Greek in a Nutshell,
An Outline of
GREEK GRAMMAR
with
BRIEF READING LESSONS;
Designed for Beginners in the New Testament.
BY
JAMES STRONG, S.T.D.,
Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary
NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS
CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by NELSON & PHILLIPS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
PREFACE.
This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that is “half the battle” in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament.
J. S.
LESSON I.
READING
§ 1. THE ALPHABET.
Form. Name. Sound.
A α Al’pha _a_ in _man_, [_arm._[1]] Πβ Be’ta _b_
Πγ Gam’ma _g_ in _go_, [_king._[2]] Πδ Del’ta _d_
Πε Ep’silon _e_ in _met_. Πζ Ze’ta _dz_ in _adze_. Πη E’ta _e_ in _they_.
Î Ï or θ The’ta _th_ in _thin_. Πι Io’ta _i_ in _tin_, [_machine_[3]] Πκ or Ï Kap’pa _k_
Πλ Lamb’da _l_
Πμ Mu _m_
Πν Nu _n_
Πξ Xi _x_
Πο Om’icron _ο_ in _not_. Î Ï Pi _p_
Ρ Ï Rho _r_
Σ Ï, final Ï Sig’ma _s_ in _this_. Τ Ï Tau _t_ in _it_.
Î¥ Ï
U’psilon _u_ in _full_. Φ Ï Phi _f_
Ï Ï Khi _kh_ (German _ch_.) Ï Ï Psi _ps_
Ω Ï O’mega _ο_ in _no_.
§ 2. Notes on the Alphabet.
1. α sounds broad, like _a_ in _arm_, at the end of a word, and before Ï final or Ï followed by a different consonant.
2. γ has the nasal sound, like _ng_ in _king_, before γ, κ, Ï, or ξ.
3. ι has its long sound, like _i_ in _machine_, at the end of a syllable.
Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably the same.
2. ACCENT.
§ 3. Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of the spoken tone. A few small words, called _enclitics_, generally throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding word.
§ 4. The _acute_ (‘), which is the foundation of all the accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the last.
§ 5. The _grave_ accent (`) is only written in place of the acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables.
§ 6. The _circumflex_ (~) is placed on a syllable formed by the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex.
3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC.
§ 7. A vowel beginning a word takes either the _rough breathing_, (῾), which is pronounced like _h_, or else, to show the absence of that, _the smooth breathing_, (᾿), which has no appreciable sound. Initial Ï and Ï always take the rough breathing; and double Ï in the middle of a word takes the smooth breathing on the first, and the rough on the second.
§ 8. The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and Ï,) or doubtful, (α, ι, and Ï ,) which last, although naturally short, are sometimes lengthened by derivation.
§ 9. The diphthongs are as follows:–
Proper. With Iota Subscript. Improper. αι sounds ay á¾³ = α ηÏ
= η and Ï
ει ” i á¿ = η ÏÏ
= Ï and Ï
οι ” oy ῳ = Ï
Ï
ι ” we
αÏ
” ow
εÏ
” yu
οÏ
” oo
§ 10. In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the _second_ vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes them _before_ it.
§ 11. The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (Î), the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;).
LESSON II.
EUPHONIC CHANGES.
§ 12. When two _consonants_ come together the first is made homogeneous with the second, as follows:–
§ 13. Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of hardness according to the following classification:–
Smooth. Middle. Rough. Sibilant (with _s_.) Kappa-mutes. κ γ Ï Î¾ Pi-mutes Ï Î² Ï Ï Tau-mutes Ï Î´ Ï Î¶
§ 14. A _smooth_ final mute is roughened before a vowel with the rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive syllables begin with an aspirate. A tau-mute is sometimes dropped before Ï, and always before κ; before a different tau-mute it is changed into Ï.
§ 15. Before μ a kappa-mute is changed into γ, a pi-mute into μ, and a tau-mute into Ï.
§ 16. ν before a kappa-mute becomes γ, before a pi-mute μ, before a liquid (λ, μ, ν, or Ï) it is changed into the same liquid, before Ï or ζ it is dropped.
§ 17. ν is appended to certain endings in Ïι or ε before a pause or a vowel.
§ 18. There are several other less important rules, and some exceptions to most of the above.
§ 19. A _long vowel_ or _diphthong_ is used as an equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both.
§ 20. The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by practice.
§ 21. Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the derivation to be easily traced.
§ 22. A final vowel is sometimes elided before another vowel, and its place indicated by the apostrophe, (‘).
§ 23. There are several _dialects_, which chiefly affect the vowels, (like provincial pronunciation;) but in later Greek (to which the New Testament belongs) they were merged in “the common dialect,” the Attic pre-dominating.
NOUNS.
Nouns are of three declensions, three genders, three numbers, and five cases, all indicated by changes of termination.
§ 24. The declensions (numbered 1, 2, and 3) are only different modes of inflection.
§ 25. Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, and winds, are almost invariably _masculine_; those of females, countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually _feminine_; of the _neuter_ gender are most names of fruits and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a sound. In the third declension especially the (grammatical) gender in many instances is arbitrary.
§ 26. The _singular_ and _plural_ are used as in English. The _dual_ denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively rare, and never occurs in the New Testament.
§ 27. The _cases_ express the relations of words to each other in a sentence, as follows:–
Name. Use. Equivalent. Nominative. Subject of a finite verb. (Simple form.) Genitive. Origin or ownership. _From, of,_ etc. Dative. Position or manner. _In, by, for, to,_ etc. Accusative. Direction or object. _Toward, into,_ etc. Vocative. Address. _O!_
§ 28. The following are the terminations of the _First Declension_:–
Singular. Cases. Plural. _Masc._ _Fem._ _Masc. and Fem._ Î±Ï or Î·Ï Î± or η Nominative. αι ον Î±Ï or Î·Ï Genitive. ῶν á¾³ or η Dative. Î±Î¹Ï Î±Î½ or ην Accusative. Î±Ï Î± or η Vocative. αι
_Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., α; Gen., Dat., αιν.
§ 29. The α in the terminations of the singular is mostly used when Ï, ε,or ι precedes it; and in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. when λ or Ï, and frequently when ν, precedes it. A few nouns have α in the Gen. sing.
LESSON III.
NOUNS–Continued.
§ 30. The following are the terminations of the _Second Declension_:–
Singular. Cases. Plural. _Masc._ _Neut._ _Masc._ _Neut._ Î¿Ï Î¿Î½ Nominative. οι α Î¿Ï Genitive. Ïν ῳ Dative. Î¿Î¹Ï Î¿Î½ Accusative. Î¿Ï Ï Î± ε ον Vocative. οι α
_Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., Ï; Gen., Dat., οιν.
§ 31. The few fem. nouns of this declension take the masc. terminations. The Voc. masc. sing. is occasionally οÏ.
§ 32. The following are the terminations of the _Third Declension_:–
Singular. Cases. Plural. _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ Ï (or long vowel (naked stem.) Nominative. ÎµÏ Î± before final letter.)
Î¿Ï Genitive. Ïν ι Dative. Ïι(ν) ν or α (naked stem.) Accusative. Î±Ï Î± (like Nom. or Neut.) (naked stem.) Vocative. ÎµÏ Î±
_Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν.
§ 33. The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ιÏ, Ï Ï, and ÎµÏ Ï take the (Attic) Gen. εÏÏ, (Ï regarded as _short_.) The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be learned from the lexicon.
ADJECTIVES.
§ 34. These are _declined_ like nouns, having sometimes three sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the fem., when different, always of the first. _Participles_ are declined like adjectives.
§ 35. Adjectives are _compared_ either by using an adverb expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the positive the syllables ÏÏεÏÎ¿Ï or ίÏν for the comparative, and ÏÏαÏÎ¿Ï or ιÏÏÎ¿Ï for the superlative. Some euphonic changes occur in making these additions, which then take the regular declensional endings.
NUMERALS.
§ 36. The _cardinal_ numbers are either simple, (the units, tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon.
§ 37. The _ordinals_ are mostly formed from the cardinals by adjective endings.
PRONOUNS.
§ 38. Of the _personal_ pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns irregularly:–
_I_ or _Me_. _We_ or _Us_. _Thou_ or _Thee_. _Ye_ or _You_. Nominative. á¼Î³Ï ἡμεá¿Ï ÏÏ á½Î¼Îµá¿Ï Genitive. (á¼)μοῦ ἡμῶν Ïοῦ á½Î¼á¿¶Î½ Dative. (á¼)μοί ἡμá¿Î½ Ïοί á½Î¼á¿Î½ Accusative. (á¼)Î¼Î á¼¡Î¼á¾¶Ï ÏÎ á½Î¼á¾¶Ï
§ 39. The rest are declined as adjectives–masc. οÏ, fem, η, neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, with the exception of ÏιÏ, (interrogative ÏίÏ, indefinite Ïá½¶Ï,) neut. Ïι, Gen. ÏινοÏ, of the third declension, the _article_ (definite only) and the _demonstrative_ alone are very peculiar in declension, as follows:–
Singular. The. Plural. _Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ á½ ÏÏ á¼¡ Nominative. οἱ Ïά αἱ Ïοῦ Ïá¿Ï Genitive. Ïῶν Ïῶν Ïá¿· Ïá¿ Dative. Ïοá¿Ï Ïαá¿Ï ÏÏν ÏÏ Ïήν Accusative. -οÏÏ Ïά ÏάÏ
_Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ÏÏ, Ïά; Gen., Dat., Ïοá¿Î½, Ïαá¿Î½.
