restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict political controls. For the long run, Syria’s economy is still saddled with a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade. National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $30 billion (1991 est.) National product real growth rate:
9% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
$2,300 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate:
5.7% (1989)
Budget:
revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.) Exports:
$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990) partners:
USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990) Imports:
$2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%, textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990)
partners:
EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab countries 6% (1990)
External debt:
$5.3 billion (1990 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP Electricity:
3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1992)
Industries:
textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, petroleum
Agriculture:
accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered land causing wide swings in production; animal products – beef, lamb, eggs, poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products
*Syria, Economy
Illicit drugs:
a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf area Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 billion
Currency:
1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters Exchange rates:
Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 – 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0 (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991), 11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
*Syria, Communications
Railroads:
1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge Highways:
29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330 km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of the total is paved (1988)
Inland waterways:
870 km; minimal economic importance Pipelines:
crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km Ports:
Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, Jablah
Merchant marine:
41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36 cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulk
Airports:
total:
104
usable:
100
with permanent-surface runways:
24
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
21
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
3
Telecommunications:
fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations – 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations – 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey
*Syria, Defense Forces
Branches:
Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992)
*Taiwan, Geography
Location:
East Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, between Japan and the Philippines
Map references:
Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia
Area:
total area:
35,980 km2
land area:
32,260 km2
comparative area:
slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined note:
includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
1,448 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan Climate:
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Terrain:
eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west
Natural resources:
small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos Land use:
arable land:
24%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
5%
forest and woodland:
55%
other:
15%
Irrigated land:
NA km2
Environment:
subject to earthquakes and typhoons
*Taiwan, People
Population:
21,091,663 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
1% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
15.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate:
5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate:
-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate:
5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
75.04 years
male:
71.84 years
female:
78.39 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Chinese
Ethnic divisions:
Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% Religions:
mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% Languages:
Madarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population:
86%
male:
93%
female:
79%
Labor force:
7.9 million
by occupation:
industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989)
*Taiwan, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form: Taiwan
local long form:
none
local short form:
T’ai-wan
Digraph:
TW
Type:
multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989
Capital:
Taipei
Administrative divisions:
some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular, and plural) – Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T’ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island, of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province – 16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2, special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*,, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t’ou, P’eng-hu,, P’ing-tung,
T’ai-chung, T’ai-chung*, T’ai-nan, T’ai-nan*, T’ai-pei, T’ai-pei**,, T’ai-tung, T’ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at
Chung-hsing-hsin-ts’un
note:
Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization Constitution:
25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday:
National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the Revolution) Political parties and leaders:
Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); China Social Democratic Party (CSDP); Labor Party (LP)
Other political or pressure groups: Taiwan independence movement, various environmental groups note:
debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased representation of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan’s legislature have opened public debate on the island’s national identity; advocates of Taiwan independence, both within the DPP and the ruling Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party’s traditional stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland China; the aims of the Taiwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation Building
*Taiwan, Government
Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal
Elections:
President:
last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results – President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly Vice President:
last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results – LI Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly Legislative Yuan:
last held 19 December 1992 (next to be held near the end of 1995); results – KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; seats – (304 total, 161 elected) KMT 96, DPP 50, independents 15
National Assembly:
first National Assembly elected in November 1946 with a supplementary election in December 1986; second and present National Assembly elected in December 1991; seats – 403 total, KMT 318, DPP 75, other 10; (next election to be held in 1997)
Executive branch:
president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral National Assembly Judicial branch:
Judicial Yuan
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990)
Head of Government:
Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN Chan (since 23 February 1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh (since 23 February 1993)
Member of:
expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development, APEC, AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC
Diplomatic representation in US:
none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US cities US diplomatic representation:
unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 Flag:
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays
*Taiwan, Economy
Overview:
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. National product:
GNP – purchasing power equivalent – $209 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate:
6.7% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$10,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.4% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
1.6% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)
Exports:
$82.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
electrical machinery 18.5%, textiles 14.7%, general machinery and equipment 17.7%, footwear 4.5%, foodstuffs 1.1%, plywood and wood products 1.1% (1992 est.)
