
Pi’e-rus, King of Emathia.
PIN’DAR. Life and writings of. Extracts from: The Greek Elysium; Christening of the Argo; Spartan music and poetry; Tribute to Theron; Athenians at Artemisium; Threnos; Founding of Ætna; Hiero’s victory at Cumæ; Admonitions to Hiero. Pin’dus, mountains of.
Piræ’us, the.
Pi’sa and Pisa’tans.
Pisis’tratus and the Pisistrat’idæ; usurpation of Pisistratus; death and character of; family of, driven from Athens. Pit’tacus, one of the Seven Sages.
Plague, the, at Athens.
Platæ’a and the Platæ’ans; battle of Platæa; results of; attack on, by Thebans.
PLATO, the philosopher. Life and works of. PLATO, the comic poet.–Tomb of Themistocles; Aristophanes. PLINY.–Story of Parrhasius and Zeuxis.
PLUMPTRE, E. H., D.D.–Personal temperament of Æschylus. PLUTARCH.–Songs of the Spartans; Solon’s efforts to recover Salamis; Incident of Aristides’s banishment; Artemisium; Lysander and Phil’ocles.
Pluto.
Pnyx, the.
Polyb’ius. Life and works of.
Pol’ybus, King of Corinth.
Polycle’tus, a sculptor.
Polyc’ra-tes, despot of Samoa.
Polydec’tes, a Spartan king.
Polydec’tes, King of Seri’phus.
Polydo’rus, a Rhodian sculptor.
Polygno’tus, of Thasos.
POLYZO’IS.–war song.
POPE, ALEXANDER.–The Pierian Spring; Tribute to Homer; Description of Pindar; Aristotle.
Posei’don, (See Neptune.)
Potidæ’a, revolt of.
Praxit’eles, an Athenian sculptor.
Priam, King of Troy.
Prie’ne, in Carla.
PRIOR, MATTHEW.–Description of Pindar. Prod’icus, the Sophist.
Prome’theus. Legend of; Hesiod’s tale of. Prome’theus Bound, the.
Propon’tic Sea.
Propylæ’a, at Athens.
Pros’erpine, daughter of Ceres.
Protag’oras, the Sophist.
Pro’teus (or te-us), a sea-deity.
Protog’enes, a Rhodian painter.
Ptol’emy Cerau’nus, of Macedon.
Ptol’emy Philadelphus, King of Egypt. Ptol’emy So’ter, Alexander’s general.
Pyd’na, in Macedonia. Battle of.
Py’lus, in Messenia.
Pyr’rha, wife of Deucalion.
Pyr’rhus, a son of Achilles.
Pyr’rhus, King of Epirus; war of, with Macedon; with Sparta; death of.
Pythag’oras, the philosopher; doctrines of, etc.. Pythag’oras, a painter.
Pyth’ia, priestess of Apollo.
Pythian games.
Py’thon; Apollo’s conflict with.
Py’thon, an orator of Macedon.

Quintil’ian, the historian.

Rhadaman’thus, son of Jupiter and Europa. Rhapsodists, the.
Rhe’a, daughter of Coelus and Terra (Heaven and Earth). Rhe’gium, in Magna Groecia.
RHI’GAS, CONSTANTINE. War song.
Rhodes, island of; sculptures of.
Rhoe’cus, a sculptor.
Roger, King of Sicily.
Rome and the Romans; called into Sicily, and become masters of the island; defeat of, at Cannæ, and victory of, at Cynocephalæ; become masters of Greece and Macedon; their administration of Greece.
RUSKIN, JOHN.–The “Clouds” of Aristophanes.