Singular. This, These. Plural. _Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ οá½ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοῦÏο αá½Ïη Nominative. οá½Ïοι ÏαῦÏα αá½Ïαι ÏοÏÏÎ¿Ï ÏαÏÏÎ·Ï Genitive. ÏοÏÏÏν ÏοÏÏÏν ÏοÏÏῳ -αÏÏá¿ Dative. ÏοÏÏÎ¿Î¹Ï ÏαÏÏÎ±Î¹Ï ÏÎ¿Ï ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοῦÏο ÏÎ±Ï Ïην Accusative. ÏοÏÏÎ¿Ï Ï ÏαῦÏα ÏαÏÏαÏ
_Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ÏοÏÏÏ, ÏαῦÏα; Gen., Dat., ÏοÏÏοιν, ÏαÏÏαιν
LESSON IV.
VERBS.
§ 40. There are three VOICES, _Active, Middle,_ and _Passive,_ generally distinguished by the _termination_.
The Middle is properly _reflexive_. Some of its tenses have an _active_ meaning. A few verbs, called _deponent_, are throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning.
§ 41. There are five MOODS in each voice, the _Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative,_ and _Infinitive_, to which may be added the _Participles_; they are mostly known by means of the _union-vowel_–that which immediately precedes the termination.
§ 42. The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the English, and have a _short_ union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which have η or its equivalent.
§ 43. The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction as a verb.
§ 44. The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain _dependent_ relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has a _long_ union-vowel, (η or Ï,) and the latter a diphthong, (οι, αι, or ει.) The former generally represents an act as contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will.
§ 45. The TENSES are nine, the _Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect,_ two _Aorists_, (1st and 2d, equivalent in sense,) and three _Futures_, (1st and 2d, equivalent to each other, and 3d, very rarely used;) they are distinguished by certain letters prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They represent time as compared with the _present_, and never date from that of a preceding verb.
§ 46. The Pres., Perf., Pluperf., and Fut. answer very nearly to the same tenses in English.
§ 47. The Imperf. denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or habitual at some time past: “was doing,” etc.
§ 48. The Aorists indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in the Indic., but undetermined in the others moods.)
§ 49. All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus:–
I. _Primary_, or Absolute. Present. Perfect. Futures.
II. _Secondary_, or Historical. Imperfect. Pluperfect. Aorists.
These classes usually have the following endings respectively:–
Active Form. Persons. Middle and Passive. I. II. I. II. Pres. and Fut. Perf. Opt. Sing.
ο – ν μι 1st μαι μην Î¹Ï Ï 2d Ïαι (Ï)ο ι – 3d Ïαι Ïο Plur.
μεν 1st μεÏα Ïε 2d ÏÏε (νÏ) Ïι (ν) (Ïα)ν 3d νÏαι νÏο [2d, Ïον, 3d, Ïην. Dual. 1st, μεÏον, 2d, ÏÏον, 3d, ÏÏην.]
_Notes on the Table of Verb Endings._
§ 50. In the Pres. and Fut. the ο of the 1st sing. act. is contracted (with the union-vowel) into Ï, and the Ïαι of the 2d sing. pass. into á¿ or ει.
§ 51. Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indic. and Subj., and the secondary to the Indic. and Opt.: likewise the Imperf. and Pluperf. to the Indic., and the Imper. to the Pres., the Aorists and (rarely) the Perf.
§ 52. The _active_ terminations are assumed throughout by the Perf. and Pluperf. mid., and the Aorists pass.
§ 53. The terminations of the Imper. are analogous to the secondary in the act., and in the mid. and pass. they are merely the same strengthened, thus: _Sing._ 2d,–[Aor. pass, Ïι, 1st Aor. act. (Ï)ov] (pass. ο [1st Aor. mid. ι] or Ïο); 3d, ÏÏ (pass. ÏÏÏ,) _Plur._ 2d, Ïε (pass. ÏÏε); 3d, ÏÏÏαν [or contr. νÏÏν] (pass, ÏÏÏÏαν. [_Dual._ 2d, Ïον (ÏÏον); 3d, ÏÏν (ÏÏÏν,)]
§ 54. The Infin. in the act. forms ends in εν, [contr., with union-vowel into ειν] (Pres., Fut., and 2d Aor.,) αι, (1st Aor.,) or ναι, (Perf. act. and mid. and both Aor. pass.;) elsewhere in ÏÏαι.
§ 55. In the Participles the stem ends in Î½Ï in the act. forms, (except the Perf. act. and mid., which have ÏÏ;) the rest take μεν, (Perf. pass, μÎν.) These latter are [masc. and neut.] of the second declension, the others of the third.
§ 56. Verbs in μι insert Ï before the final ι of the 3d pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., and vary in a few other terminations, chiefly by contraction.
LESSON V.
VERBS–Continued.
§ 57. The root of every _primitive_ verb is a monosyllable, consisting of a short vowel (α, ε, ι, ο, or Ï ) between two (usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily found in the 1st Fut., subject only to euphonic changes. The 2d Aor. always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs only have a 2d Aor.
§ 58. The Pres. and Imperf. commonly _strengthen_ the root, either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one,) or (oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one or diphthong.
§ 59. The following tenses add certain _characteristic_ letters to the root:–
1st Fut. and 1st Aor. act. and mid., (of verbs not liquid,) and 3d Fut. ο 1st Aor. pass. Ï 1st Fut. pass. ÏÎ·Ï 2d Fut. pass. ηο 2d (in liquid verbs 1st) Fut. act. and mid. ε Perf. and Pluperf. Act. of pure and liquid verbs κ Perf. and pluperf. act. ending in a pi- or kappa-mute (῾)
§ 60. Tenses expressing _past time_ (Imperf. and Aorists Indic.) prefix ε (“syllabic _augment”) to the root; this coalesces with an initial vowel (“temporal augment”) into the corresponding long vowel or diphthong. The Perf., Pluperf., and 3d Fut. not only do the same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the _syllabic_ augment the initial consonant of the root (“reduplication”) when this is a simple consonant or a mute followed by a liquid. The Pluperf. prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication.
§ 61. Initial Ï, (which is doubled after the syllabic augment,) βλ, γλ, and γν, do not, except in a few cases, allow the reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other irregularities occur.
§ 62. Verbs are classified in conjugation according to the radical letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., lexicon form: in “liquid” verbs (not derivatives in άνÏ, which is merely strengthened for άÏ) this is a _liquid_; in “pure” verbs it is absent, so that the root appears to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities.
§ 63. _Liquid_ verbs almost always strengthen their root in the Pres. and Imperf.; they lengthen it in the 1st Aor. act. and mid. by changing the root vowel, if α into η, if ε into ει, while ι and ν merely become long. ε as a root vowel is generally changed into α in the 1st Aor. and 1st Fut. pass., the Perf. and Pluperf. act. and pass., and the 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. throughout, and again into ο in the Perf. and Pluperf. mid.
§ 64. The above strengthening in the Pres. and Imperf. consists in doubling λ, annexing ν to μ; or, in case of ν or Ï, in adding ι to a preceding α or ε, or lengthening ι or Ï . The radical ν is often dropped in Perf. and Pluperf.
§ 65. Verbs with ε followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Pres. and Imperf.; and verbs with ε in the root preceded by a liquid, usually change it into α and ο in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st Aor. and Fut. pass.
§ 66. _Pure_ verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense characteristic, also in the Perf. and Pluperf. pass. A few occasionally neglect this, and some insert Ï instead.
§ 67. Verbs in μι (lexicon form instead of Ï) are but another mode of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class whose root ends in α, ε, or o) in the Pres., Imperf., and 2d Aor.; in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperf. and 2d Aor. act. taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists pass. The Pres. and Imperf. reduplicate with ι the initial consonant, (prefixing simply ί if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting other modes of strengthening,) and in the act. they lengthen the root in the Indic., α or ε into η, ο into Ï. The 2d Aor. (those in Ï Î¼Î¹ being factitious have not this tense) has in the act. a long vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative ε or o, and the Participle.
_Notes on Certain Verbs in μι._
§ 68. ÏίÏημι [_to put_] has, in the Act., 1st Aor. á¼Ïηκα, Perf. ÏÎÏεικα; á½Î¯á½Ïμι [_to give_] has, 1st Aor., á¼Î´Ïκα.
§ 69. εἰμί [_to be_] is inflected thus: εὶ [_thou art_], á¼ÏÏί(ν) [_is_], á¼ÏμÎν, á¼ÏÏί, εἰÏί(ν) [_we, ye, they are_], á¼±ÏÏι [_be thou_], ὤν [_being_], etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon for these, and for ἵημι [_to send_], and εἰμι [_to go_].
§ 70. Several verbs annex ÏκÏ, ίνÏ, (ν)Î½Ï Î¼Î¹, etc., instead of μι, etc., in the Pres. and Imperf.
LESSON VI.
SYNTAX.–CONCORD.
§ 71. All words placed under the same construction agree together in all the accidents which they possess in common.
§ 72. “Apposition” occurs as in English.
§ 73. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.
§ 74. The noun is often understood, especially if neut., (“things.”)
§ 75. Sometimes a relative is “attracted” into the case of the omitted antecedent.
§ 76. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person.
§ 77. The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other relations.
§ 78. Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb.
GOVERNMENT.
§ 79. Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is _dependent_ upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such relation either with or without a preposition.
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Genitive. Dative. Accusative.
§ 80. GENITIVE, denoting _origin_, answering to _Whence?_ and expressed by _from_.
§ 81. “_Local_,” involving _external_ relations of space, either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual _motion_ from an object, generally with a preposition, (á¼ÏÏ á¼Îº ÏαÏά;) _separation_ from it, usually with verbs compounded with a preposition; and _commencement_.
§ 82. “_Causal_,” denoting a more _internal_ relation, as if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:–
§ 83. _Active_, either direct, inferential, or metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, [commonly with á¼Îº, sometimes á¼ÏÏ, direct authorship with á½ÏÏ,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) _partitive_ use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) and the Gen. of time, (in the _course_ of which,) especially the “Gen. absolute,” with a Participle, as affording occasion.
§ 84. _Passive_, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a _mental operation_, adjectives, and other words denoting _skill_, and the Gen. of _crime_ or _purpose_, (the last mostly an Infin. with the article.)