partners:
US 29.1%, Hong Kong 18.7%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.) Imports:
$72.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery and equipment 15.8%, chemicals 10.0%, crude oil 4.2%, foodstuffs 2.1% (1992 est.)
partners:
Japan 30.3%, US 21.9%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.) External debt:
$620 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 6.5% (1992 est.); accounts for more than 40% of GDP Electricity:
18,382,000 kW capacity; 98,500 million kWh produced, 4,718 kWh per capita (1992)
Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum refining Agriculture:
accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops – vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; livestock – hogs, poultry, beef, milk; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, reached 1.4 million metric tons in 1988
Illicit drugs:
an important heroin transit point; also a major drug money laundering center
*Taiwan, Economy
Economic aid:
US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million Currency:
1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents Exchange rates:
New Taiwan dollars per US$1 – 25.125 (1992 est.), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987) Fiscal year:
1 July – 30 June
*Taiwan, Communications
Railroads:
about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises Highways:
20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth
Pipelines:
petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km Ports:
Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T’ai-tung Merchant marine:
223 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761,609 GRT/9,375,677 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 43 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 85 container, 19 oil tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 57 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk, 1 chemical tanker Airports:
total:
40
usable:
38
with permanent-surface runways:
36 with runways over 3,659 m:
3
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
16
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
7
Telecommunications:
best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts; broadcast stations – 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations – 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
*Taiwan, Defense Forces
Branches:
General Staff, Ministry of National Defense, Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Military Police Command
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 6,095,857; fit for military service 4,731,172 (1993 est.); about 184,740 currently reach military age (19) annually Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $10.9 billion, 5.4% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)
*Tajikistan, Geography
Location:
South Asia, between Uzbekistan and China Map references:
Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States – Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
143,100 km2
land area:
142,700 km2
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Land boundaries:
total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
boundary with China under dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan’s support to Islamic fighters in Tajikistan’s civil war
Climate:
midlatitude; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Terrain:
Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in south or southwest Natural resources:
significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten
Land use:
arable land:
6%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
23%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
71%
Irrigated land:
6,940 km2 (1990)
Environment:
NA
Note:
landlocked
*Tajikistan, People
Population:
5,836,140 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.72% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
35.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate:
6.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate:
-1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate:
63.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
68.5 years
male:
65.66 years
female:
71.48 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Tajik(s)
adjective:
Tajik
Ethnic divisions:
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6%
Religions:
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi’a Muslim 5%
Languages:
Tajik (official)
Literacy:
age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population:
100%
male:
100%
female:
99%
Labor force:
1.938 million
by occupation:
agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, other 35% (1990)
*Tajikistan, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form:
Tajikistan
local long form:
Respublika i Tojikiston
local short form:
none
former:
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
TI
Type:
republic
Capital:
Dushanbe
Administrative divisions:
2 oblasts (oblastey, singular – oblast’) and one autonomous oblast*;, Gorno-Badakhshan*;, Khatlon, Leninabad (Khudzhand)
note:
the rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence:
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) Constitution:
as of mid-1993, a new constitution had not been formally approved Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts National holiday: NA
Political parties and leaders:
Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Maksud IKRAMOV, Davia KOUDONAZAROV, Shodmon YUSUPOV; Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Rakhman NABIYEV, Kakhkhor MAKHKAMOV; Islamic Revival Party (IRP), Mullah Mukhamedsharif KHIMATZODA, Daviat USMON Other political or pressure groups:
Tajik People’s Front
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections:
President:
last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results – Rakhman NABIYEV, Communist Party 60%; Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth Party and Rastokhoz Party 30%
Supreme Soviet:
last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results – Communist Party 99%, other 1%; seats – (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 note:
in May 1992, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the transitional 80-member Assembly (Majlis) and in November 1992 Emomili RAKHMANOV, chairman of the Assembly, became Chief of State
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, cabinet Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly (Majlis)
Judicial branch:
NA
*Tajikistan, Government
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Acting President and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMANOV (since NA November 1992)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Abdumalik ABULAJANOV (since NA November 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Tukhtaboy GAFAROV (since NA November 1992) Member of:
CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
NA
chancery:
NA
telephone:
NA
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO
embassy:
(temporary) #39 Ainii Street, Dushanbe mailing address:
APO AE 09862
telephone: [7] (3772) 24-82-33
Flag:
NA
*Tajikistan, Economy
Overview:
Tajikistan has had the lowest living standards of the CIS republics and now faces the bleakest economic prospects. Agriculture (particularly cotton and fruit growing) is the most important sector, accounting for 38% of employment (1990). Industrial production includes aluminum reduction, hydropower generation, machine tools, refrigerators, and freezers. Throughout 1992 bloody civil disturbances disrupted food imports and several regions became desperately short of basic needs. Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless by the strife. In late 1992, one-third of industry was shut down and the cotton crop was only one-half of that of 1991. National product:
GDP $NA
National product real growth rate:
-34% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
35% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate:
0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers
Budget:
revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports:
$100 million to outside successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities:
aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles partners:
Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Imports:
$100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities:
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs partners:
NA
External debt:
$650 million (end of 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -25% (1992 est.)