Sacred War, the.
Sages, the Seven.
Sal’amis, island of; naval battle at. Saler’no, bay of, in Italy.
Saloni’ca, once Thessaloni’ca.
Sa’mos, island of.
SAP’PHO (saf’fo), a poetess. Lire, writing, and characterization of. Sar’dis, in Asia Minor.
Saron’ic Gulf (Thermaic).
Sarpe’don, a Trojan hero.
Sat’urn. (See Chro’nos.)
Sa’tyrs, the.
Scæ’an Gates, the, of Troy.
Scaman’der, river in Asia Minor.
Scaptes’y-le, in Thrace.
SCHILLER.–The building of Thebes; the poet’s lament; wailing of the Trojan women; Damon and Pythias–The Hostage; a visit to Archimedes.
SCHLEGEL, A. W., von.–Character of the Agamemnon. Sçil’lus, In E’lis.
Sçl’o, island of.–Massacre at.
Sco’pas, the sculptor.
Sculpture.–Before the Persian wars; from Persian to close of Peloponnesian wars; subsequent to Peloponnesian wars. Sçyl’lis, a sculptor.
Sçy’ros, Island of.
Seleu’cus, Alexander’s general; the Seleucidæ. Seli’nus.–Ruins of temples at.
Seneca, Roman philosopher.
Seri’phus, island of.
Seven Chiefs against Thebes, the.
SEWELL, WILLIAM.–Anecdote of Chrys’ostom. SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE.–The sufferings of Prometheus; an image of Athens; a prophetic vision of the Greek Revolution. Shield of Hercules, the.
Sicilian Expedition, the.
Sicily, Island of.–Colonies in; invasion of, by Carthaginians; by the Athenians; affairs in the colonies under Hiero, Dionysius, etc.; the Roman conquer.
Si’çy-on and Siçy-o’nians (sish’i-on); sculpture of; painting of. Slle’nus, a demi-god. The nurse, preceptor, and attendant of Bacchus, to whom Socrates was wont to compare himself. SIM’MIAS.–Tribute to Sophocles.
Sim’o-is, a river of Troas.
Simon’ides of Amorgos.
SIMON’IDES OF CEOS.–Life and writings of. Extracts from: Epitaphs on the fallen at Thermopylæ; battle of Eurym’edon; Lamentation of Dan’ae.
Slavonians, the.–Influences of.
SMITH, WILLIAM, LL.D.–Socrates. Aristotle. SOCRATES; attack upon, by Aristophanes. Life and works of. Extracts from: His Defence. Views of a Future State. Solon, the Athenian law-giver.–Life and legislation of; capture of Salamis by; his integrity; protests against acts of Pisistratus; voluntary exile and death of; classed as one of the Seven Sages. Extracts from: Ridicule to which his integrity exposed him. Estimate of his own character and services. Sophists, the.
SOPH’OCLES. Life and works of. Extracts from: The taking of an oath. Chariot-race of Orestes. The OEdipus Tyrannus. SOUTHEY, ROBERT.–The battle of Platoon. Sparta and the Spartans; Sparta is assigned to sons of Aristodemus; early history of; education and patriotism of; their poetry and music; conquests by; colonize Tarentum; reject the demands of Darius, but refuse to help Athens at Marathon; efforts of, to unite states against Persia; in battle of Thermopylæ; monuments and epitaphs to; in battle of Salamis; or Platæa; on coasts of Asia Minor; loses command in war against Persia; earthquake at Sparta, and revolt of the Helots; accepts aid from Athens; alliance of, with Athens, renounced, and war begun; defeats Athens at Tanagra, and is defeated; truce of, with Athens; begins Peloponnesian war; concludes the peace of Nicias; war of, with Argives, and victory at Mantinea; aids Syracuse against Athens; successes of, against Athens; occupies Athens, and withdraws from Attica; supremacy of Sparta; her defeat and humiliation by Thebes; engages in the Sacred War; revolt of, against Macedon; war with Pyrrhus; with Antigonus. Spor’a-des, the (islands).
Sta-gi’ra, in Macedonia.
Stati’ra, daughter of Darius,
STEPHENS, JOHN L–A visit to Missolonghi. Stesich’orus, the poet.
STORY, WILLIAM W.–Chersiphron, and the Temple of Diana. Stroph’a-des, the (islands).
Stry’mon, the river.
Styx. A celebrated torrent in Arcadia–now called “Black water” from the dark color of the rocks over which it flows–from which the fabulous river of the same name probably originated. Su’da, in Achaia.
Su’sa, capital of Persia.
Susa’rion, a comic poet.
Syb’aris, in Italy; destroyed by Crotona. Sylla, a Roman general.
SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON.–The “Theogony” of Hesiod; Archilochus; the ladies of Lesbos; Sappho and her poems; the era of Athenian greatness; Pindar; Euripides; Menander. Syracuse, in Sicily.–Founded by Corinthians; progress of, under Gilon, and war with Carthage; destroys the Athenian expedition; affairs of, under Hiero and succeeding rulers. Syrts, two gulfs in Africa.