§ 85. _Mutual_, e.g., _comparison_ and _price_ or _penalty_.
§ 86. The “attributive Gen.” is a comprehensive relation, arising under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating _different_ objects, which may be thus expressed: _When two nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen._
§ 87. DATIVE, denoting _position_, answering to _Where?_ and expressed by _at_.
§ 88. “_Local_,” involving the more palpable relations of position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; generally with á¼Î½, á¼Ïί, ÏαÏά, etc.,) _association, accompaniment,_ (frequently with ÏÏν,) and the _time_ (as a date) or _circumstances_ of a transaction.
§ 89. “_Causal_,” denoting the object _upon which_ the act or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as follows:–
§ 90. _Personal_, either actually or so imagined. This includes words expressing a _correlative_ idea, as community, (in varied relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc.
§ 91. _Instrumental_, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess or deficiency.
§ 92. In comprehensive phrase the “attributive Dat.” expresses many indirect relations of an object _to_ or _for_ which an act is performed or a condition sustained.
§ 93. ACCUSATIVE, denoting _direction_, answering to _Whither?_ and expressed by _toward_.
§ 94. “_Local_” involving the boundary, place, or object of motion, especially with εἰÏ.
§ 95. “_Causal_,” involving an influence, change, or result, as impressed upon the object, as follows:–
§ 96. The _effect_, either the thing effected, an attribute of the effect, or the effect intended.
§ 97. The _object acted upon_, e.g., with directly transitive verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the _space_ or _way_ after a verb of motion; the time, (_throughout_ which,) measure, and weight; and finally (“Attributive Accusative”) with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its application more closely, especially if of kindred signification.
ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE.
§ 98. This is usually not, as in English, that of _grammatical_ dependence, but rather the order of _thought_; important or emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones.
LESSON VII.
EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 1-5.
1 á¼Î½1 á¼ÏÏá¿2 ἦν3 á½4 ÎÏγοÏ,5 καὶ6 á½4 ÎÏγοÏ6 ἦν3 In _the_ beginning was the Word, and the Word was
2 ÏÏὸÏ7 Ïὸν8 θεÏν,9 καὶ6 θεὸÏ10 ἦν3 á½4 ÎÏγοÏ.5 Îá½ÏοÏ11 with God, and God was the Word. This _one_
3 ἦν3 á¼Î½1 á¼ÏÏá¿2 ÏÏὸÏ7 Ïὸν8 θεÏν.9 ΠάνÏα12 δι’13 was in _the_ beginning with God. All _things_ by
αá½Ïοῦ14 á¼Î³ÎνεÏο,15 καὶ6 ÏÏÏá½¶Ï16 αá½Ïοῦ14 á¼Î³ÎνεÏο15 οá½Î´á½²17 him were made, and without him was made not even
4 á¼Î½18 á½19 γÎγονεν.20 á¼Î½1 αá½Ïá¿·21 ζÏá½´22 ἦν,3 καὶ6 one _thing_ which has been made. In him life was, and
5 ἡ23 ζÏá½´22 ἦν3 Ïὸ24 Ïá¿¶Ï25 Ïῶν26 á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏÏνÎ27 καὶ6 Ïὸ24 the life was the light of men; and the
ÏÏÏ25 á¼Î½1 Ïá¿28 ÏκοÏίᾳ29 Ïαίνει,30 καὶ6 ἡ23 ÏκοÏία31 light in the darkness shines, and the darkness
αá½Ïὸ32 οá½33 καÏÎλαβεν.34 it not admitted.
DIRECTIONS.–Spell the Greek, giving the _English_ equivalents of the consonants, (as in § 1,) and the exact _phonetic_ value or sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing _h_. Be careful to put the spoken _accent_ where it is written. Continue this practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize yourself with the forms of the letters by _writing_ them. Let the pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to the examples illustrating each point, as they occur–by way of paradigm.
PARSING NOTES ON THE ABOVE.
1. á¼Î½–prep. atonic, § 3; stands first, § 98.
2. á¼ÏÏá¿–noun, from nom. á¼ÏÏή, 1st decl. fem., § 28; circumflex, § 6; local dat., § 88; emphatic position, § 98.
3. ἦν–verb, irreg. in μι, § 69; 3d pers. sing. imperf. indic. act., § 47; ν appended irreg. as ending, § 49; long vowel, § 67.
4. ὖart., nom. masc. sing., § 39; agrees with its noun, § 73; following, § 98.
5. ÎÏγοϖnoun, 2d decl. nom. sing. masc., § 30; subject of ἡν, § 76; balances clause, § 98.
6. καί–conj., changed accent, § 5; position, § 98.
7. ÏÏÏÏ–prep., lit., _towards_; gov. acc., § 27; accent, § 5.
8. ÏÏν–art., acc. sing. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73.
9. θεÏν–noun, lit., [the] _deity_; 2d decl. masc., § 25; acc. sing., § 30; government, §94; position, § 98.
10. θεÏÏ–same as 9; nom. agreeing with subj., § 71; without the art. because the predicate; emphatic position, § 98.
11. Îá½Ïοϖpron., § 39; agrees with ÎÏγοÏ, understood (§ 73) as subj. of sentence; first as connective; accent, § 6; and breathing, § 10.
12. ΠάνÏα –adj. pron., from ÏάÏ, (stem, ÏάνÏ); 3d decl. nom. plur. neut., § 32; indef. without noun expressed, § 74; subject of sentence; emphatic position, § 98.
13. δι’–prep, for δια, with final letter elided, § 22.
14. αá½Ïοῦ–adj. pron. used as personal; gen. masc. sing., § 30; causal, § 82. Gen. and dat. of 1st and 2d decl. are always circumflex when accented on last syllable.
15. á¼Î³ÎνεÏο–verb, _came to be_, lit., _was born_; from γίνομαι, (for γίγνομαι, strengthened [§ 63] by reduplication, [§ 67,] and then contracted for γιγεν;) depon., § 40; true root γεν, [our _kin_,] § 57, here appearing in 2d aor. mid., § 48; á¼ is simple aug., (hence the verb is in the indic., § 60;) third ε is mood-vowel, § 42; Ïο is 3d pers. sing. mid., § 49; agreement with subj., § 78.
16. ÏÏÏίϖprep., lit., _apart_; accent, § 5; case after, § 81.
17. οá½Î´Î–compound neg. particle, from οὠand δε.
18. á¼v–numeral adj., § 36; indef., § 74; 3d decl. nom. sing. neut., § 32; subj. of á¼Î³ÎνεÏο.
19. á½–relative adj., § 39; 2d decl. nom. sing. neut., § 34; agreement, § 73; subj. of γÎγονε.
20. γÎγονεν–verb, same as 15; root-vowel changed in perf. mid., § 63; γε is reduplication, § 60; last ε is mood-vowel of indic., § 42; no additional ending, § 44; hence 3d pers. sing. (perf.) act., § 52; final ν added before pause, § 17.
21. αá½Ïῳ– pron., same as 14; dat. sing. masc., § 30; government, as 2.
22. ζÏή –noun, 1st decl. fem. nom. sing., § 28; subject of verb following.
23. ἡ–art., fem. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with ζÏή, § 73; atonic, § 3.
24. ÏÏ–art., neut. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with Ïá¿¶Ï.
25. Ïá¿¶Ï–noun, 3d. decl. nom. sing. neut., (stem Ïá¿¶Ï for ÏάοÏ); Ï here added (as some neut. nouns have) and Ï dropped, § 14; predicate nom., § 71.
26. Ïῶν–art., gen. plur. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73.
27. á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏÏν–noun, from á¼Î½. ÏÏÏÏοÏ; 2d decl. gen. plur. masc., § 32; government, § 86; accent, § 4.
28. Ïá¿–art., dat. sing. fem., § 39; agreement, § 73.
29. ÏκοÏία–noun from ÏκοÏία; 1st decl. dat. sing. fem., § 29; final α, § 29; ι subscript, § 9; government, § 88.
30. Ïαίνει–verb, from ÏαίνÏ; root, Ïαν, strengthened, § 64; ε is mood-vowel of indic., § 42; final ι is tense-ending of pres. 3d sing. act., § 49; agrees with Ïá¿¶Ï, § 76.
31. ÏκοÏία–noun, as 29; nom. sing., subj. of clause.
32. αá½ÏÏ–pron., as 21; acc. neut. sing., § 39; object of καÏÎλαβε, § 97.
33. οὖ simple neg. adv.; atonic, § 3.
34. καÏÎλαβεν–verb, from καÏαλαμβάνÏ; comp. of καÏά, _down_, and λαμβάνÏ, _I receive_; the root of the simple verb is λαβ, here appearing in the 2d Aor., § 57; aug., § 60, excluding final α of prep., § 61; last ε likewise shows indic., § 42; no tense-ending in 3d pers. sing. act. secondary, § 49 ν appended. § 17. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in rejecting Christ.
LESSON VIII.
EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 6-11.