Electricity:
4,585,000 kW capacity; 16,800 million kWh produced, 2,879 kWh per capita (1992)
Industries:
aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers Agriculture:
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, yaks
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe Economic aid:
$700 million offical and commitments by foreign donors (1992) Currency:
retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) Exchange rates:
rubles per US$1 – 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations
*Tajikistan, Economy
Fiscal year:
calendar year
*Tajikistan, Communications
Railroads:
480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways:
29,900 km total (1990); 21,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth Pipelines:
natural gas 400 km (1992)
Airports:
total:
58
useable:
30
with permanent-surface runways:
12
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
13
Telecommunications:
poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network; telephone density in urban locations is about 100 per 1000 persons; linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations – 1 orbita and 2 INTELSAT (TV receive-only; the second INTELSAT earth station provides TV receive-only service from Turkey)
*Tajikistan, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,313,676; fit for military service 1,079,935; reach military age (18) annually 56,862 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
*Tanzania, Geography
Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
945,090 km2
land area:
886,040 km2
comparative area:
slightly larger than twice the size of California note:
includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar Land boundaries:
total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km Coastline:
1,424 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled Climate:
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Terrain:
plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south Natural resources:
hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Land use:
arable land:
5%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
40%
forest and woodland:
47%
other:
7%
Irrigated land: 1,530 km2 (1989 est.) Environment:
lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
*Tanzania, People
Population:
27,286,363 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.56% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate:
19.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate:
-1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate:
110.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
44 years
male:
42.19 years
female:
45.87 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Tanzanian(s)
adjective:
Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions:
mainland:
native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes) Asian, European, and Arab 1%
Zanzibar:
NA
Religions:
mainland:
Christian 40%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 25% Zanzibar:
Muslim
Languages:
Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education) note:
first language of most people is one of the local languages Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population:
46% male:
62%
female:
31%
Labor force:
732,200 wage earners
by occupation:
agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)
*Tanzania, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form:
Tanzania
former:
United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Digraph:
TZ
Type:
republic
Capital:
Dar es Salaam
note:
some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s Administrative divisions:
25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi Independence:
26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
Constitution:
15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union constitution)
Legal system:
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday:
Union Day, 26 April (1964)
Political parties and leaders:
Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for Constitutional Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher Mtikila Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections: President:
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results – Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition National Assembly:
last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results – CCM was the only party; seats – (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 Executive branch:
president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal, High Court
*Tanzania, Government
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) Member of:
ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU
chancery:
2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
(202) 939-6125
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS
embassy:
36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam mailing address:
P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam
telephone:
[255] (51) 66010/13
FAX:
[255] (51) 66701
Flag:
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue
*Tanzania, Economy
Overview:
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania’s deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold. National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $7.2 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate:
4.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$260 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
22% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (FY90)
Exports:
$422 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal partners:
FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US Imports:
$1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs
partners:
FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark External debt:
$6.44 billion (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDP Electricity:
405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) Industries:
primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer
Agriculture:
accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops – coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops – corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production
*Tanzania, Economy
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million
Currency:
1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents Exchange rates:
Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 – 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) Fiscal year:
1 July-30 June
*Tanzania, Communications
Railroads:
3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km Tazara Railroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 km of 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade Highways:
81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways:
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa Pipelines:
crude oil 982 km
Ports:
Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports Merchant marine:
6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker Airports:
total:
103
usable:
92
with permanent-surface runways:
12
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
4
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
40
Telecommunications:
fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations – 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Tanzania, Defense Forces
Branches:
Tanzanian People’s Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $NA, NA% of GDP
*Thailand, Geography
Location:
Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and Cambodia Map references:
Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
514,000 km2
land area:
511,770 km2
comparative area:
slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming Land boundaries:
total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km
Coastline:
3,219 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam Climate:
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Terrain:
central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere Natural resources:
tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite
Land use:
arable land:
34%
permanent crops:
4%
meadows and pastures:
1% forest and woodland:
30%
other:
31%
Irrigated land:
42,300 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area Note:
controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
*Thailand, People
Population:
58,722,437 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.36% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate:
6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate:
38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
68.28 years
male:
65.05 years
female:
71.66 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Thai (singular and plural)
adjective:
Thai
Ethnic divisions:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions:
Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% (1991)
Languages:
Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional dialects
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population:
93%
male:
96%
female: 90%
Labor force:
30.87 million
by occupation:
agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) 14% (1989 est.)
*Thailand, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Thailand
conventional short form:
Thailand
Digraph:
TH
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Bangkok
Administrative divisions:
73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon
Independence:
1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized) Constitution:
22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June 1992
Legal system:
based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 military coup
National holiday:
Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) Political parties and leaders:
Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai Party), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen’s Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak SUNTHONWET; People’s Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People’s Force Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal
Elections:
House of Representatives:
last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results – percent of vote by party NA; seats – (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen’s Party 3, People’s Party 1, People’s Force Party 0
Executive branch:
monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council
*Thailand, Government
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Sarndika)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992) Member of:
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi chancery:
2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
(202) 483-7200
consulates general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON
embassy:
95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
mailing address:
APO AP 96546
telephone:
[66] (2) 252-5040
FAX:
[66] (2) 254-2990
consulate general:
Chiang Mai consulates:
Songkhla, Udorn
Flag:
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red
*Thailand, Economy
Overview:
Thailand’s economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufactures and the development of the service sector to fuel the country’s rapid growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of Thailand’s recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capital domestically. Prime Minister CHUAN’s government – Thailand’s fifth government in less than two years – is pledged to continue Bangkok’s probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with technical training and upgrade workers’ skills to continue its rapid economic development.
National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $103 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate:
7% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,800 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
4.7% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.) Exports:
$32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries products 5.9% (1992)
partners:
US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%, Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.) Imports:
$41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992)
commodities:
capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer goods 10.4%, oil 8.2%
partners:
Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.) External debt:
$33.4 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDP Electricity:
10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita (1992)
*Thailand, Economy
Industries:
tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world’s second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
Agriculture:
accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops – rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food Illicit drugs:
a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
Currency:
1 baht (B) = 100 satang
Exchange rates:
baht (B) per US$1 – 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988) Fiscal year:
1 October-30 September
*Thailand, Communications
Railroads:
3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track Highways:
77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988) Inland waterways:
3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines:
natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km Ports:
Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha Merchant marine:
169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1 passenger
Airports:
total:
106
usable:
95
with permanent-surface runways:
51
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
14
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
28
Telecommunications:
service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network; 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations – over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations – 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed
*Thailand, Defense Forces
Branches:
Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.)