TALFOURD, THOMAS NOON.- Unity of the Iliad; Sophocles; the glory of Athens.
Tan’agora, in Boeotia, battle of.
Tan’talus, the story of.
Taren’turn, in Italy.
Tar’tarus, the place of punishment. Ta-yg’etus, mountain-range of.
TAYLOR, BAYARD.–Legend of Hylas.
Te’gea, in Arcadia.
Teg’y-ra, battle at.
Tem’enus, of the Heraclidæ.
Tem’pe, Vale of.
Ten’edos, island of.
TENNENT, EMERSON.–Turkish oppression in Greece. Ten Thousand Greeks, retreat of.
Te’os, in Ionia.
TERPAN’DER, the poet; Spartan valor and music. Te’thys, wife of Ocean.
Tha’is, an Athenian beauty.
Tha’les, one of the Seven Sages; philosophy of. Theag’enes, despot of Megara.
The’be, a city of Mysia.
Thebes, city of; Thebans at Thermopylæ; attack of Thebans on Platæa; sympathy of, with Athens; seizure of, by the Spartans; rise and fall of Thebes; defeat of, at Charonea. The’mis, goddess of justice, or law.
Themis’to-cles, Athenian general and statesman; at Marathon; rise of, in Athenian affairs; character and acts of; at Artemisium, and at Salamis; banishment, disgrace, and death of; monuments and tributes to.
THEOC’RITUS.–Ptolemy Philadelphus. Theodo’rus, the sculptor.
THEOG’NIS, poet of Megara.–The Revolutions in Megara. Theog’ony, the.
The’ra, island of.
Therma’ic Gulf (Saronic).
Thermop’ylæ, pass of; battle at.
The’ron, ruler of Agrigentum.
Thersi’tes; a Greek warrior.
The’seus (or se-us), first king of Athens; temple to, at Athens; legends of; temple of.
Thes’piæ and the Thespians.
Thes’pis.
Thes’salus, son of Pisistratus.
Thes’saly and the Thessa’lians.
The’tis, a sea-deity; “Thetis’ son” (Achilles). THIRLWALL, CONNOP, D.D.–The Trojan war. Want of political union among the Greeks. Character of an ochlocracy. Effects of the fall of oligarchy. Writings of Theognis. The rule of Pisistratus. Reforms of Clisthenes. The “Theogony” of Hesiod. Progress of Sculpture. Themistocles. Pericles. Pindar. The Greeks in the Sacred War. Last struggles of Greece.
THOMSON, JAMES.–The Apollo-Belvedere. Sparta. Tribute to Solon. Teachings or Pythagoras. Architecture. Aristides. Cimon. Socrates. Architecture. Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Pelopidas and Epaminondas. The Dying Gladiator. The La-oc’o-on. The painting by Protog’enes at Rhodes.
Thrace.
Thrasybu’lus, an Athenian patriot.
Thrasybulus, despot of Syracuse.
THUCYD’IDES, the historian. Life and Works of. Extracts from: Speech of Pericles for war; Funeral Oration of Pericles; Athenian defeat at Syracuse.
Thu’rii, in Italy.
Tigra’nes.
Timo’leon, a Corinthian.–Rebuilds Syracuse, and restores her prosperity.
Timo’theus.
Tire’sias (shi-as), priest and prophet. (See OEdipus Tyrannus.) Tir’yns, in Argolis.
Tissapher’nes, Persian satrap.
Ti’tans, the.
Tit’y-us, punishment of.
Tragedy.–At Athens; decline of.
Tra’jan, the Roman emperor.
Tripolit’za, modern capital of Arcadia. Tri’ton. A sea-deity, half fish in form, the son and trumpeter of Neptune. He blew through a shell to rouse or to allay the sea. Trojan War, the.–Account of; consequences of. Troy. (See Ilium.)
TUCKERMAN.–American sympathy with Greece. Character of Otho. Of King George.
Turks, the; invade Greece; contests of, with the Venetians; Siege and capture of Corinth by; final conquest of Greece; Greek revolution against; compelled to evacuate Greece. Tydl’des, a patronymic of Diomed.
TYLER, PROF. W. S.–The divine mission of Socrates. TYMNÆ’US.–Spartan patriotic virtue.
Tyn’darus, King of Sparta.
Tyrant, or despot.–Definition of.
Tyrants, the Thirty. The Ten Tyrants. Tyre, city of.
TYRÆ’US.–Spartan war-song.

Ulys’ses, subject of the Odyssey; goes to Troy; rebukes Thersites; advises construction of the wooden horse; wanderings of; character of; raft of, described.
Ulys’ses, a Greek general.
U’ranus, or Heaven.

Venetians, the; contests of, with the Turks; capture the Peloponnesus and Athens; evacuate Athens; abandon Greece. Ve’nus, or Aphrodi’te, goddess of love; appears to Helen; statue of; painting of, rising from the sea.
Vesta.
VIRGIL.–Landing of Æneas. The taking of an oath. The fate of Troy. The Cumæan Cave. The Eleusinian Mysteries. Vo’lo, gulf of.
Vulcan, god of fire.

WARBURTON, ELIOT B. G.–The sortie at Missolonghi. Wasps, the.
WEBSTER, DANIEL.–Appeal of, for sympathy with the Greeks. WEYMAN, C. S.–Changes in statuary.
WILLIS, N. P.–Parrhasius and his captive. WINTHROP, ROBERT C.–Visit of Cicero to tomb of Archimedes. WOOLNER, THOMAS.–Venus risen from the sea. WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM.–Fancies of the Greek mind. The joy of the Greeks at the Isthmian games.
Works and Days, the.

Xan’thus, or the river Scamander.
Xenoph’anes, the philosopher.
Xen’ophon, the historian.–Leads the retreat of the Ten Thousand. Life and works of.
Xerxes, King of Persia; prepares to invade Greece, and reviews his troops at Abydos; stories of; bridges and crosses the