6 á¼Î³ÎνεÏο1 á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏοÏ2 á¼ÏεÏÏαλμÎνοÏ3 ÏαÏá½°4 θεοῦ,5 á½Î½Î¿Î¼Î±6 _There_ was a man sent from God, _the_ name
7 αá½Ïá¿·7 ἸÏάννηÏ8 οá½ÏοÏ9 ἠλÏεν10 εἰÏ11 μαÏÏÏ Ïίαν,12 ἵνα13 to him was _John:_ this _one_ came for testimony that
μαÏÏÏ ÏήÏá¿14 ÏεÏá½¶15 Ïοῦ16 ΦÏÏÏÏ,17 ἵνα13 ÏάνÏεÏ18 _he_ might testify concerning the Light, that all might
8 ÏιÏÏεÏÏÏÏι19 δι’20 αá½Ïοῦ.21 Îá½Îº22 ἦν23 á¼ÎºÎµá¿Î½Î¿Ï24 Ïὸ25 ΦῶÏ,26 believe through him. Not was that _one_ the Light,
9 á¼Î»Î»’27 ἵνα13 μαÏÏÏ ÏήÏá¿14 ÏεÏá½¶15 Ïοῦ16 ΦÏÏÏÏ.17 Ἠν23 but that _he_ might testify concerning the Light. _There_ was
Ïὸ25 ΦῶÏ26 Ïὸ25 á¼Î»Î·ÏινÏν,28 á½29 ÏÏÏίζει30 ÏάνÏα31 á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏον,32 the Light the true _one_, which lights every man,
10 á¼ÏÏÏμενον33 εἰÏ11 Ïὸν34 κÏÏμον.35 á¼Î½36 Ïá¿·37 κÏÏμῳ38 ἦv,23 coming into the world. In the world _he_ was,
καὶ39 á½40 κÏÏμοÏ41 δι’20 αá½Ïοῦ21 á¼Î³ÎνεÏο,1 καὶ39 á½40 κÏÏμοÏ41 and the world through him was made, and the world
11 αá½Ïὸν42 οá½Îº22 á¼Î³Î½Ï.43 Îá¼°Ï11 Ïá½°44 ἴδια45 ἧλÏε,10 καὶ39 οἱ46 him not knew. To the own _things he_ came, and the
ἴδιοι47 αá½Ïὸν42 οá½22 ÏαÏÎλαβαν.48 own _persons_ him not received.
1. á¼Î³ÎνεÏο–See lesson vii, No. 15.
2. á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏοϖSee vii, 27; subj. of sentence.
3. á¼ÏεÏÏαλμÎνοϖpart. from á¼ÏοÏÏÎλλÏ, lit., _I send away_; comp. of prep, á¼ÏÏ, _off_, and ÏÏÎλλÏ, _I send_; root ÏÏελ, vowel changed, § 63; aug. cuts off final ο of prep., § 61; no reduplication, § 60; perf. tense because aug. beyond indic., § 60; and no union-vowel, § 42; pass. part. ending μεν, (§ 55,) accent; Î¿Ï is nom. masc. sing., §§ 34, 30; agrees with á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏοÏ, § 73.
4. ÏαÏά–prep., lit., _near_; with gen., =_from near_.
5. θεοῦ–See vii, 9, 10; here gen., § 81.
6. á½Î½Î¿Î¼Î±–noun; neut, 3d decl. nom. sing.; (stem, ονομαÏ, final mute always dropped for euphony;) subj. to _was_ understood, (copula may freely be supplied.)
7. αá½Ïá¿·–pers. adj. pron.; dat. sing. masc. from αá½ÏÏÏ, vii, 14; governed, § 92.
8. ἸÏάννηϖprop. noun; 1st decl. masc. nom. sing., § 28; predicate after neut. verb, (understood,) agreeing with subj., § 71.
9. οá½ÏοϖSee vii, 11.
10. ἠλÏεν–verb, assigned to á¼ÏÏομαι, but really from defective á¼Î»ÎµÏÏÏ; root, ελÏ; temporal aug., [ε+ε=η,] § 60; hence indic., as union-vowel (ε) following also shows, § 42; simple root 2d aor., § 57; hence no tense ending in 3d pers. sing. act., § 49; ν appended, § 17; accent, § 6.
11. εἰϖprep., lit., _to_, that is, here, _for the purpose of_; atonic, § 3.
12. μαÏÏÏ Ïίαν–noun; 1st decl. fem. acc. sing., from ία, § 28; governed, § 96.
13. ἵνα–conj., meaning, _in order that_; introducing dependent clause.
14. μαÏÏÏ ÏήÏá¿–verb, from μαÏÏÏ ÏÎÏ; first η is root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, (§ 66,) which is Ï of 1st fut., § 59; á¿ is union-vowel of subj., (§ 44,) the subscribed ι being 3d pers. sing. act., § 49; accent, § 4.
15. ÏεÏá¿–prep., lit., _around_; governs gen., § 82.
16. Ïοῦ–art.; gen. sing. neut., § 39.
17. ΦÏÏÏÏ–noun, see vii, 25. Gen. (sing.) and dat. (sing. and plur.) of monosyllables of 3d decl. accent the ultimate.
18. ÏάνÏεϖSee vii, 12; nom. masc. plur., _men_ being understood, § 74; subj. of clause.
19. ÏιÏÏεÏÏÏÏι–verb, from ÏιÏÏεÏÏ; second Ï is sign of 1st fut., § 59; Ï sign of subj., § 44; Ïι 3d plur. act., § 49.
20. δἰ–See vii, 13.
21. αá½Ïοῦ–See vii, 14.
22. Îá½Îº–neg. adv., same as οá½, (vii, 83,) with euphonic κ before a vowel.
23. ἦν–See vii, 3.
24. á¼ÎºÎµá¿Î½Î¿Ï–demonst, adj. pron., § 39; =_he_, nom. masc. sing., subj. of sentence, § 27; accent, § 6.
25. Ïὸ–See vii, 24.
26. ΦῶϖSee vii, 25.
27. á¼Î»Î»’–conj. for á¼Î»Î»Î¬, final vowel elided, § 22.
28. á¼Î»Î·ÏινÏν–adj., from á¼Î»Î·ÏινÏÏ; neut. 2d decl., § 34; nom. sing., § 30; agreeing with ΦῶÏ, § 73.
29. á½–See vii, 19.
30. ÏÏÏίζει–verb, from ÏÏÏίζÏ; strengthened root, § 58; ε union vowel of indic., § 42; final ι 3d sing. (pres.) act., § 49.
31. ÏάνÏα–indef. adj., see No. 18; acc. sing. masc. agreeing with á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏον, § 73.
32. á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏον–noun, see No. 2; acc. sing., § 30; governed, § 97.
33. á¼ÏÏÏμενον–part. from á¼ÏÏομαι, see No. 10; deponent, § 40; pres. pass., § 55; sing., § 30; either acc. masc., (and then agreeing with á¼Î½ÏÏÏÏον,) or, as is better, (see John iii, 19,) nom. neut., (and then agreeing with Ïá¿¶Ï.)
34. ÏÏν–See vii, 8.
35. κÏÏμον–noun, from κÏÏμοÏ; acc. sing. 2d decl., § 30; governed, § 94.
36. á¼Î½–See vii, 1.
37. Ïá¿·–art., dat. sing. masc., § 39; agrees with κοÏμῳ, § 73.
38. κÏÏμῳ–noun, see No. 35; dat. sing., § 8.
39. καί–See vii, 6.
40. á½–See vii, 4.
41. κÏÏμοϖnoun, see No. 35; subj., § 27.
42. αá½Ïὸν–pron., see No. 7; acc. sing. masc., § 97.
43. á¼Î³Î½Ï–verb, from γιγνÏÏκÏ, (strengthened [§ 70] from root γνÏ, [§ 67,] =our _know_); 2d aor., § 57; ε is augment of indic., § 60; Ï is root and union-vowel, § 67; no other ending, hence 3d sing. act., § 49.
44. Ïá½°–art., plur. neut. acc., § 39.
45. ἴδια–adj., fr. ἴδιοÏ; plur. neut. acc., § 30; agreement, § 74; meaning _home_ here, (lit., _the own_ things of him;) government, § 44.
46. οἱ–art., nom. plur. masc., § 39.
47. ἴδιοι–adj., see No. 45; nom. plur. masc., § 30; meaning _family_ here, § 74; subj., § 27.
48. ÏαÏÎλαβον–verb from ÏαÏαλαμβάνÏ, compounded with ÏαÏά, _near_, (see No. 4,) as in vii, 34; 2d aor., § 57; indic., § 42; 3d plur., § 49.
LESSON IX.
EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 12-18.
12 á½Ïοι1 δὲ2 á¼Î»Î±Î²Î¿Î½3 αá½ÏÏν,4 á¼Î´Ïκεν5 αá½Ïοá¿Ï6 á¼Î¾ÏÏ Ïίαν7 Whoever, however, received him, he gave to them privilege
ÏÎκνα8 θεοῦ9 γενÎÏÏαι,10 Ïοá¿Ï11 ÏιÏÏεÏÎ¿Ï Ïιν12 εἰÏ13 Ïὸ14 children of God to become, to the _ones_ believing to the
13 á½Î½Î¿Î¼Î±15 αá½ÏοῦÎ16 οἳ17 οá½Îº18 á¼Î¾19 αἱμάÏÏν,20 οá½Î´á½²21 á¼Îº name of him; who not out of bloods, nor out of
ÏελήμαÏοÏ22 ÏαÏκÏÏ,23 οá½Î´á½² á¼Îº ÏελήμαÏοÏ22 á¼Î½Î´ÏÏÏ,24 á¼Î»Î»’25 á¼Îº will of flesh, nor out of will of man, but out
14 θεοῦ á¼Î³ÎµÎ½Î½Î®ÏηÏαν.26 Îαὶ á½ ÎÏγοÏ27 Ïá½°Ïξ28 á¼Î³ÎνεÏο,29 καὶ of God were born. And the Word flesh became, and
á¼ÏκήνÏÏεν30 á¼Î½31 ἡμá¿Î½,32 (καὶ á¼ÏεαÏάμεÏα33 Ïὴν δÏξαν34 tented among us, and we beheld the glory of
αá½Ïοῦ, δÏξαν ὡÏ35 μονογενοῦÏ36 ÏαÏά37 ΠαÏÏÏÏ,38) ÏλήÏηÏ39 him, glory as of _an_ only-born near from _a_ Father,) full
15 ÏάÏιÏοÏ40 καὶ á¼Î»Î·ÏείαÏ.41 ἸÏάννηÏ42 μαÏÏÏ Ïεá¿43 ÏεÏá½¶44 of grace and truth. John testifies about
αá½Ïοῦ, καὶ κÎκÏαγε45 λÎγÏνÎ46 Îá½ÏοÏ47 ἦν48 á½Î½49 εἶÏονÎ50 á½ him, and has cried, saying. This was _he_ whom I said, The
á½ÏίÏÏ51 μοῦ52 á¼ÏÏÏμενοÏ53 á¼Î¼ÏÏοÏÏÎν54 Î¼Î¿Ï Î³Îγονεν,55 á½ Ïι56 _one_ behind me coming, before me has become; because
16 ÏÏá¿¶ÏÏÏ57 Î¼Î¿Ï á¼¦Î½. Îαὶ á¼Îº Ïοῦ ÏληÏÏμαÏοÏ58 αá½Ïοῦ ἡμεá¿Ï59 first of me he was. And out of the fullness of him WE
17 ÏάνÏεÏ60 á¼Î»Î¬Î²Î¿Î¼ÎµÎ½,61 καὶ62 ÏάÏιν63 á¼Î½Ïá½¶64 ÏάÏιÏοÏÎ á½ Ïι á½ all received, and grace for grace: because the
νÏμοÏ65 δίὰ ÎÏÏÏÎÏÏ66 εδÏÏη,67 ἡ ÏάÏÎ¹Ï ÎºÎ±á½¶ ἡ á¼Î»Î®Ïεια law through Moses was given; the grace and the truth
18 διὰ ἸηÏοῦ68 ΧÏιÏÏοῦ69 á¼Î³ÎνεÏο.70 θεὸν71 οá½Î´ÎµÎ¯Ï72 á¼ÏÏακε73 through Jesus Christ became. God no-one has seen
ÏÏÏοÏεÎ74 ὠμονογενὴÏ75 ΥἱÏÏ,76 ὠὢν77 εἰÏ78 Ïὸν ever; the only-born Son, the _one_ being into the
κÏλÏον79 Ïοῦ ΠαÏÏÏÏ, á¼ÎºÎµá¿Î½Î¿Ï80 á¼Î¾Î·Î³Î®ÏαÏο.81 bosom of the Father, that _one_ explained _Him_.
1. Comp. á½ ÏοÏ, § 39; nom. plur. masc., § 30.
2. Not first, § 98.
3. λαμβάνÏ, vii, 34; 3 plur. 2 aor. act.
4. vii, 14; acc. sing. masc., § 39; gov., § 97.
5. διδÏμι, § 68; 3 sing., § 49; aug., § 60; mood-vowel, § 42; ν, § 17.
6. No. 4; dat. plur. masc., § 92.
7. á¼Î¾Î¿Î½Ïία, § 28; acc. sing., § 97.
8. ÏÎÎºÏ Î¿Î½, § 30; acc. sing., after neut. verb γενÎÏÏαι, § 72.
9. vii, 9; gen. sing. § 86.
10. vii, 15; 2 aor. mid. infin., § 54; accent peculiar.
11. vii, 4; dat. plur. masc., § 73.
12. ÏιÏÏεÏÏ; str. pres., § 58; act. part., § 55; ονÏÏ (§ 42) becomes Î¿Ï Ï, §§ 14, 16, 19; 3 decl., § 55; dat. plur., § 32; agrees with αá½Ïοá¿Ï, § 72; as if a noun, § 74.
13. viii, 9; denotes _close union_.
14. § 39; agree., § 73.
15. neut. 3 decl. acc. sing., § 32; Ï dropped in stem Ï Î±Ï, § 18; gov., § 94.
16. As No. 6; gov., § 86.
17. vii, 19; nom. plur. masc., § 30; subj. of á¼Î³ÎµÎ½Î½Î®ÏηÏαν, § 27.
18. viii, 8.
19. For á¼Îº before a vowel, § 18; atonic, § 3.
20. αἷμα, neut. 3 decl. like No. 15; gen., § 81; plur. is Hebraistic, of natural descent; accent, § 4.
21. vii, 17, used as conj.
22. ÏÎλημα, like No. 15; gov., § 81.
23. ÏάÏξ, fem. 3 decl., § 32; gov., § 86; accent special.
24. á¼Î½Î®Ï, irreg. 3 decl.; gen. sing., § 86.
25. vii, 20.
26. γεννάÏ, strictly, _I beget_; prim. as vii, 15; 2 aor. pass. 3 plur., (analyze.)
27. vii, 5.
28. No. 23; nom. sing., § 32; ξ, § 13.
29. vii, 15.
30. ÏκηνÏÏ, from Ïκá¿Î½Î¿Ï, _a tent_; 1 aor. act. 3 sing., (analyze.)
31. vii, 1.
32. § 38; gov., § 88.
33. Ïείομαι, depon., § 40; 1 aor, mid., 1 plur., (analyze;) subj. ἡμεá¿Ï understood, _unemphatic_.
34. δÏξα, § 29; acc. sing., § 97.
35. atonic, § 3.
36. μονογενήÏ, 3 decl., two term., § 34; gen. sing. masc., § 86; ÎÎ¿Ï becomes οῦÏ, § 6.
37. Takes gen., dat., or acc.
38. ÏαÏήÏ, 3 decl., contr. like No. 24; gov., § 81.
39. 3 decl., like No. 36; nom. sing. masc., § 73.
40. ÏάÏιÏ, (Ï dropped, § 14); 3 decl. fem. sing., § 83.
41. á¼Î»Î®Ïεια, § 29; gen.sing., § 83; accent, § 4.
42. 1 decl. masc., § 28.
43. μαÏÏÏ ÏÎÏ, § 62; pres. ind. act., § 42; 3 sing., § 49; Îει becomes εá¿, § 20.
44. Gen. as if _from_ the center, § 81.
45. κÏάξÏ, (§ 58) for κÏαγ, § 57; perf. act., § 60; irreg., § 59; 3 sing., § 49.
46. λÎγÏ, § 65; pres. part. act., § 55; nom. masc. sing., § 32; Ïν for ονÏÏ, § 19, and viii, 5.
47. § 39.
48. vii, 3.
49. vii, 19; acc. sing. masc., attrib., § 97.
50. Def. verb; 2 aor. act. ind., 3 sing. for εεÏ, (analyze.)
51. Gov. gen. like No. 44.
52. § 38.
53. á¼ÏÏομαι, depon., § 40; pres. part., § 55; nom. masc. sing., § 30.
54. No. 51; accent from “enclitic,” § 3.
55. vii, 20.
56. Conj.
57. For ÏÏÏÏαÏοÏ, § 35; gov. gen. compar., (§ 85,) or attrib., § 86.
58. ÏλήÏÏμα, like No. 22; gov., § 81.
59. § 38; emphat., No. 33.
60. vii, 12; nom. plur. masc., § 73.
61. No. 3; 1 plur., § 49.
62. _Even._
63. No. 40; acc. sing., § 32; depends upon á¼Î»Î¬Î²Î¿Î¼ÎµÎ½, § 97; Ï of stem dropped, § 18.
64. Gov. gen., § 85.
65. § 30.
66. ÎÏÏÏÎÏÏ, § 32; Attic gen., § 33; gov., § 82.
67. δίδÏμι, § 67; reg. in 1 aor. pass., § 59; irreg. short root vowel, § 66; long union-vowel, § 42; 3 sing., § 52.
68. Irreg. gen. sing. from ἸηÏοῦÏ, § 30.
69. ΧÏιÏÏÏÏ, § 40.
70. vii, 15.
71. vii, 9.
72. Comp. of οá½Î´Î, vii, 17, and εἷÏ, numeral, irreg.
73. á½ÏάÏ, irreg. redup., § 60; perf. act., § 59; 3 sing.
74. Comp. adv.
75. No. 36.
76. § 30.
77. εἰμί, § 69; like No. 46.
78. No 13.
79. § 30.
80. viii, 19.
81. Depon. á¼Î¾Î·Î³Î®Î¿Î¼Î±Î¹, § 40; 1 aor. mid., § 59; aug. merged in first η, § 61; indic., § 42; 3 sing., § 49.
LESSON X.
EXERCISE ON OUR LORD’S PRAYER, (Matt, vi, 9-13; Luke xi, 2-4.)
Îá½ÏÏÏ Î¿á½Î½ ÏÏοÏεÏÏεÏÏε1 á½Î¼Îµá¿ÏÎ (á½Ïαν ÏÏοÏεÏÏηÏÏε,2 Thus therefore pray YE: (Whenever ye pray,
λÎγεÏεÎ3) ΠάÏεÏ4 ἡμῶν á½ á¼Î½ Ïοá¿Ï οá½Ïανοá¿Ï,5 á¼Î³Î¹Î±ÏÏήÏÏ6 Ïὸ say:) Father of us, the _one_ in the heavens, let be hallowed the
á½Î½Î¿Î¼Î¬7 ÏÎ¿Ï , ÎλÏÎÏÏ8 ἡ βαÏιλεία9 Ïον, γενηÏήÏÏ10 Ïὸ name of thee; let come the kingdom of thee; let be done the
ÏÎλημá¼11 ÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏ á¼Î½ οá½Ïανῷ12 καὶ á¼Ïá½¶ Ïá¿Ï γá¿Ï,13 Ïὸν á¼ÏÏον14 will of thee, as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread
ἡμῶν Ïὸν á¼ÏιοÏÏιον15 δὸÏ16 (δίδον17) ἡμá¿Î½ ÏήμεÏον,18 (Ïὸ19 of us, the needful, give (give) to us to-day; _as to_ the _time_
καÏá¾½20 ἡμÎÏαν,21) καὶ á¼ÏεÏ22 ἡμá¿Î½ Ïá½° á½ÏειλήμαÏα23 (Ïá½°Ï á¼Î¼Î±ÏÏίαÏ24) by day; and forgive to us the debts (the sins)
ἡμῶν, á½¡Ï ÎºÎ±á½¶ ἡμεá¿Ï á¼Ïίεμεν25 Ïοá¿Ï á½ÏειλÎÏαιÏ26 ἡμῶν, (καὶ of us, as also we forgive to the debtors of us; (and _this do_,
Î³á½°Ï Î±á½Ïοἱ27 á¼Ïίεμεν25 ÏανÏá½¶28 á½Ïε λονÏι29 ἡμá¿Î½,) καὶ μὴ for _our_selves _we_ forgive to every _one_ owing to us;) and not
εἰÏενÎγκá¿Ï30 á¼¡Î¼á¾¶Ï Îµá¼°Ï ÏειÏαÏμÏν,31 á¼Î»Î»á½° ῥῦÏαι32 á¼¡Î¼á¾¶Ï á¼Ïὸ mayest thou lead us into trial; but deliver thou us away
Ïοῦ ÏονηÏοῦÎ33 [á½ Ïι Ïοῦ á¼ÏÏὶν34 ἡ βαÏιλεία,9 καὶ ἡ from the evil: [because of THEE is the kingdom, and the
δÏναμιÏ,35 καὶ ἡ δÏξα36 Îµá¼°Ï ÏÎ¿á½ºÏ Î±á¼°á¿¶Î½Î±Ï.37 á¼Î¼Î®Î½.38] power, and the glory to the ages. Amen.]
REMARK.–The words above in parentheses are the variations in the passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious.
1. ÏÏοÏεÏÏομαι, lit., _pray towards_; depon., § 40; pres., § 58; indic., § 42; 2d plur. mid., § 49.
2. Subj., § 42; required by conditional particle preceding, § 44.
3. λÎγÏ; pres., § 65; imper., § 42; 2d plur. act., § 49.
4. ÏαÏήÏ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., § 32; voc. sing., § 27.
5. οá½ÏανÏÏ, § 30; dat. plur., § 88.
6. á¼Î³Î¹Î¬Î¶Ï, root á¼Î³Î¹Î±Î´, from á¼ Î³Î¹Î¿Ï =_holy_; 1st aor. pass., § 59; Ï for δ, § 14; η in imper., § 42; 3d pers. sing., § 53; as if act., § 52.
7. ix, 5; accent, § 3.
8. viii, 8; 2d aor. § 48; imper. § 42; 3d sing. act., § 53.
9. Nom. sing. fem., § 29; cannot take the enclitic’s accent (§ 3) like No. 7, as another acute immediately precedes.
10. γίνομαι, vii, 15; 1st aor. pass., No. 6; first η assumed irreg. as if a deriv.
11. No. 7.
12. No. 5; dat. sing., § 88.
13. γá¿, § 28; gen. sing., of place all _over_, like time, § 83.
14. á¼ÏÏοÏ. § 30; acc. sing. § 97.
15. á¼ÏιοÏÏιοÏ, prob. comp. of á¼Ïί, _for_, and οá½Ïία, _subsistence_; used only here; acc. sing. masc., § 34.
16. From δίδÏμι, § 67; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act.
17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act.
18. Compound adv.
19. Elliptical, § 74; “attrib. acc.” § 97.
20. For καÏά, §§ 22, 14.
21. From ἡμÎÏα, § 29; acc. sing. of time, § 97; here distributive, _daily_.
22. From á¼Ïίημι=_send away_; á¼ÏÏ and ἵημι, § 69; irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like No. 16.
23. From á½Ïείλημα, like No. 7; acc. plur. neut., § 32.
24. From á¼Î¼Î±ÏÏία. § 28.
25. From same as No. 22; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., § 49;
26. From á½ÏειλÎÏηÏ, § 28; dat. plur., § 92.
27. Def. adj. pron., § 39; used as pers. of all persons.
28. From Ïá¾¶Ï, see vii, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 32.
29. Pres. act. part, of á½ÏείλÏ, like ix, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 92.
30. Assigned to εἰÏÏÎÏÏ, but really belonging to the defective cognate, εἰÏήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from εἰÏ, _into_, and an obsolete á¼Î³ÎºÏ, (for ενκÏ, § 16;) subj., § 41, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or deprecating § 44;) 2d sing. act., § 51.
31. From ÏειÏαÏμÏÏ, § 30; acc. sing., § 94.
32. From á¿¥Ïομαι, § 62; depon., § 40; 1st aor., § 59; imper. union-vowel α, § 42; 2d sing. mid., § 53.
33. Noun implied, § 74; 2d decl., § 34; gen. sing. neut., § 81.
34. From εἰμί, § 69.
35. See § 33.
36. See ix, 34.
37. From αἰÏν, § 32; acc. plur., § 94.
38. Adv. from the Heb., _verily_.
LESSON XI.
EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4.
á¼ÏειδήÏεÏ1 Ïολλοὶ2 á¼ÏεÏείÏηÏαν3 á¼Î½Î±ÏάξαÏÏαι4 διήγηÏιν5 ÏεÏá½¶ Inasmuch as many undertook to arrange a narrative about
Ïῶν ÏεÏλήÏοÏοÏημÎνÏν6 á¼Î½ ἡμá¿Î½7 ÏÏαγμάÏÏν,8 καÏá½¼Ï9 ÏαÏÎδοÏαν10 the fully believed among us transactions, just as transmitted _them_
ἡμá¿Î½7 oá¼± á¼Ïá¾½11 á¼ÏÏá¿Ï12 αá½ÏÏÏÏαι13 καὶ á½ÏηÏÎÏαι14 to us the from _the_ beginning eye-witnesses and ministers
Ïοῦ λÏγονÎ15 á¼Ïοξε16 κάμοί17 ÏαÏηκολονÏηκÏÏι18 á¼vÏÏεν19 of the word; it seemed _good_ to me also, having followed close from _the_ first
Ïá¾¶Ïιν20 á¼ÎºÏιβῶÏ,21 καÏεξá¿Ï22 Ïοι γÏάÏαι,23 κÏάÏιÏÏε24 to all _things_ carefully, regularly to thee to write, most excellent
ÎεÏÏιλε,25 ἵνα á¼ÏιγνῷÏ26 ÏεÏá½¶ ὧν27 καÏηÏήÏηÏ28 Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed
λÏγÏν Ïὴν á¼ÏÏάλειαν.29 words the certainty.
1. Comp. of á¼Ïεί, _since_, (from á¼Ïί, _upon_, εἴ, _if_,) δή, _now_, and the intensive particle, ÏεÏ.
2. Irreg. from ÏολÏÏ, really an old ÏολλÏÏ; nom. plur. masc., § 34; _persons_ understood, § 74.
3. From á¼ÏιÏείÏÎÏ, _lay hand upon_, from á¼Ïί, _upon_, and ÏείÏ, _a hand_; aug., § 61; η, § 66; 1st aor., § 59; Ind., § 42; 3d plur. act.; § 49.
4. From á¼Î½Î±ÏάÏÏομαι, (comp. of á¼Î½Î¬, _up_, i.e., _thoroughly_, and ÏάÏÏÏ, _arrange_;) depon., § 40; 1st aor., (root, Ïαγ, str. in pres. by ÏÏ, § 58, which excludes the γ,) § 59, (ξ=γÏ, § 13;) infin. mid., § 54; depends, like a nom. (§ 25) in the acc. upon á¼ÏεÏ., § 97.
5. From διήγηÏιÏ, (like ÏÎ¿Î»Î¹Ï in the paradigm,) § 33; acc. sing. depend. on á¼Î½Î±Ï., § 97.
6. From ÏληÏοÏοÏÎÏ, comp. of ÏλήÏηÏ, _full_, ÏοÏÎÏ, _bear_, i.e., in mind; redupl., § 60; η, § 66; no tense sign, § 59; perf. pass. part., § 55; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with ÏÏαγμ., § 73.
7. See § 38.
8. Like Ïῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see viii, 13.
9. Comp. of καÏά, (see x, 20,) _down_, i.e., _exactly_, and á½ Ï, _as_.
10. From ÏαÏαδίδÏμι, comp. of ÏαÏά, _near_, i.e., from one to another, and δίδÏμι, § 68; 2d aor., (δο,) § 57; indic., § 60, also § 42; 3d plur. act., § 49.
11. See § 22.
12. See vii. 2.
13. From αá½ÏÏÏÏηÏ, comp. of αá½ÏÏÏ, self, and á½ÏÏομαι, _I see_; nom. plur. masc., § 28.
14. From á½ÏηÏÎÏηÏ, (comp. of á½ÏÏ, _under_, and á¼ÏÎÏηÏ, _rower_,) § 28.
15. See paradigm.
16. From δοκÎÏ, really an obsol. δÏκÏ; 1st aor., § 59; indic., § 60; 3d sing. act., § 49.
17. Comp. of καί, (§ 22,) and á¼Î¼Î¿Î¯, § 38; case, § 92.
18. From ÏαÏÎ±ÎºÎ¿Î»Î¿Ï ÏÎÏ, comp. of ÏαÏά, _near_, and á¼ÎºÎ¿Î»Î¿Î½ÏÎÏ; aug., (α+ε=η,) § 60; perf. act., § 59; second η, § 66; part., § 55; dat. sing., (§ 32,) masc., § 34; agrees with á¼Î¼Î¿Î¯, § 73.
19. Deriv. adv., lit., _from above_, i.e., from top to bottom.
20. See viii, 16; dat. plur., § 88.
21. Adv. from á¼ÎºÏιβήÏ, _exact_.
22. Adv. comp. of καÏά, (as No. 17,) and á¼Î¾á¿Ï, _orderly_, an old gen., § 31.
23. From γÏάÏÏ, (_not_ str., § 58;) 1st aor., as No. 4; infin. act., § 54; subj. of á¼Î´Î¿Î¾Îµ.
24. From κÏάÏιÏÏοÏ, § 34; superl., (§ 35,) of an obsol. κÏαÏÏÏ, _strong_, assigned to á¼Î³Î±ÏÏÏ, _good_; Voc. sing. masc., § 30.
25. Nom, ÎεÏÏιλοÏ, § 30.
26. From á¼ÏιγινÏκÏ, comp. of á¼Ïί, _upon_, i.e., by means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and γινÏÏκÏ, _I know_, for γίγνÏÏκÏ, § 70, (root γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, vii, 15; 2d aor., § 57; subj., § 44; 2d sing. act., § 51.
27. Rel., § 39; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with λÏγÏν, § 75; for Ïῶν λÏγÏν, (§ 75,) οἶÏ, § 91.
28. From καÏηÏÎÏ, (comp. of καÏά, _down_, as in No. 17, and á¼ ÏÎÏ, _I echo_,) whence our _catechize_; 1st. aor. pass., § 59; exception to § 14; second η, § 66; third η, § 42; 2d sing., § 52.
29. From á¼ÏÏάλεια, lit., _non-tottering_; acc. sing., § 29; depends upon á¼Ïιγ., § 97.
PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
Feminine. Masculine. Cases. Shadow. Door. Root. Honor. Youth. Judge. Nominative. Ïκιά ÏÏÏα ῥίζα Ïιμή Î½ÎµÎ±Î½Î¯Î±Ï ÎºÏιÏÎ®Ï Genitive. ÏÎºÎ¹á¾¶Ï ÏÏÏÎ±Ï á¿¥Î¯Î¶Î·Ï Ïιλá¿Ï Î½ÎµÎ±Î½Î¯Î¿Ï ÎºÏιÏοῠDative. Ïκιᾷ ÏÏÏá¾³ ῥίζῠÏιμῠνεανίᾳ κÏιÏá¿ Accusative. Ïκιάν ÏÏÏαν ῥίζαν Ïιμήν νεανίαν κÏιÏήν Vocative. Ïκιά ÏÏÏα ῥίζα Ïιμή νεανία κÏιÏά
Nominative. Ïκιαί ÏÏÏαι ῥίζαι Ïιμαί νεανίαι κÏιÏαί Genitive. Ïκιῶν ÏÏ Ïῶν ῥιζῶν Ïιμῶν νεανιῶν κÏιÏῶν Dative. Ïκιαá¿Ï ÏÏÏÎ±Î¹Ï á¿¥Î¯Î¶Î±Î¹Ï Ïιμαá¿Ï Î½ÎµÎ±Î½Î¯Î±Î¹Ï ÎºÏιÏαá¿Ï Accusative. ÏÎºÎ¹Î¬Ï ÏÏÏÎ±Ï á¿¥Î¯Î¶Î±Ï ÏÎ¹Î¼Î¬Ï Î½ÎµÎ±Î½Î¯Î±Ï ÎºÏιÏÎ¬Ï Vocative. Ïκιαί ÏÏÏαι ῥίζαι Ïιμαί νεανίαι κÏιÏαί
PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.
Masculine. Neuter. Word. Jesus. Fig.
Cases. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Nominative. λÏÎ³Î¿Ï Î»Ïγοι ἸηÏÎ¿á¿¦Ï Ïῦκον Ïῦκα Genitive. λÏγοÏ
λÏγÏν ἸηÏοῦ ÏÏκοÏ
ÏÏκÏν Dative. λÏγῳ λÏÎ³Î¿Î¹Ï á¼¸Î·Ïοῦ ÏÏκῳ ÏÏÎºÎ¿Î¹Ï Accusative. λÏγον λÏγοÏ
Ï á¼¸Î·Ïοῦν Ïῦκον Ïῦκα Vocative. λÏγε λÏγοι ἸηÏοῦ Ïῦκον Ïῦκα
PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
Masculine and Feminine. Neuter. Cases. Shepherd. Lion. Hair. City. Body. Light. Wall. Sing.
Nominative. Ïοιμήν λÎÏν ÏÏίξ ÏÏÎ»Î¹Ï Ïῶμα Ïá¿¶Ï Ïεá¿ÏÎ¿Ï Genitive. ÏοιμÎÎ½Î¿Ï Î»ÎονÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏίÏÏÏ ÏÏλεÏÏ ÏÏμαÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏÏÏÏ ÏείÏοÏ
Ï Dative. ÏοιμÎνι λÎονÏι ÏÏιÏί ÏÏλει ÏÏμαÏι ÏÏαÏί ÏείÏει Accusative. ÏοιμÎνα λÎονÏα ÏÏίÏα ÏÏλιν Ïῶμα Ïá¿¶Ï Ïεá¿ÏÎ¿Ï Vocative. Ïοιμήν λÎον ÏÏίξ ÏÏλι Ïῶμα Ïá¿¶Ï Ïεá¿ÏοÏ
Plur.
Nominative. ÏοιμÎÎ½ÎµÏ Î»ÎονÏÎµÏ ÏÏίÏÎµÏ ÏÏÎ»ÎµÎ¹Ï ÏÏμαÏα Ïá¿¶Ïά ÏείÏη Genitive. ÏοιμÎνÏν λεÏνÏÏν ÏÏιÏá¿¶Ï
ÏÏλεÏν ÏÏμάÏÏν ÏÏÏῶν ÏειÏῶν Dative. ÏοιμÎÏι λÎονÏι ÏÏιξί ÏÏλεÏι ÏÏμαÏι ÏÏÏί ÏείÏεÏι Accusative. ÏοιμÎÎ½Î±Ï Î»ÎονÏÎ±Ï ÏÏίÏÎ±Ï ÏÏÎ»ÎµÎ¹Ï ÏÏμαÏα Ïá¿¶Ïα ÏείÏη Vocative. ÏοιμÎÎ½ÎµÏ Î»ÎονÏÎµÏ ÏÏίÏÎµÏ ÏÏÎ»ÎµÎ¹Ï ÏÏμαÏα Ïá¿¶Ïα ÏείÏη
PARADIGMS OF ADJECTIVES, (of three terminations, § 34.) 1st and 2d Decl.–καλÏÏ, _Fair_.
Singular. Plural.
Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nominative. καλÏÏ ÎºÎ±Î»Î® καλÏν καλοί καλαί καλά Genitive. καλοῦ καλá¿Ï καλοῦ καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν Dative. καλῷ καλá¿Ï καλῷ καλοá¿Ï καλαá¿Ï καλοá¿Ï Accusative. καλÏν καλήν καλÏν καλοÏÏ ÎºÎ±Î»Î¬Ï ÎºÎ±Î»Î¬ Vocative. καλΠκαλή καλÏν καλοί καλαί καλά Similarly, δίκαιοÏ, δικαία, δίκαιον, _Just_.
1st and 3d Decl.–Ïá¾¶Ï, _All_.
Singular. Plural.
Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nominative. Ïá¾¶Ï Ïá¾¶Ïα Ïᾶν ÏάνÏÎµÏ Ïá¾¶Ïαι ÏάνÏα Genitive. ÏανÏÏÏ ÏάÏÎ·Ï ÏανÏÏÏ ÏάνÏÏν Ïá¾¶ÏÏν ÏάνÏÏν Dative. ÏανÏί ÏάÏá¿ ÏανÏί Ïá¾¶Ïι ÏάÏÎ±Î¹Ï Ïá¾¶Ïι Accusative. ÏάνÏα ÏάÏην Ïᾶν ÏανÏÎ±Ï ÏάÏÎ±Ï ÏάνÏα Vocative. Ïá¾¶Ï Ïá¾¶Ïα Ïᾶν ÏάνÏÎµÏ Ïá¾¶Ïαι ÏάνÏα
Similarly those ending in
M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. Î±Ï Î±Î¹Î½Î± αν G. Î±Î½Î¿Ï Î¿ÏÏ Î¿á¿¦Ïα Ïν G. ÏνÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏ Î½á¿Î± ÏÏ G. ÏÏÎ¿Ï ÎµÎ¹Ï ÎµÏÏα εν G. ενÏÎ¿Ï Ïν Î¿Ï Ïα ον G. ονÏÎ¿Ï á¿¶Ï á¿¶Ïα á¿¶Ï G. á¿¶ÏÏÏ ÎµÎ¯Ï Îµá¿Ïα Îν G. ÎνÏÎ¿Ï á¿¶Î½ á¿¶Ïα ῶν G. ῶνÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏ Îµá¿Î± Ï G. ÎÎ¿Ï Î·Î½ εινα εν G. ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï á¿¶Î½ οῦÏα οῦν G. οῦνÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏ á¿¦Ïα Ïν G. ÏνÏοÏ
Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:–
M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. Î±Ï Î±Î½ ανÏÎ¿Ï Î¹Ï Î¹ ιÏÎ¿Ï Ïν ον Î¿Î½Î¿Ï Î·Î½ εν ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï Î¿Ï Î¿Î½ Î¿Ï ÏÏ Î¿Ï Î¿ÏÎ¿Ï Î®Ï Îν ÎÎ¿Ï Î¿Ï Ï Î¿Ï Î½ Î¿Î´Î¿Ï ÏÏ Ïν Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Î¿Ï
SYNOPSIS (1st sing., etc.) OF REGULAR (Mute) VERBS.–ÏÏÏÏÏ, Strike.
_Active Voice._
Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Pres. ÏÏÏÏÏ ÏÏÏÏε ÏÏÏÏÏ ÏÏÏÏειν ÏÏÏÏÏν Imp’f. á¼ÏÏ ÏÏον ÏÏÏÏοιμι 1st A. ÏÏÏÏ ÏÏÏοιμι ÏÏÏειν ÏÏÏÏν 1st F. á¼ÏÏ Ïα ÏÏÏον ÏÏÏαιμι ÏÏÏÏ ÏÏÏαι ÏÏÏÎ±Ï Perf. ÏÎÏÏ Ïα ÏÎÏÏ Ïε ÏεÏÏÏÏ ÏεÏÏ ÏÎναι ÏεÏÏ ÏÏÏ Plup. á¼ÏεÏÏÏειν ÏεÏÏÏοιμι 2d A. á¼ÏÏ Ïον ÏÏÏε ÏÏÏοιμι ÏÏÏÏ ÏÏ Ïεá¿Î½ ÏÏ ÏÏν 2d F. ÏÏ Ïá¿¶ ÏÏ Ïοá¿Î¼Î¹ ÏÏ Ïεá¿Î½ ÏÏ Ïῶν
_Passive Voice._
Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Pres. ÏÏÏÏομαι ÏÏÏÏÎ¿Ï ÏÏÏÏÏμαι ÏÏÏÏεÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏÏÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï Imp’f. á¼ÏÏ ÏÏÏμην ÏÏ ÏÏοίμην [á½ Perf. ÏÎÏÏ Î¼Î¼Î±Î¹ ÏÎÏÏ Ïο [εἴην ÏεÏÏ Î¼Î¼ÎÎ½Î¿Ï ÏεÏÏÏÏαι ÏεÏÏ Î¼Î¼ÎÎ½Î¿Ï Plup. á¼ÏεÏÏμμην ÏεÏÏ Î¼Î¼ÎÎ½Î¿Ï 1st A. á¼ÏÏÏÏην ÏÏÏÏηÏι ÏÏ ÏÏείην ÏÏ ÏÏá½¼ ÏÏ ÏÏá¿Î½Î±Î¹ ÏÏ ÏÏÎµÎ¯Ï 1st F. ÏÏ ÏÏήÏομαι ÏÏ ÏÏηÏοίμην ÏÏ ÏÏήÏεÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏÏηÏÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï 2d A. á¼ÏÏÏην ÏÏÏηÏι ÏÏ Ïείην ÏÏ Ïá¿¶ ÏÏ Ïá¿Î½Î±Î¹ ÏÏ ÏÎµÎ¯Ï 2d F. ÏÏ ÏήÏομαι ÏÏ ÏηÏοίμην ÏÏ ÏήÏεÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏηÏÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï 3d F. ÏεÏÏÏομαι ÏεÏÏ Ïοίμην ÏεÏÏÏεÏÏαι ÏεÏÏ ÏÏμενοÏ
_Middle Voice._
Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Pres. Same throughout as the Passive. Imp’f. Same throughout as the Passive. Perf. ÏÎÏÏ Ïα ÏÎÏÏ Ïε ÏεÏÏÏÏ ÏεÏÏ ÏÎναι ÏεÏÏ ÏÏÏ Plup. á¼ÏεÏÏÏειν ÏεÏÏÏοιμι 1st A. á¼ÏÏ Ïάμην ÏÏÏαι ÏÏ Ïαίμην ÏÏÏÏμαι ÏÏÏαÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏÎ¬Î¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï 1st F. ÏÏÏομαι ÏÏ Ïοίμην ÏÏÏεÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï 2d A. á¼ÏÏ ÏÏμην ÏÏ Ïοῦ ÏÏ Ïοίμην ÏÏÏÏμαι ÏÏ ÏÎÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï 2d F. ÏÏ Ïοῦμαι ÏÏ Ïοίμην ÏÏ Ïεá¿ÏÏαι ÏÏ ÏοÏμενοÏ
REGULAR VERB-ENDINGS, (including mood-vowel.)
_Active_ (includ. § 52.)
1 2 3
Ind.of Pres. and Fut. _s._ Ï ÎµÎ¹Ï ÎµÎ¹ _p._ ομεν εÏε οÏ
Ïι
Subjunctive throughout _s._ Ï Î·Ï á¿ _p._ Ïμεν ηÏε ÏÏι
Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor. _s._ α Î±Ï Îµ _p._ αμεν αÏε αÏι[1]
Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. _s._ ον ÎµÏ Îµ _p._ ομεν εÏε ον
Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.[2] _s._ ην Î·Ï Î· _p._ ημεν ηÏε ηÏαν
Indic. of Plup. _s._ ειν ÎµÎ¹Ï ÎµÎ¹ _p._ ειμεν ειÏε ειÏαν
Opt., exc. as ab’ve & bel’w _s._ οιμι Î¿Î¹Ï Î¿Î¹ _p._ οιμεν οιÏε οιεν
Opt. of 1 Aor. _s._ αιμι Î±Î¹Ï Î±Î¹ _p._ αιμεν αιÏε αιεν
Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf. _s._ ε ÎÏÏ _p._ εÏε ÎÏÏÏαν
Imper. of 1 Aor. _s._ ον άÏÏ _p._ αÏε άÏÏÏαν
Imper. of Aor. Pass. _s._ ηθι[3] ήÏÏ _p._ ηÏε ήÏÏÏαν
_Mid._ and _Pass._ (except § 52.)
1 2 3
Ind. of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ομαι ῠεÏαι _p._ ÏμεÏα εÏÏε ονÏαι
Subj. throughout _s._ Ïμαι ῠηÏαι (exc. Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ ÏμεÏα ηÏÏε ÏνÏαι
Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ άμην Ï Î±Ïο _p._ άμεÏα αÏÏε ανÏο
Ind. of Imp. and _s._ Ïμην Î¿Ï ÎµÏο 2 Aor. Middle. _p._ ÏμεÏα εÏÏε ονÏο
Ind. of Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ μαι Ïαι Ïαι _p._ μεÏα ÏÏε νÏαι
Ind. of Plup. Pass.[4] _s._ μην Ïο Ïο _p._ μεÏα ÏÏε νÏο
Opt., exc. as bel’w _s._ οίμην οιο οιÏο (and Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ οίμεÏα οιÏÏε οινÏο
Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αίμην αιÏο αιÏο _p._ αίμεÏα αιÏÏε αινÏο
Imper. of Pres. _s._ Î¿Ï ÎÏÏÏ and 2 Aor. (Mid.) _p._ εÏÏε ÎÏÏÏÏαν
Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αι άÏÏÏ _p._ αÏÏε άÏÏÏÏαν
Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ Ïο ÏÏ _p._ ÏÏε ÏÏÏÏαν
[Footnote 1: But αν in 1st Aor.]
[Footnote 2: The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before ending.]
[Footnote 3: But ηÏι in 1st Aor., see § 14.]
[Footnote 4: The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an auxiliary (from εἰμί, _to be_. with the participle.]
SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι.
_Active Voice._
Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Pres. á¼µÏÏημι á¼µÏÏÏÏι á¼±ÏÏá¿¶ á¼±ÏÏάναι á¼±ÏÏÎ¬Ï Imp. á¼µÏÏην á¼±ÏÏαίην
2 A. á¼ÏÏην ÏÏá¿Ïι ÏÏαίην ÏÏá¿¶ ÏÏá¿Î½Î±Î¹ ÏÏάÏ
Pres. ÏίÏημι ÏίÏεÏι ÏιÏá¿¶ ÏιÏÎναι ÏιÏÎµÎ¯Ï Imp. á¼ÏίÏην ÏιÏείην
2 A. á¼Ïην ÏÎÏ Ïείην Ïá¿¶ Ïá¿Î½Î±Î¹ ÏείÏ
Pres. δίδÏμι δίδοÏι δίδῶ δίδÏναι δίδοÏÏ Imp. á¼Î´Î¯Î´Ïν διδοίην
2 A. á¼Î´Ïν δÏÏ Î´Î¿Î¯Î·Î½ δῶ δοῦναι δοÏÏ
Pres. Î´ÎµÎ¯ÎºÎ½Ï Î¼Î¹ δÎικννÏι δεικνÏναι δεικνÏÏ Imp. á¼Î´ÎµÎ¯ÎºÎ½Ï ν
SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι.–(_Continued._)
_Middle Voice_, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.)
Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Pres. á¼µÏÏαμαι á¼µÏÏαÏο á¼±ÏÏῶμαι á¼µÏÏαÏÏαι á¼±ÏÏÎ¬Î¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï Imp. á¼±ÏÏάμην á¼±ÏÏαίμην 2 A. á¼ÏÏαμην ÏÏάÏο ÏÏαίμην ÏÏῶμαι ÏÏάÏÏαι ÏÏάμενοÏ
Pres. ÏίÏεμαι ÏιÏεÏο ÏιÏῶμαι ÏίÏεÏÏαι ÏιÏÎÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï Imp. á¼ÏιÏÎμην ÏιÏείμην 2 A. á¼ÏÎμην ÏÎÏÏο Ïείμην Ïῶμαι ÏÎÏÏαι ÏÎμενοÏ
Pres. δίδομαι δίδοÏο διδῶμαι δίδοÏÏαι διδÏÎ¼ÎµÎ½Î¿Ï Imp. á¼Î´Î¹Î´Ïμην διδοίμην 2 A. á¼Î´Ïμην δÏÏο δοίμην δῶμαι δÏÏÏαι δÏμενοÏ
Pres. Î´ÎµÎ¯ÎºÎ½Ï Î¼Î±Î¹ Î´ÎµÎ¯ÎºÎ½Ï Ïο Î´ÎµÎ¯ÎºÎ½Ï ÏÏαι δεικνÏμενοζ Imp. á¼Î´ÎµÎ¯ÎºÏ μην
All the other tenses are regular, as if from ÏÏάÏ, ÏÎÏ, δÏÏ, δεικνÏÏ, meaning respectively to _stand, put, give,_ and _show_.
PECULIAR ENDINGS OF VERBS IN μι
Singular. Plural. á¼µÏÏη- -| 1. -μι á¼µÏÏα- -| |- á¼µÏÏαÏι ÏίÏη- |= 2. -Ï ÏιÏε- |= 1. -μεν 3.-| ÏιÏειÏι δίδÏ- |= 3. -Ïι δίδο- |= 2. -Ïε | Î´Î¯Î´Î¿Ï Ïι δÎÎ¹ÎºÎ½Ï - -| δÎÎ¹ÎºÎ½Ï - -| |- δÎÎ¹ÎºÎ½Ï Ïι
ÎίδÏμι has Ï as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and 2d aor.) of both voices, and á¼µÏÏημι has α in the 2d and 3d sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the inflection of the regular verb.