*Togo, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and Ghana Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
56,790 km2
land area:
54,390 km2
comparative area:
slightly smaller than West Virginia Land boundaries:
total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km Coastline:
56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
30 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Terrain:
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes Natural resources:
phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land:
25%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
4%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
42%
Irrigated land:
70 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
*Togo, People
Population:
4,104,657 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.61% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate:
11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate:
91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
56.46 years
male:
54.45 years female:
58.53 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality:
noun:
Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Togolese
Ethnic divisions:
37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% Languages:
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north) Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population:
43%
male:
56%
female:
31%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
agriculture 78%, industry 22%
note:
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
*Togo, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Togo
conventional short form:
Togo
local long form:
Republique Togolaise
local short form:
none
former:
French Togo
Digraph:
TO
Type:
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule Capital:
Lome
Administrative divisions:
21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular – circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)
note:
the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular – prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parentheses
Independence:
27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration) Constitution:
1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by public referendum September 1992
Legal system:
French-based court system
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Political parties and leaders:
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; transition regime in place since August 1991 Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Elections:
President:
last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results – Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition
National Assembly:
last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to be held 1993); results – RPT was the only party; seats – (77 total) RPT 77; interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August 1991
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
*Togo, Government
Legislative branch:
National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled to be held in 1993
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal (Cour d’Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) Head of Government:
interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS
chancery:
2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone:
(202) 234-4212 or 4213
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY
embassy:
Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome mailing address:
B. P. 852, Lome
telephone:
[228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17 FAX:
[228] 21-79-52
Flag:
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
*Togo, Economy
Overview:
The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number of economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reform program and has disrupted vital economic activity. National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $1.5 billion (1991 est.) National product real growth rate:
0% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
$400 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.5% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
2% (1987)
Budget:
revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Exports:
$512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee
partners:
EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)
Imports:
$583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products partners:
EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990) External debt:
$1.3 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP Electricity:
179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) Industries:
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Agriculture:
accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops – coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops – yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million
Currency:
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
*Togo, Economy
Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 – 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
*Togo, Communications
Railroads:
570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track Highways:
6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads Inland waterways: 50 km Mono River
Ports:
Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
Merchant marine:
2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWT Airports:
total:
9
usable:
9
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire lines; broadcast stations – 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations – 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
*Togo, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); no conscription
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion – $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
*Tokelau, Header
Affiliation:
(territory of New Zealand)
*Tokelau, Geography
Location:
Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
Map references:
Oceania
Area:
total area:
10 km2
land area:
10 km2 comparative area:
about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Terrain:
coral atolls enclosing large lagoons Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
100%
Irrigated land:
NA km2
Environment:
lies in Pacific typhoon belt
*Tokelau, People
Population:
1,544 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
-1.35% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population
Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate:
NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
NA years
male:
NA years female:
NA years
Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman
Nationality:
noun:
Tokelauan(s)
adjective:
Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions:
Polynesian
Religions:
Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2% note:
on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages:
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
NA
*Tokelau, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Tokelau
Digraph:
TL
Type:
territory of New Zealand
Capital:
none; each atoll has its own administrative center Administrative divisions:
none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence:
none (territory of New Zealand)
Constitution:
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 Legal system:
British and local statutes
National holiday:
Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Political parties and leaders: NA
Suffrage:
NA
Elections:
NA
Executive branch:
British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary
Legislative branch:
unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll Judicial branch:
High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand Leaders:
Chief of State:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government:
Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau’s governing Council will elect its first head of government in 1993 Member of:
SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (territory of New Zealand)
US diplomatic representation:
none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag:
the flag of New Zealand is used
*Tokelau, Economy
Overview:
Tokelau’s small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. National product:
GDP – exchange rate conversion – $1.4 million (1988 est.) National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$800 (1988 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)
Exports:
$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
commodities:
stamps, copra, handicrafts
partners:
NZ
Imports:
$323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
commodities:
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel partners:
NZ
External debt:
$0
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) Industries:
small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Agriculture:
coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops – breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
Economic aid:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 million
Currency:
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 – 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) Fiscal year:
1 April-31 March
*Tokelau, Communications
Ports:
none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:
none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa Telecommunications:
radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
*Tokelau, Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
*Tonga, Geography
Location:
Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
Map references:
Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World Area:
total area:
748 km2
land area:
718 km2
comparative area:
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
419 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
not specified
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Terrain:
most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base Natural resources:
fish, fertile soil
Land use:
arable land: